PART 3 AAMC, NS, Princeton, Section Volumes Practice

#Carbons/2 = #Krebs Cycle

#Carbons/2 - 1 = #FA cycle

What functions can L-Glutamate serve in an experiment regarding a cell membrane depolarization?

*a ligand which binds to ligand-activated transmembrane receptor protein *A ligand which causes a G-protein linked receptor to activate a signal transduction pathway within the neuron *A n.t. which sets off a neuronal AP

What happens in prophase?

*chromosomes condense and become visible under microscope *nuclear membrane disintegrates *centrioles divide and each one moves to an opposite pole of cell *mitotic spindle assembles

NON-digestible fiber

0 calories

When do polar bodies form?

1 at end of meiosis I and another at end of meiosis II

Which procedure for extraction will completely separate an amide from the by-product of the reaction between an amine and excess carboxylic acid?

1) Add 0.1 M NaOH to quench unreacted anhydride 2) Add diethyl ether and separate the layers 3) Amide can be obtained from ether layer by evaporating the solvent b/c COOH is a byproduct and excess unreacted starting material is acidic. Extraction with aqueous base will hydrolyze and extract both of these into aqueous layer, leaving the neutral amide in the ether layer

% survival is important for safety

100% safety is better than a less safe, but more effective drug

What is the approximate molecular weight of active Dnmt3a?

140 kDa b/c passage said that "Dnmt3a is a homotetramer." Later in passage it said "Reducing SDS-Page showed a single band at 35 kDa" SDS page showed us the denatured protein so the full protein would be 35kDa x 4 (tetramer) = 140 kDa

What does oogenesis involve?

2 divisions that produce 1 haploid ovum

All AA have 1 low pKa (2) and 1 high pKa (9) value. What is the pI for neutral AA?

2+9 / 2 = 5.5

How many molecules of reduced electron carriers are generated during conversion of alpha-KG to oxaloacetate in the CAC?

3 b/c alpha-KG to oxaloacetate produces 2NADH and 1 FADH2

Which elements can exceed octet rule?

3rd period or below

In spermatogenesis, how many spermatozoa are produced by a single diploid progenitor?

4 haploid spermatazoa

A protein contains 4 disulfide bonds. In order to break these bonds, researchers added a minimum of

4 moles NADH for each mole of protein b/c each mole of NADH can reduce 1 mole of disulfide bonds. Since protein has 4, 4 moles of NADH are needed

In a human liver cell, approximately how many glucose molecules would be required to synthesize a 750 AA protein?

750 AA * (4ATP / AA) * (1 glucose/ 30 ATP) = 100 liver undergoes aerobic respiration to produce 30 ATP per glucose

Lysine is an AA with a basic side chain. What is its isoelectric point?

8 pI of 12 is WAYYY too large for any AA!

Passage told us that HIF is a binding factor that specifically binds to a CCCCGGGC target sequence. What type of restriction enzymes can recognize the HIF binding sequence?

A 4 bp recognition sequence or a 6 bp b/c only 6 basepairs are palindromic CCCGGG within the sequence ∴ only an enzyme that recognizes a 4bp or 6 bp will recognize this domain

An aggression study allowed researchers to see how social influence leads to aggressive behavior by having children observe in aggression. How could we see whether the aggression was actually being modeled as opposed to already learned?

A biographical sketch of child's social life up until the study b/c research shows aggression is environmentally influenced

Availability heuristic example 2

A women has 3 friends named Megan all of whom are short. This women hears the name Megan on radio and assumes she is also short

ΔG* = -RTln(Keq) = -RTln[ADP][Pi]/[ATP]

ATP + H2O ---> Pi + ADP Keq = [Pi][ADP] / [ATP]

What does hexokinase/glucokinase do?

Add phosphate glucose ---> glucose-6-P (glycolysis)

If researchers want to assess task completion in conjunction with brain wave frequency (and now in addition) with GABA and Glutamate signals how does this change design?

Additional dependent variables are added b/c now you are measuring GABA and Glutamate activity following a task

Drugs given orally (mouth), subcutaneously (skin), or intraperitoneally (into body cavity) all need to travel through blood stream before reaching target site.

Additional transport means less drug will make it to target site ∴ less bioavailability

What is the most likely reason that the subjects were required to exhale completely prior to immersion in the water tank?

Air in lungs decreases the apparent weight of the body in water and increases the % for estimation

What forms if an aldol-condensation is NOT followed by a dehydration reaction? Think: only an aldol condensation occurs so product must be

B-hydroxy-ketone OH group on Beta carbon

Important to recognize that a reduction of 1/3 means new radius will be 2/3 of the original

BY amount vs/ TO amount

pH = pKa +logB/A Ka*Kb = 10^-14 at 25*C

Base = lactate Acid = lactic acid

Alpha is UP

Beta is down look only at the link if it points up or down nothin else matters

What is flight of ideas/ racing thoughts/ rapid speech a symptom of?

Bipolar I disorder (manic symptom)

Where is glucose-6-phosphatase used?

Both glycolysis and gluconeogenes

There are two tuning forks. If one produces a loud tone then stops, and a second tuning fork produces a sound, what must be true of the 2 forks?

Both vibrate at same frequency and produce sounds with same λ because sound through both forks travels at same speeds Sound produced by 2nd fork is not as loud as 1st We do NOT know about materials!

What are the two sides of the elaboration likelyhood model?

CNS (Think deeply, critically, auditory/radio) to PNS (Think less substantially, superficial, visual/TV)

What is the electron configuration for Co(II)

Co(2+) = [Ar]4s^2 3d^5 BUT right answer is actually [Ar]3d^7

Number of packages is NOT serving size! Read carefully

Compare package value to total daily cal intake to see how many are allowed per day (probably not more than 1-3)

Complex I = NADH Complex 2 = SDH = succinate dehydrogenase complex

Complex 3 = coQH2-cyt C Complex 4 = cyt. c oxidase

Which DNA base contains the largest number of H-bond acceptors?

Cytosine

If the NDU gene is amplified inside cells leading to over-expression of the protein, what event is likely to occur under hypoxic conditions?

Data shows that in WT cells (which have NDU) oxygen consumption is reduced (lower complex IV activity) under hypoxic conditions So the over expression of NDU is likely to further decrease oxygen consumption

What is the most direct effect of neuron inhibition?

Depolarization of axon hillock by Na+ influx

What is an intermediate of triacylglycerol degradation into glycerol and free FA?

Diacylglyceride Triacylglycerol ---> free FA + diacylglycerol

"First revolution" --- what happened?

Did compounds get lost or were they NOT lost but actually integrated into new compound

What happens for a patient with bilateral acoustic neuroma? Passage says "acoustic neuroma decreases the number of functional neurons and speed of AP propagation" Given a figure with the pathway of neuron from auditory nerve to the auditory cortex you can select how it changes.

Distance between auditory nerve and superior olivary nucleus will increase because longer distance means longer time of latency and slower propogation Also wave of auditory nerve will decrease in amplitude because this shows a decrease in number of functional neurons once you reach the brain no change occurs so superior olivary nucleus

What can retinol be classified as?

Diterpene b/c passage said "Beta-carotene a tetraterpene is split in half to form 2 units of vitamin A" and later in passage it said "Vitamin A, or retinol" 1/2 tetra = di

AA stereo centers are NOT ambiguous b/c we know they are all L!

Do NOT count them in number of stereoisomers available

Shows Ca(2+) concentration was much larger than Sr(2+) concentration if the graph with Ca(2+) had a legend ranging from 0.6-1.8 while Sr had a legend of 0.002-0.005

Do not freak girl. It is straightforward

Excess insulin would NOT cause severely stunted growth!

