Overview of Statistics

What is a part of a population used to describe the whole group?

Sample

What is the tendency of participants to answer inaccurately, based on the way they feel they should answer, rather than the truth?

Social Desirability

What are the characteristics of a sample used to infer information about the population called?

Statistic

Brittany is conducting and experiment in her home economics class. She want's to know if adding an extra special ingredient, cinnamon, to her pancakes makes them taste better. She decides to give the ⤀褅rst period home economics class regular pancakes and asks them to rank the pancakes on a scale of 1 to 5. She gives the second period home economics class the cinnamon pancakes. What is the control group in this scenario?

The first hour class

When does observer bias occur?

The person being asked wants to make the pollster happy

Sandra is selling her new line of all natural make-up products and wants to know the popularity of certain colors among teenagers. She hands out a survey to all of the students in her teenager daughter's class and asks them to identify their favorite make up colors. Which is the population and which is the sample in this scenario?

The population is all teenagers, and the sample is the teenagers in Sandra's daughter's class.

What is the variable in an experiment that is used on an experimental group?

Treatment

What is selection bias?

When only certain people are asked to participate in a poll

What is the observed variable, or variable in question?

response variable

What is a combination of inferences based on collected data and population understanding used to predict information in an idealized form?

statistical model

What is a control in statistics?

A method used to make sure only one variable is examined

What is the method in which two treatments are given to groups where few individuals are aware of the actual treatment and control groups? Is this confounding?

Blinding; No, the lack of this is confounding

Samantha is gathering information about how many calories the athletes on her team consume during game week. She can collect and analyze this data as either categorical or as quantitative. Select the correct way she can put together either piece of data.

Categorical: 1,000-1,200 cal 1,201-1,400 cal 1,401-1,600 cal etc. Quantitative: All individual numbers are collected.

Which of these is NOT a form of bias?

Confounding

What is the other variables or factors that may be a causation, or the efect of the research results?

Confounding Variable

What is a sampling method where the researcher selects the research sample based on ease and proximity to the researcher?

Convenience Sampling

Samantha is using convenience sampling to conduct her research. After collecting the data, she has a few issues associated with the limitations of convenience sampling. These are:

Expensive; inaccurate parameters

Alyssa wants to find the correlation between two variables. What type of study and variables does she need to use?

Experimental; Independent and Dependent

Observational studies only have the following variables:

Explanatory and Response

What is the method used to choose members of a group to participate in an experiment?

Random Selection

Laura needs to conduct research for her statistics class. She has access to funding and a large number of volunteers for the research.The research requires that she attempt to make inferences about population parameters. Should she use convenience sampling? Why or why not?

No, convenience sampling is used when resources and samples are limited.

What is the method that a sample is selected specifically excludes certain groups from the research, whether intentionally or unintentionally?

Non-representative Sample

What is the method that a sample is selected specifically excludes certain groups from the research, whether intentionally or unintentionally?

Non-representative sample

What is it called when the members of a sample that do not choose to respond or participate in the research and the characteristics of those members?

Nonresponse Bias

In order to understand your experiment, you will need to understand how to:

Organize your data.

What are the characteristics used to describe a population called?

Parameter

What are the characteristics used to describe a population?

Parameter

Sandra conducts and experiment in which she gives ten people an herbal drink to help them with anxiety. She gives another ten people hot water with no tea to help with anxiety. Both groups report improvement with his or her anxiety. What type of confounding is this?

Placebo Effect

David wants to collect information about his friends and the number of siblings they have living at home. David has 8 friends. How should he collect this data? Why?

Quantitative. Since David isn't dealing with a large amount of information, he can simply ask each friend and analyze the data quantitatively.

Similar to an explanatory variable, what is a condition or piece of data in an experiment that can be controlled or changed?

independent variable