Duh, kids of all heights might be diabetic

MOST likely to affect enzyme function

E with L b/c acid to hydrophobic is big change

What is a good control against the variable of enzyme phosphorylation?

Enzymes alone withOUT substrate Example: PKA and GSK-3 with ATP but NO CREB327-WT ATP allows autophosphorylation b/c this makes it clear that any phosphorylation detected would be due to autophosphorylation and not phosphorylation with the substrate

PCl5 + heat ---> PCl3 + Cl2 ΔH = +92.5 kJ/mol Two identical reaction vessels, X and Y, are charged with equal amounts of gaseous PCl5 and both trials are allowed to reach equilibrium. If flask X is held at 300K while flask Y is held at 500K, what is true about the reactions?

Equilibrium is reached faster in flask Y due to the increased collision frequency of reactant molecules Both forward and reverse reactions will increase by higher temperature, but only flask Y reaches equilibrium faster due to KINETICS Thermo/ΔG/LeChat(shifts) = wrong answers K is only impacted by temp

Passage discussed a method to find hydrostatic weight of different individuals. Key assumptions method makes is that the density values of fat free and ratio of non-fat tissue are constant across all individuals. These assumptions are based on the fact that fat is LESS dense than the bone and muscle.

Expectations from this assumption are that density of fat mass and fat-free mass are consistent! This is not suitable fore everyone! For example, athletes tend to have a denser body mass than non-athletes. This can lead to under-estimating body fat % for athletes ... so In athlete the true % of body fat would be higher than calculated while in the obese person the true % would be lower than calculated.

If a rotor with a radius of 10cm spins at a rate of 60,000 rpm how many gees of centrifugal acceleration are experienced within test tubes at the outer rim?

F = ma Fc = mw^2*r ma=mw^2*r a=w^2*r 60,000 revolutions/min *(1min/60sec)*(2pi rad/ rev) = rad/sec = w plug in w and use radius given in passage to find answer divide by 10 then add the g b/c g is just answer times 10

When is rotational equilibrium achieved? When net torque = 0

F=mgd do NOT forget to multiply by g! Yes it throws off balance ;)

DAPT is [9384u1 dsjkd blah blah, C123H234,ONR] y-secretase inhibitor. Treating cells with DAPT would do what?

FOCUS ON KEY: DAPT = inhibitor Passage says "y-secretase is important for generating NOTCH domain" Think: DAPT will inhibit y-secretase ∴ decrease NOTCH (diminish) Okay go back to passage and look for mutations that also diminish NOTCH ∴ if graph shows high i22 transcript levels when NOTCH was mutated we can conclude that ... i22 transcript levels increase due to diminished NOTCH signaling

Stratification is the result of the need for maintaining social order

FUNCTIONALIST theory

An object weighs 150 g in air, 75 g in water, and 60 grams when fully submerged in an unknown fluid. What can we conclude about the specific gravity of unknown fluid?

Fb = Wdisplaced fluid Mass = 150-75 g = 75 g density of water is 1 ∴ volume of displaced water = 75cm^3 For unknown fluid, the volume of displaced water is 75cm^3 and the mass = 150 g-60 g = 90 ∴ sg of unknown is 90g/75cm^3 = 1.2 Since unknown is more dense than water it will be bottom layer

A centrifuge is rotating counterclockwise (as seen from above) at 30,000 rpm. When the test tube is to the left of the central shaft, what best describes the centrifugal pseudo-force Fc and buoyant force Fb on a solid particle within the liquid of the test tube?

Fc points left b/c in passage it told us that the pseudo-force points AWAY from central shaft. This means the moment the revolving test tube is to the left of the shaft, Fc points left. Passage also told us that Buoyant force opposes this force so Fb must be pointed opposite Fc therefore to the right

If 0.001 moles were added to 10 mL of water, then initial concentration = 0.001mol/.01 L =0.1 M If 5 mL are mixed for a total of 10 mL, then 0.1 M * (5mL/10mL) = 0.05 M

Fe(OH2) --- Fe(2+) + 2OH(-) Q = [Fe(2+)][OH(-)]^2 pH will let you find [OH] and 0.05 M is the [Fe(2+)] so you can find Q and compare it to given Ksp

Fc = mv^2/r

Fg = GMm /r^2 Set Fg = Fc for a problem that has a moon held in orbit by gravity

See what is different about experiments.

For example, if exp. 1 ran for 10 minutes while exp. 2 ran for 30 min and the % is similar for 2 different doses then a dose-dependent effect is possible

Which peptide is most likely to form a covalently bonded dimer?

GHICEPN b/c CYSTEINE (C) = disulfide dimer

Passage says "VOPc irreversibly activates host cell GTPase Rac through the deamination of the side chain of the residue at position 61." The AA at position 61 in Rac is most likely what?

Glutamine (Q, Gln) or Asparagine (N, Asn) b/c these have an AMIDE in side chain

Which of the indicators should be used to find equivalence point of hypochlorous acid given its Ka of 10^-8?

Go to Ka line of 10^-8 and look at the pH interval for the color change

You can NOT eliminate the effect of chance!

Goal of study is to reduce the effect of chance, but it can NOT be eliminated. This is extreme

Which DNA base has largest molecular weight and is the largest donor?

Guanosine

ionic bonds (also known as salt bridges) and ...

H-bonds (dipole-dipole) are involved in interaction of substrate PEP with pyruvate kinase

Why would H2SO4 be use4d in esterification reaction (placed on arrow)?

H2SO4 functions as catalyst b/c it can protonate and increase the electrophilicity (E+) and increase rate

If you see that you are near -90 mV then go with

Hyperpolarization (more negative)

The concentration of hypochlorite ion can be determined via a redox titration using I(-) as titrant. Relevant half reactions are given: 2e + I3(-) ---> 3I(-) E = +0.53 V 2e + 2H2O + 2Cl(-) ---> Cl2 + 4OH(-) E = +0.89 V What happens at equivalence point?

I will be oxidized at a potential equal to the average of oxidation and reduction potentials Average = 0.89 + (-0.53) / 2 flip because avg. and oxidation is opposite sign =0.18 V

Why would a mutation in an insulin receptor effect growth?

IGF normally binds insulin receptors

Passage says "Fraction 2 was collected from peroxisomes" Think: alpha-tubulin is a component of microtubules in cytoskeleton (cytosol)

If IDH 1 Western blot showed bands at 2 and 4 (was expressed in controls 2 and 4) then we know that IDH1 is expressed in peroxisomes b/c passage told us fraction 2 is from peroxisome AND in cytosol since control 4 had alpha-tubulin which is near cytosol

1) v = f*λ Find v 2) v*time = distance

If transducer measures λ of a distance x and time to return was time t, how far from skin is uterus? Use passage for f of ultrasound. Then find v. v*time = answer

The experimenters conclude that UPR activation significantly increases the level of VEGFA, angiogenic, and IL8 transcription. What finding would most undermine this conclusion?

In addition to being a potent UPR inducer, the conditions used also act to induce the HIF pathway This weakens conclusion b/c now we do not know if it was HIF induction or UPR induction that lead to the results

Larger cation = NH4+ then K+ then Na+ Passage says "Larger cation indicates higher propensity for an ionic bond"

In hydrophilic/aqueous media, ionic bonds will dissociate ∴ more efficient surfactant

A galvanometer that measures current passing through a resistor should be inserted into the circuit how?

In series with resistor so it experiences the SAME current

What substance in mosquito saliva can inhibit hemostasis?

Inhibitor of platelet aggregation b/c hemostasis = aggregation/ clot formation vasoconstriction will stimulate hemostasis coagulation will stimulate hemostasis

Insulin is released in response to elevated blood glucose levels.

Insulin increases blood glucose levels into the cell which can be used for cellular respiration and storage,

If a monomer has 288 residues what does this mean?

It has 288 AA * 110Da/1AA *4 if its a tetramer = mass

What is the pH of the solution when 25 mL of 0.1 M NaOH is added to 50 mL of a 0.1 M solution of acetic acid?

Ka for acetic acid is given as 1.8*10^-5 so go to figure and look at Ka = 10^-5 and find the plateau and the answer closest to that pH is correct

Catalytic efficiency

Kcat / Km Do NOT forget to divide by Km low = low efficiency high = high efficiency

"ODN's are competitive inhibitors of vDNA for binding IN." How would we study mechanism by which an ODH inhibits activity?

Keep IN concentration constant and measure the initial velocity of the reaction at increasing vDNA concentration in the presence and absence of ODN ODN = inhibitor vDNA = substrate IN = enzyme

Retinol uptake is higher for STRA6-RBP than control. A small inhibitor RNA (siRNA) targets STRA6. What graph shows this?

Keep it straightforward and simple. If retinol is specific to RBP than you know retinol activity will be highest in RBP condition. BSA condition would show control/low level. siRNA inhibits STRA6 so with this inhibitor present the retinol activity/ uptake will be lower

Hz kHz and mHz kilo and milli 10^3

MHz and uHz Mega and micro 10^6 GHz and nHz giga and nanon 10^9

Plug in what you are given in Q stem

Manipulate equations or use them. Looks crazy but so so so simple dude

When a medical faculty member engages in unprofessional behavior towards patients and students, what type of norm do they violate?

Mores

pyruvate gets reduced into lactate

NADH becomes NAD+

high pitch sounds vibrate basilar membrane

NEAR oval window

Deamination releases an

NH3

Hydroxylamine Nitrogen

NHOH

Is neuroticism involved in interpersonal attraction?

NO

Can you H-bond with alanine?

NO (CH3 side chain)

Can an AA be manipulated into a meso compound?

NO b/c meso requires 2 chiral centers and plane of symmetry which NO naturally occurring AA have

If increased appetite is NOT due to work then

NO increase in activity occurs

Is the nucleolus involved in mitotic rate?

NO! b/c nucleolus assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes. Also, nucleolus disassembles at beginning of mitosis

Are consciousness and thought social facts?

NO!!!!

Which protein is involved with repolarization of membrane?

Na+/K+ active transport channel

How would validity be called into question for a study that suggests that empathy measures distress and perspective taking?

Negative correlation between scores on empathy questionnaire and personal distress survey

I stubbed my toe and noticed a gap between when I realized I stubbed my toe and the onset of pain. Is this related to a structural difference in neurons involved in baroception versus those involved in nociception?

Neurons in nociception pathway are NOT myelinated b/c delay in pain perception = slower transmission Neurons in baroception are myelinated b/c pressure in toe was notice faster

Brain activation

PET = localize brain arrest and neural activity

What biochemical pathway is most involved with neutralization of oxygen radicals?

PPP b/c PPP produces NADPH which is required to neutralize oxygen species like oxygen radicals

What type of Schizophrenia involves normal cognitive functioning?

Paranoid subtype Auditory hallucinations BUT most people with this type are functional and work and socialize

Based on the passage, over expression of which protein is most likely associated with GM6112 cells becoming cancerous?

Passage said "CFLIP is a homolog of caspar 8 that lacks catalytic activity" Think: caspase 8 would cause apoptosis ∴ NO cancer cells Inhibition of apoptosis would cause cancer ∴ CFLIP would be associated with inhibiting apoptosis and causing cancer CFLIP

What actions could contribute to the positive intrepid effects of digoxin on cardiac myocytes?

Passage: digoxin is cardiac glycoside that has a positive intrepid effect (increases contractile force) Think: answer should involve increase in intracellular calcium levels so ... decrease transport of Ca2+ to extracellular environment Increase availability of intracellular Ca2+ to bind to troponin Increase overall Ca2+ stores in sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the looking glass self?

People shape self concept based on how others perceive them Internalize perception of others

The isoelectric (pI) of 4 proteins are shown. At which pH would 2/4 proteins adhere to cation-exchange column?

Positive binds to cation-exchange column pH < pKa or pI will be protonated and positive so any protein who has a pI higher than the pH is positive

P = F / A = Work / time = F x d / time = Force x v

Power = force / area = work / time = force x distance / time = force x velocity

If no breaking occurs, how much power would be required to keep the railcar moving at 40 m/s? Passage said "rolling friction contributes a continuous 1000 N decelerating force any time the railcar is in motion"

Power = force x velocity Force needed must be equal or greater than the frictional force 1000 N x 40 m/s = 40000W = 40 kW

What mass of sodium ions entered cell from voltage clamp experiment if average inward current was 0.5 mA and lasted for 2 seconds?

Q = I*t = (0.5*10^-3 A)*(2s)*1mole/96500C*23g/mole = grams

Which compound precipitates?

Q > Ksp = precipitate Q=Ksp saturated Q < Ksp = soluble Look at compounds involved in trial of concern, then compare Ksp values

Dimerization interface

Quaternary structure, hydrophobic AA

The absence of one clotting factor could prevent clotting as can platelet deficiency

RB cells are NOT directly involved in clotting ∴ would LEAST likely cause hemophilia (severely reduced ability to blood clot)

PNS = nerves

Schwann cells myelinate

Describe a shock and resulting fear

Shock = unconditioned stimulus Fear = unconditioned response (naturally follows a shock) Some presented with unconditioned response like an image/ bell ring is neutral and conditioned stimulus

Who formulated a drive theory to explain gender difference regarding aggression?

Sigmund Freud libido = drive

The gene least likely to be involved in development of cells would NOT cause a decrease of gene when knocked out

So the gene that shows the largest increase/ constant mitotic rate even when knocked out would NOT be involved in this cells development

Really use the passage with the results. For example, there were 2 graphs that showed 2 lines per graph. The lines represented two different models. We wanted to compare the models.

So the graph showed a right shift in one of the models. This right shift indicated a higher value of Q which was the x-axis. In the passage it said Q represents the number of native state interactions. So if the line shifts right then it favors these native interactions Slight fluctuations in the y-axis showed that there was no clear pattern in free energy differences because the passage told us that free-energy is proportional to what our y-axis showed and it was higher and lower in different stages

Given Force/ Area = k(ΔV/Vo) and ΔV/Vo = r^3-ro^3/ro^3

Solve for F2/F1 to find how force changes and use equations and combine and rearrange

Who was considered to examine obedience? (electric shock experiment)

Stanley Milgram who saw obedience when authority figure is present

Describe Solomon Asch's experiments.

Subject were put in group and had to decide which of 3 lines were most similar to a comparison lines Finding: subjects were more likely to incorrectly conform than feel discomfort of being different

Key legends for answer option graphs! One graph might show intracellular levels and other graph that shows extracellular levels will have opposite trends

Sudden decline in radioactivity occurred at 1200 s so you see downward line but then another graph shows upward line at 1200 seconds

What protects against abnormal cells, like those with malignant transformation or oncogene activation or donor cells?

T-cells/ mediated immunity

What makes a good primer for cDNA?

TTTTTTT b/c this is guaranteed to pair with the 3' polyA tail *better than just any sequence with free 3' OH*

Negative molecule will bind to anion-exchange column!

The less negative molecule will elute at a LOWER salt (NaCl) concentration

What is implicit in the use of carbon labeled tracers as a way to assess substrate oxidation?

The rate of production of labeled CO2 directly reflects the rate of substrate oxidation

Solution of D-glucose consists of mixtures of alpha and beta anomers. The alpha and beta anomers individually display +112 and +18 optical rotation values, respectively. If the optical rotation of a solution of D-glucose at 40*C is +52 in water and +61 in DMSO what can we conclude?

The ratio of alpha and beta anomers is LOWER in WATER than DMSO since the optical rotations of both solutions differ, the ratios of alpha and beta anomers also differ. The observed optical rotation is lower in water so there would be more beta in water b/c beta had the lower value.

What is the most likely reason that 7/9 patients who are depressed failed to respond to even the highest doses of SSRI's?

They do NOT release enough serotonin into the synapse for the SSRI's to make a difference graph showed lower serotonin synthesis due to mutation

If a pathway like UPR works to eliminate unfolded proteins than what would we expect of compounds who induce this pathway?

They would cause cells to have lower levels of unfolded proteins than untreated cells

Which electron transition will result in the emission of a photon with the shortest wavelength?

Think emission: transition from higher energy to lower energy more energy released = photon that results has shorter wavelength Passage also gave hint "greater bond dissociation energy means shorter bond length"

A ball is dropped from a height H and collision has a coefficient of restitution, e. What is the magnitude of the ball's rebound velocity immediately after collision?

Think: Ball's KE after impact gets transformed into PE 1/2mv^2 = mgh In passage we were given that e^2 = h/H, so we can isolate h and put it into our equation Then solve for v and that is answer

How were the cgr1 and cgr2 proteins produced? Passage says "An operon containing 2 genes, cpr1 and cpr2, which were unregulated in E. Lenta, a gram + bacillus"

Think: how is an operon containing 2 genes in prokaryotic cells transcribed? From a single promoter upstream of the first gene in operon A single mRNA transcribed from a single promoter sequence upstream of the operon

Passage says "IDH3 catalyzes 4th step of TCA cycle" Think: fraction/control 3 must be in mitochondria where TCA cycle occurs

This allows us to say that COX4, or cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit IV would be a good protein for control 3 because cyt c is a part of ETC ∴ localized to mitochondria

Groups were told that a drug was ineffective but still had high use of desiring medicine.

This contributes to excessive healthcare budget/ $ Groups that were not given info about drug may have desired it because they thought it was effective so we do NOT know if they contribute to cost or not

"Both ATP and glycerol occupy the catalytic cleft" and "Glycerol binds first"

This indicates that a ternary complex is formed and an ordered mechanism

Passage says "GATA3 regulates liminal epithelial cells, differentiation in mammary gland, T-Cell development and endothelial cell development"

This is important because it tells us where GATA3 is expressed! If we want to study GATA3 we should study these tissues. For example, study thermocytes in thymus (T-cells) and blood vessel cells (epithelial)

If heating to 100*C causes the protein to denature to unfolded conformation and remain there while the temperature is maintained, what is the ordering of free energy of the 3 conformations?

This quote indicates that the protein goes to an unfolded state and remains there so the unfolded state must have lowest free energy of the 3 conformations b/c remains means that is where it is stable Unfolded ΔG <<<< active < deactivated ΔG

In an experiment humans were given drug A labelled 1-13C on one day and another drug labelled 2-13C on the next day. A chimpanzee control group was given these simultaneously. Why?

To eliminate need to assume comparable physiological steady states on different study days. This control ensured that differences found were not due to difference of physio state on 2 separate days. This allows researchers to isolate results from each day.

Why does a person who walks on a tight rope hold pole horizontally?

To increase rotational inertia ∴ less tendency to rotate and more balance

Blood vessels do NOT follow Bernoulli's principle if viscosity of blood is taken into account?

True b/c Bernoulli's equation makes 2 assumptions: incompressibility and NON-viscous fluid These assumptions are not true for blood or any fluid ∴ do NOT follow Bernoulli's principle b/c P+1/2pv^2 + ugh = constant is NOT followed since blood pressure and velocity drop as blood moves from arteries to capillaries

RFLP uses restriction endonuclease to cut 10-100 b.p. stretches of polymorphic DNA called mini satellites into small fragments.

Used for DNA fingerprinting

Given: two plates with positive and negative charges between them and separated by a distance of d A particle with charge q starts from rest at plate A and accelerates half the distance to plate B before colliding with a second particle. What is the KE of the first particle upon collision? (ignore g)

V = voltage between plates W = qV but if particle only moves 1/2 distance than divide work by 2 So energy = qV/2 b/c uniform electric field means work is proportional to displacement

What statement best explains the trend in the data of an increase followed by a decrease in bacterial cell count? Passage told us "Host cells were incubated in VP for 2 hours. Cells were rinsed and incubated in a new media with an antibiotic effective against vp"

VP replicates inside host cell before causing host cell lysis b/c amt. of host cell measured at each time point represents the amount of vp in host (NOT # of host cells). At hour 3 and 4 vp replicates, then drop shows lysis due to killing bacteria with antibiotic

What is the most likely reason for the decreased Km value observed in a variant?

Vmax is lower, which means less substrate is needed to reach it b/c Km = [S] at 1/2 Vmax

If passage says "IDH is NOT expressed in nucleus" & "None of the isoforms have expression in fraction 1" Then...

We know the control/fraction 1 must be nuclear and histone H3 would be a good marker So control 1 would probe for histone H3 and control 2 could probe for catalase expression b/c catalase is in peroxisomes (fraction 2 collected from peroxisomes)

Radioactive Tritium (3H) labeled guanine has been used to measure the rate of biochemical processes that involve binding or incorporation. Given a molecule and that water is solvent, what is the best site for labeling?

Well 3/4 site options involve NH and one involves CH. the site with CH is best because it lacks lone pairs so can NOT exchange the tritium ions for protons in water while all the NH site can

In a species, beetle red body color is dominant to brown. Two red beetles are crossed and produce 31 red and 9 brown offspring (F1). If 2 red F1 beetles are crossed what is the probability that both red and brown beetles appear in F2?

Well F1 showed 3:1 so we know the original cross had heterozygotes. If 2 F1 cross to produce red and growth then both must be heterozygotes which is 2/3 x 2/3 = 4/9

Blocked v.g. Na+ channels means NO inward current.

What would cause an initial outward spike in current? movement of ions toward and away from the membrane

What experimental set up will result in a person with a severed corpus callosum saying "ball" after researcher asks what do you see?

Word ball is projected on right visual field b/c images projected to a visual field are represented in the opposite hemispheres of brain left = language

Is 15 too young to be diagnosed with p.d?

YES, even though personality disorders begin young (8yrs or whenever) you have to wait until 18+ years before saying p.d. exists Before 18 = conduct disorder

Heterochromatin stains more heavily than euchromatin does

Yes

Is blood velocity and pressure higher in arteries than capillaries?

Yes

Is using a non-clinical population a research study limitation?

Yes Example: people diagnosed with OCD are more valid than people who just have OCD traits

Q = mcΔT

You might need to multiply Q by the total number of servings in a package to get the entire content in package!

zygote -- morula (solid ball w/ 16 cells) -- blastula (fluid filled with 32 cells) --uterus -- gastrulation --- neurulation

Zack might be unto girls... NO

Co3+ electron configuration is [Ar]3s^2 3d^4 so BEST answer is ...

[Ar] 3d^6

What is the Ksp for CaCO3?

[Ca(2+)][CO3(2-)]

Increased emotional arousal causes ...

a restriction of the focus of attention focus on central features of event

Why are benzodiazepines effective in create AWS (alcohol withdrawal symptom)?

able to bind to GABA and trigger Cl- influx, hyper polarization, and sedation ∴ molecule with similar structure to GABA (analog) will exert a similar therapeutic event

Low height will lead to low age estimation

abnormally low causes this too low production

opposite of lower/less

accumulation/build up

amphoteric

act as acid or base

Two friends accept internships with a city council member even though they do NOT agree with many of the council member's policies. What is most likely to happen if they are in a state of dissonance? student's will ...

adapt their attitudes to be more in line with the council member b/c cognitive dissonance research shows people change ATTITUDES not behavior

What is acetylation?

add RC = O

In skeletal myocytes when is calcium normally released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

after membrane depolarizes

opiates = depressants = slow like

alcohol

Arginine has an

amine group in side chain

What reduces solubility of ferrous (II) hydroxide in water?

ammonia

Decreased % radioactivity does NOT provide info about ...

amount of protein synthesized

SSRI's most likely to relieve depression increase the ...

amount of time that serotonin is present in the synaptic space b/c passage said SSRI's treat depression by blocking reuptake to pre-synaptic neuron which increases serotonin in synaptic cleft ∴ more available for post-synapsis

Intensity of sound relates to

amplitude

What does alcohol primarily disrupt?

anterograde amnesia which is the ability to form new long term memories Example: can NOT remember color of something, but short term memory like remembering a number just long enough to reach for a pen and write it down occurs

Referent power

appealing through external factors like appearance, or feel emotionally included (motivates low knowledge type people)

What does fMRI measure?

areas of increased blood FLOW fMRI = flow MRI duh

Shocks are ethical

as long as consent is ensured

How can you study role gender identification of children?

assess children's relationship with parents

kinetochore

attaches spindle microtubules

ADHD

attention and impulsive behavior

A stroke would only impact the

auditory cortex b/c it would affect the temporal and parietal lobes

Trust, social comprehension, and attention disorder

autism deficits in social behaviors

If you are shown a figure with lines that represent was was added and the fraction of unfolded and the 1M NaCl is the largest but only slightly to the right as the 10 mM MgCl line than Mg is still the most stabilizing

b.c even though NaCl is further right 1M is much larger than 10mM The other lines have K+ and Cl- and do not seem to make a difference

509mer is more state than 30mer

b/c 30mer is shorter and will not support stable fiber formation as well

Why does high blood levels of keno bodies lower blood pH?

b/c acetoacetic acid and Beta-hydroxybutyric acid have pKa values below physio pH pKa < pH: deprotonated ∴ donate protons to lower pH This is more direct than covering acetoacetate to acetone + CO2 to carbonic acid which "occurs after some time"

Remember, histinde at physiological pH is neutral

b/c it has a pKa of 6

Why would a person diagnosed with diabetes be at a greater risk of developing ketoacidosis?

b/c lack of insulin means lack of glucose in liver cells, which halts Krebs cycle and causes an overabundance of acetylcoA, resulting in ketogenesis and ketoacidosis

Nuclear factors NEVER have signal sequence. Why?

b/c nuclear factors send to nucleus!! Signal sequences send things to membrane thats why they are used in transmembrane proteins!

Aldolase acted as our loading control

b/c passage said it is constantly expressed in host cell

Why can we NOT use southern blotting to analyze gene expression?

b/c south looks at DNA

For finding pH of a solution look at initial pH with NO NaOH added

b/c these initial pH values that correspond to your Ka range will be the pH

Why do people commit crimes according to differential association theory?

b/c they are exposed to it ∴ a child from a high crime area that gets adopted by affluent family reduces the likelihood of criminal behavior

Ka = 1*10^=5 what is the pKa

between 4 and 5 10*10^-5 = 1*10^-4

What would a partial destruction of the lateral lemniscus on the left side cause?

bilateral hearing loss b/c a lesion on one side of the brain will result in partial, but not complete hearing loss since auditory information ascends bilaterally

Allosteric

bind to regulatory site

fMRI measures

blood flow & neural activation of amygdala during stress

Tumor cells leave original site and spread via

blood or lymph vessels to new parts of body where they can implant and grow

W, D, and N

can H-bond

Mass spec

can identify proteins/ peptide chains that function with a molecule (dimer, trimer, whatever)

Fluorine destabilizes the aldehyde on glucose ∴

causes open chain form to be in higher concentration

Change in mitochondria impacts

cell viability

Cytoxic-T-cells

cell-mediated immunity

What component can best be expected to experience the same type of heavy staining as occurs in petri-dish A to nuclei and chromosome ends?

center of each chromosome pair b/c chromosome centromeres are made of heterochromatin

Gender identification

children's perception of themselves as subject to same roles/ norms as parent or model

HMGcoA reducatase

cholesterol production

Why might staining of a dish only be visible during mitotic stages other than interphase?

chromatins association means DNA helix coalesce to a high density before being visible Interphase has proteins that are too loosely packed to be seen

hearing name at loud event suddenly

cocktail party effect

How can RNA viruses replicate themselves?

code for or carry a transcriptase that copies viral DNA think reverse-transcriptase is needed

Hypermobile, unstable joints due to loss of function in

collagen (connective tissue)

What is institutional memory?

collective memory of individuals in an organization about its history, situations it confronted, and how to deal with them long term employees provide institutional memory

What factor explains why someone would delay showing results to boss in fear of sample size being too small, but showing them when a study with a larger sample size agrees with results?

collective rationalization

conflict theorists are concerned with social stratification. What is a conflict theorist perspective? Stratification is a result of ...

competition between different social classes for limited resources exploitation of subordinate groups (most powerful/dominant maintains position of power by suppressing those with the least power) capitalist motivation to accumulate wealth (Marx said capitalism creates internal tensions between those who control production and those who labor it)

We are shown 2 thermodynamic products. One is 60% present and other is 40% present. What does this indicate?

compound present at higher percent (60%) is MORE stable than other compound b/c relative mole ratio of products is directly related to the relative stability of these products

Board of trustees investigates rising costs at a hospital and found that employee turn over rate was rising, causing deficient, unskilled care that lead to higher cost and lower revenue. Hospital board decides to ignore this report in favor of those given by an outside consulting group, who said rising cost is due to economic conditions. What type of bias is this?

confirmation bias b/c favors info that agrees with belief that hospital has excellent care Definitely NOT in-group bias b/c hospital ignored its own report and favored outside groups report

According to Karl Marx, what does education do?

conflict theory ∴ maintains division of labor and system of dominance

Independent variable is NOT a confounding!

confounding is any unwanted variable that may adversely affect the subjects test performance

tendon, bone, cartilage

connective tissue

Explicit

conscious example: view how your belief changed over time

Nuclear factors

control expression of genes

Micro-sociologists are interested in mechanisms through which individuals shape their social realities. Researchers are able to answer these questions with an exclusive focus on micro-level factors using all of the following:

contructionism interactionism Dramaturgical perspective b/c these are all exclusively micro-level

pyruvate kinase

converts PEP to pyruvate ADP ---> ATP

lipoid acid is a cofactor for PDC

converts pyruvate to acetyl-coA + CO2

If body is producing insufficient insulin, down regulation of which hormone would help lower plasma glucose concentrations?

cortisol b/c cortisol increases blood sugar so a down-regulation of cortisol would decrease blood sugar

Blood levels of which compound would best operationalize feelings of stress in survey?

cortisol b/c it is more directly related to stress felt than epi/norepi

circuit elements in series have same

current

What is the rate at which charge is transferred from 1 plate to another?

current Rate of charge movement = coloumbs/ second = Amps (current)

What are examples of social facts?

customs & rituals laws & rules Morals & values religion

Where does FA synthesis take place?

cytosol

pyruvate ---> acetylcoA + CO2

decarboxylase enzyme (in PDC)

Does oxidative phosphorylation increase or decrease when gluconeogenesis increases?

decrease b/c gluconeogenesis: pyruvate ---> glucose (reduction) and this require the oxidation of NADH lower NADH = decreased ETC = decreased oxidative phosphorylation

villi-atrophy

decrease surface area of small intestine decreases nutrient absorption weight loss

methylation

decrease transcription

Higher appetite when skiing in a high mountain could be caused by ...

decreased Krebs cycle b/c decrease PO2 glycolysis increase due to anaerobic respiration ∴ eat more since much less ATP is made per glucose for anaerobic respiration decrease oxidative phosphorylation due to high altitude

If blood pressure is constant, but the radius is cut by 1/3 what happens to blood flow?

decreases by (2/3)^4 Q is proportional to r^4 and presssure Q is inverse to length and viscosity BY vs. TO

Discrimination

denies rights due to race/gender/ sexual orientation

larger volume will migrate the LEAST

density = m/v so higher volume means LESS dense like chylomicrons

Pressure = Force / Area Force Buoyant = Weight of displaced fluid Force buoyant = pressure x area = density*g*h * area weight = m*g

density* g * h * area = m * g

A variable can act as both a

dependent and control or independent and control

What are the AP steps?

depolarize by Na+ influx ---> Influx of Ca2+ into pre-synaptic terminal via v.g. Ca2+ channels ---> fusion of vesicles and release n.t. into synaptic cleft ---> Bind n.t. with receptor on post-synaptic membrane

During phase I, what best accounts for [Calcium ions] collected in effluent initially exceeding the influent?

desorption of soil-bound calcium ions desorption - substance gets released (effluent)

What happens if a nucleotide is deleted during the transcription proccess?

destruction of correct reading frame b/c deletion of nucleotide is serious and results in a frameshift which would completely destroy the protein's AA sequence and structure and affects RNA

humans are

deuterosomes

cis/trans

diastereomers / geometric isomers

Watch figure details

did it measure craving or symptoms or what scale was used

What is the relationship between current and pO2?

direct, straight, linear

Convergent evolution

distant relatives adopt similar traits for similar needs example: shark and dolphin

If the passage equations for e do NOT involve mass then

e is independent of mass Also, looking at all data trials shows increase and decrease and NO clear relation between them

What best applies condition principles to explain progression from alcohol experimentation to alcohol dependence in adulthood?

early alcohol use begins with positive reinforcement and is later maintained by negative reinforcement

Large + reduction potential

easily reduced, electron deficient

What changes due to how experimental conditions are similar to real (actual) / environmental conditions?

ecological validity

sensory

emotional = temporal lobe

experience distress when observing someone in pain

empathy

Information processing theory

engage in cognitive process through strategy that responds to environmental stimuli example: induce worry or another emotion and this impacts anxiety levels (cognition)

alpha and beta

epimers at anomeric carbon

Experience with context and time

episodic memory

Mucous secretions in respiratory tract inhibit microbial infections. Which tissue type found in lungs produce these secretions?

epithelial specialized for secretion and present in respiratory tract

What mediates supercoiling of DNA?

euchromatin

After going through Boot camp Alice says it was stressful but a valuable experience b/c it taught her that she was capable of accomplishing more than she had thought. What type of stress is this?

eustress (good stress) push to achieve goal

Exocytosis

evacuation of material

Common ancestor = divergent evolution like adaptive radiation

example: wolf and dog or Darwin's finches

What cleaves nucleotides one at a time from end of chain?

exonuclease

What causes rupture of lung wall while coming up from a dive?

expansion of air in lungs according to Boyle's Law

An individual with Wernicke's aphasia would have trouble with what?

expressing meaning Wernicke = temporal lobe = meaning/ comprehension

A transient shortage of oxygen (global ischemia) releases excess glutamate into the extracellular fluid of the brain. This causes neuronal death by hyper excitation to a greater extent in the hippocampus then in the cortex. Which reason best explains why the hippocampus is selectively vulnerable during global ischemia?

expression of NMDA receptors are more abundant in hippocampal than cortical neurons b/c NMDA = subtype of glutamate receptor

If a sequence is positive-charge rich where would it be?

extracellular domain Lys-His-Arg-Arg-Lys Binds to soluble surface Antibodies recognize extracellular/ external components

sensory interaction

eyes open (vision) allows you/ influences your balance

A railcar passes by a horn that is emitting a sound with a frequency f. What describes the frequency f' that the person on the railcar hear?

f' > f before passing f' < f after passing b/c Doppler effect says frequency of person on railcar is larger before passing the horn than the actual frequency, while the sound emitted after passing seems lower than the actual frequency

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

falls in a wide range of subtypes

low pitch sounds vibrate basilar membrane

farthest away from oval windo

Fats are less dense than water

fat = 0.8 g/cm^3 water = 1g/cm^3

What is an example of decreasing self efficacy?

feeling that past failures were due to other individuals b/c this is external locus of control and it can increase self-esteem but LOWER self-efficacy

Preventing alcohol craving is based on a decrease in alcohol cracking shown in a

figure

priming effect

fill in missing info

broadbent's model

filter out unnecessary info and selective attention

How many kg must be added is NOT the same as

final overall mass! Be careful with Weber's Law

Constructionists say gender is

fluid dynamic subject to meaning-making and collective definition building

What does constructionism say about gender categories?

fluid and subject to social processes of meaning making

One aspect of socialization is learning the patterns of normal behavior of one's social group. Certain norms are formal and strongly enforced while others are merely customary ways of behaving that do NOT carry harsh penalties when violated. What are the customary ways of behaving known as?

folkways saying thank you, burping at dinner

Centrosome

forms spindle fibers

logic/reason

frontal lobe

PFK (rate limited step in glycolysis)

fructose-6-P ---> fructose-1,6-BP

MORE COMPACT will migrate

further down gel more compact is smaller so travels further down gel

most compact will migrate the

furthest most compact think smallest

If a deprotonated water attacks galactose and we label O-18 water then the label should appear in the

galactose product only

"for boys" or "for girls"

genderization

According to Mead, a child's understanding of common behavioral expectations of society like whether it is appropriate or not to wear dresses is known as what?

generalized other

All cells have the same DNA so same

genes, promoters, and enhancers

What happens to acetone?

gets excreted in urine b/c not involved in metabolism

What is an ascribed status?

given at birth role assigned by society despite the person's effort to take on new role

What suppresses/inhibits FA synthase?

glucagon, thyroid hormones, cortisol

Protonation of oxygen atom in glucose makes...

glucose a better LG

What converts glucose-6-P to 6-phosphoglucolactonate

glucose dehydrogenase

glucose-6-P to 6-phosphogluconate

glucose dehydrogenase

Kinase

glucose---> glucose-6-P

Hemolytic anemia may result from an increase in free radical levels in RB cells. A drug X (oxidant) decreases the production of NADPH and some individuals suffer from hemolytic anemia after this drug treatment. What enzyme is most likely effected in these individuals?

glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase b/c NADPH is important for antioxidants (like glutathione) and maintains RB cell integrity. The PPP supplies NADPH and G6PD is the 1st regulated step of this pathway ∴ inhibition of G6PD would decrease NADPH and impair RB cell ability to cope with oxidative stress

In the PPP, which enzyme catalyzes the production of 6-phosphogluconolactone?

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

phosphoglcucose isomerase is involved in

glycolysis

glucose to glucose-6-P

glycolysis = glucokinase (only in liver) and hexokinase (present in all cells)

Nuclear localization

go to nucleus

Folkway

guide everyday behavior like saying please and thank you and opening doors for others

The relative thermodynamic stability of isomeric organic compounds can be inferred from what data?

heats of combustion b/c less heat produced is more stable

What are centromeres made of?

heterochromatin

KE of photoelectron =

hf - work function

Which change in protonation state of Glu-487 is responsible for the change in MP activity at either low or high pH?

high pH is due to the deprotonation of Glu-487 At low pH, protonation causes a decrease in activity At high pH, deprotonation causes a decrease in activity Passage says "Glu-487 protonates substrate prior to Nuc- attack" This means that Glu-487 must act as a BL-Acid (proton donor) during catalysis. If pKa is not greater than pH (because the pH is too high) then this causes deprotonation and the molecule will NO longer be able to participate in catalysis! This changes activity!

Frequency

how often something occurs

What does the resource model of attention suggest?

human beings have a limited amount of resources for attention when performing tasks

What immune response is IgA involved in?

humoral (Think B-cells are a part of humoral)

What process are B-lymphocytes involved with?

humoral think B-lymphs produce antibodies which go through blood (fluid)

A common column material used in size exclusion chromatography is dextran, a polysaccharide of glucose. Which type of interaction most likely occurs between proteins and the dextran column material?

hydrogen bonding b/c glycose polysacc. has many hydroxyl groups than can H-bond to polar side chains typically exposed on surface of protein

M-M curve

hyperbolic dependence on [S]

a decrease in carnitine acyltransferase means decrease acyl carnitine means decrease in coA transport to mitochondria for degradation which can cause ...

hypo ketosis, heavier reliance on carbs for energy, muscle weakness Less FA available in mitochondria

Ksp is solubility constant

if two are extremely similar than not significant contributors to a difference

Why did Solomon Asch conduct experiments? to examine...

impact of peer pressure on behavior and conformity

Passage says "Cdx2 is a transcription factor"

impacts transcription

What type of memory does negative priming require?

implicit

What gene accounts for hereditary transmission in a parent specific matter?

imprinted genes b/c imprinted genes are expressed in a parent specific matter

Where are histones located?

in arms of chromosomes and have euchromatin

When AP reaches axon terminal, it triggers the release of vesicles containing neurotransmitters by exocytosis. How does vesicle release affect capacitance of the membrane?

increase area of membrane means increase capacitance

glucagon

increase blood glucose stimulates FA breakdown (oxidation in mitochondria)

cortisol

increase blood glucose in response to stress and increases ATP available for situation

For the reaction, CH3(3)CBr + CH3OH with acetonitrile as solvent ---> CH3(3)COCH3 + HBr how can we increase rate?

increase concentration of CH3(3)CBr ONLY bc this substitution occurs via SN1 on 3* carbon. For SN1 the rate of reaction only depends on the concentration of the substrate with the LG on it! Not the nucleophile which is methanol in this case! Increasing acetontrile means added solvent and this dilutes substrate concentration so actually DECREASES the rate

Increase FBase means

increase gluconeogenesis

Team of MBA's replacing prior managers would

increase groupthink b/c they would be cohesive with business degrees

Unabsorbed fats get broken down into FA's by intestinal bacteria. What does this cause?

increase in osmotic pressure within the intestine leads to diarrhea

acetylation

increase transcription

What is sedative effect caused by?

increased activation of GABA receptors leading to increased Cl- concentration higher [Cl-] = hyper polarize ∴ prevents n.t. release and the n.t. that has decreased release is excitatory [Cl-] increase = decrease release of excitatory n.t.

Rad21 functions in double-strand break repair and is also a subunit of the chromatid cohesion complex, necessary to keep sister chromatids connected. Cells with non-functional Rad21 due to mutation would most likely display which phenotypes?

increased sensitivity to UV and reactive oxygen species (which cause breaks) decreased ability to maintain chromosomes in 2x state (b/c sister chromatids will not rejoin so they will revert to 4n1x state (4n = tetraploid & 1x = 1 chromatid/chromosome) higher probability of cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition mitosis might be arrested

EW

increases acidity (lowers pH)

Air in lungs

increases apparent fat estimation and buoyancy or weight of displaced water body density is inversely proportional to weight of displaced water

insulin increases glucose uptake in cell (lowers blood glucose)

increases glucose available for Krebs (in cell)

Thyroid hormone

increases metabolic rate ∴ increases ATP consumption (low energy)

Looking glass self

individuals representation of himself based on how others view him

What is normative influence?

influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval

What happens when Acetylcholine binds to the receptor?

influx of Na+ b/c receptor is ligand-gated ion channel

Treisman's model of selective attention = attenuation

info ---> sensory store ---> attenuating filter ---> bottleneck effect will increase volume on what info you want to store in working memory and decrease effect on what you do not need ---> recall needed info

What can cause internet users to engage in harassment without examine evidence for themselves?

information influence b/c these users are accepting info from others as evidence of reality without being certain on if its actually correct

Most susceptible to empirical verification (can be examined)?

information/study feelings, motivation, wisdom and fame is NOT susceptible to empirical verification

What happens if a drug acts in inhibitory manner?

inhibited neurons (hyper polarize) is less likely to reach threshold for v.g. Na+ channel to open ∴ less likely to depolarize

If a drug binds and decreases a function that XYZ3 increases, you know this drug would inhibit XYZ3 which ...

inhibits transcription of genes that would be increased by XYZ3

urban growth is more ambiguous and could be the

initial growth of a city due to historic industrialization

passive immunity

inject antibodies which can act as temporary supply and help fight off disease until a person's own immune system can start producing antibodies

Where is hemoglobin found?

inside RB cells (NOT plasma!)

The strong negative effect that losing a long term employee can have on a hospital is most likely due to the effect on what?

institutional memory of organization

One groupthink trait is

insulation from outside options

What stimulates FA synthase?

insulin

Science questions starting with "If" ...

introduce a new fact that you MUST account for more than anything else in the passage!

2moles I : 1 mole Zn What is limiting?

iodine b/c you need 2 for every 1 mole of Zn

Also, if water is used instead of another solution and this fails to take into account the ions present in another solution than the student assumes

ions are insignificant

cDNA

isoforms = generate mRNA with different combination of exons

What is the dependent stressor associated with the need for reassurance?

isolation from others being driven away b/c need for reassurance is an individual trait that leads to isolation

Representative heuristic

judge event based on stereotypes or something fitting a category description

If something seems off do not fear!

just re-approach problem with a fresh eye

What would impact mitotic rate?

kinetochore centrosome aster

Mutations in GABA receptors can result in...

lack of inhibition of AP in post-synaptic neuron mutation prevents inhibition

What does hypoxia cause in energy metabolism?

lactic fermentation gets induced to regenerate NAD+ b/c passage said hypoxia activates glycolysis while mitochondrial functions are attenuated. This leads to increased [NADH] inside the cell. For glycolysis to proceed, NADH must be converted back to NAD+ through lactic fermentation

When does onset of Schizophrenia generally occur?

late adolescence/ early adulthood

What would cause membrane potential to remain elevated (prolonged) or depolarized for a longer time

less K+ efflux and higher intracellular K+ NOT Na+ b/c Na+ impacts the initial depolarization

Levity

light-hearted & fun

E = hf v = f x λ use c for v when dealing with

light/photons

Reliability

likelihood that the results could be replicated

5 year olds = pre-operation (piaget)

limited by ego-centrism impacts perspective

amphipathic

lipids b/c have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

What is the primary intermolecular force acting between adjacent FA chains?

london dispersion forces

If a table shows you air content (v/v) and average bubble size how can you maximize volume by aerating the thickest solution possible?

look for method that has highest air content b/c air content governs volume more than average bubble size A bunch of small bubbles will increase volume more than a single large buble

feminist perspective is both micro and macro level

looks at social structures that perpetuate gender inequalities in modern society like marriage (macro-level)

very stiff

lose elastin

How can you describe the polystyrene foam used in bike helmets?

low coefficient of restitution b/c we want Inelastic b/c this will least conserve KE Energy/time should be minimized b/c helmet should minimize peak energy delivered to head so a long duration is best High conversion of KE to thermal and deformation energies is best and long duration of collision from moment of impact to time at which head and helmet stop moving

high frequency is near base

low frequency is near apex

High-frequency sounds localize near the base of the cochlea

low-frequency sounds localize near the apex

Fluid velocity is higher in narrower sections b/c A1v1 = A2v2

lower area (narrower) = faster so higher velocity = lower pressure

Hypnotized

lower occipital lobe activity (vision) BUT more activated pre-frontal cortex b/c this works to block out visual image

largest reduction potential has

lowest pKa (most acidic) most negative so does not want to add more electrons DUH

If both factors studied (like type of talk and time) significantly impact a behavior than

main effect occurred

substitution to glycine

makes a less crowded binding pocket

Confabulation (side effect of Korsakoff's)

makeup memories to fill gaps and think those memories are true

If Tony has come out to his friends as transgender and although supportive they make such a big deal about his gender transition when introducing him to new acquaintances, what is Tony's transgender identity?

master status b/c transgender role has become more prominent than other roles like student or traveler who just happens to also be transgender

Are results consistent with discrimination between labeled carbon locations?

maybe look at table! This location might be more important than other conditions like fasting vs. glucose diet

What conditions are necessary to get data for M-M?

measure Vo under steady-state conditions solution pH remains constant at all [substrate] enzyme conc. is lower than subs. concentration

Dependent variable

measured as an outcome Example: number of questions asked of doctor by patients, or whether or not patients desire medication

What causes memory intrusion errors?

memory is reconstructive False memories

When do chromosomes begin to align themselves on cell equator?

metaphase

What separates chromosomes in anaphase?

microtubule depolymerization

What mutation would convert a proto-oncogene (normal) to an oncogene (cancer)?

missense just change an AA cancer is drastic but the mutation is really just a missense b/c nothing drastic so no deletion/frameshift

Krebs, ETC, oxidation of pyruvic acid, & Beta-oxidation (breakdown of FA) take place in

mitochondria

How can self-efficacy be increased?

model/observation persuasion/encouragement modify psych ex: learn stress reducing techniques

If genotype is governed by mom's genotype than dominance does not determine phenotype!

mom's genotype = child's phenotype

Reaction produces a yellow compound. How was the rate of this reaction determined?

monitor an increase in absorbance of solutions at 360 nm b/c complement of yellow = purple which is 360 nm higher absorbance in purple means we see more yellow so reaction occurs

Serotonin regulates both

mood (aggression) and appetite (hunger)

more succinyl-coA-synthetase = more succinate = inhibit HIF hydroxylase = inhibit degredation so

more HIF

More endocytosis means more uptake

more fluorescence if you uptake fluorescein-bound molecule complexes

Extracellular = external

more recognized for binding

more differentiated means

more specialized

Taboo

most severe incest/ cannabolism

Coercive

motivates both high and low knowledge people via threats or force

What happens after calcium is released?

muscles relax myosin releases actin contraction

What happens to chromatin protein before it can be observed with a microscope?

must condense to a certain critical density and size

cranial nerves are a part of PNS

myelinated Schwann cells

Hill < 1

negative cooperativity

Distress

negative/bad stress Ignore weird options like adaptive or cognitive stress. Keep it straightforward.

If student ignores volume and dilution among experiments it shows that he assumed that the difference in [ion] is

negligable

Guardian of Genome = prevents tumors

normal gene ∴ proto-oncogene

What is a more?

norms in society for moral behavior People strongly disapprove not acting good Mores

cytoplasm is hydrophilic but it is INSIDE cell so

not recognized

some activity means

not totally unfolded

We can label one reactant to see whether or not it is the

nucleophile

prevalence

number of cases present/ certain time % exhibited trait

Message source and features of the message get sent on an

object-subject correlation

Decision to use individual training rather than group training reduced potential influence of ...

observational learning

SES

occupation status income source education

CNS = Brain + spinal chord

oligodendrocytes myelinate

mutant gene that causes cancer

oncogene

homodimer will show

only a single band on both a native-PAGE and SDS-Page gel

Big 5 traits: OCEAN

open: curious conscientious: diligent, disciplined, and organized extroversion: outgoing, social, upbeat, friendly agree: friendly, compassionate neuroticism: sensitive and nervous

Amide

organic

The osmolarity of blood is approximately 298 most. What is the difference in osmotic pressure between the blood and lactated Ringer's solution at standard temperature?

osmotic pressure = MRT standard temp = 273K Δosmotic pressure = osm pressure of blood - osmotic pressure of ringers = M_blood*RT - M_ringers*RT To find M_ringers just add up all the ion concentrations given Answer in J/L

How can pressure be amplified on cochlear fluid at oval wind?

oval window (hole) must be SMALLER than tympanic membrane b/c P = F/A smaller area = larger pressure

secondary alcohol ---> ketone

oxidation reaction would occur with elevated reduction potential

FAD

oxidizing agent (gets reduced to cause oxidation)

hydroxylation

oxidoreductase enzyme

DCCD is a chemical that blocks the proton pore of ATP synthase. If treated with DCCD which of the following will decreases in the actively respiring mitochondria of adult rat cardiac cells?

oxygen consumption b/c DCCD ruins ATP synthase and proton gradient of intermembrane space increases making translocation of additional protons by ETC LESS favorable less ETC = less oxygen consumption DCCD increases H+ concentration within intermembrane space ADP concentration increases since ATP synthase stop running chemiosmotic gradient will increase

Glutamic Acid (E) is an acidic AA, but at physiological pH

pH < pKa: deprotonated E can NOT actually act as an acid ∴ during a reaction with rhodopsin it is NOT acting as an acid. What E does is stabilize the resulting iminium ion through H-bonding and acts as a counter ion to maintain the hydrophobicity of the binding site Think of it as if there was a charge and no countering it would be hydrophillic

psychological cause would be due to

pain felt/ pain as an emotion

A 45 year old man goes to emergency room and symptoms are pounding heart, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweat, and dizziness. Man did not have heart attack. What is his diagnosis?

panic disorder

Role strain

parents stress of trying to satisfy both their own needs and their children's needs

1/f = T (period) = 2pi*root(m/k)

period is proportional to mass (m) period is inverse to stiffness (k)

Baddeley's Model

phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and episodic buffer before arriving at memory

What does not contribute to the stabilization of a tertiary protein?

phosphodiester bond b/c these link adjacent nucleotides in DNA (do not involve protein)

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-P to fructose-6-P?

phosphoglucose isomerase b/c these are structural isomers (same molecular formula BUT different connectivities)

Someone mentions they are interested in quitting smoking, but stopping smoking makes them feel irritable and stressed. What is irritability a sign of?

physical dependence symptoms of withdrawal

Broca's area (frontal lobe)

physical production of sentences (sounds, words, sentences)

"Patient survey results showed that hispanic physical cues decrease engagement while asian physical cues increase engagement." This study suggests that racial-perception seen in patient-physician interaction primarily relies on what?

physical traits

Hormones, immunoglobulins, and CO2 are transported through the body TO the

plasma

Where are antibodies synthesized

plasma B cells in bone marrow humoral/blood

Changing the solvent a drug is exposed to can affect ...

plasma clearance or toxicity of drug

An error made during production of an RNA transcript results in a change in a single AA in the final protein. What is the error a result of?

poor editing ability of RNA polymerase b/c RNA polymerases have NO editing functions! RNA is transient and does NOT pass on info! Remember DNA does!

Food insecurity should show a

positive association with neuroticism negative association with conscientiousness

Ideal therapeutics have

positive effects

cation-exchange chromatography binds

positive/cations

If bovine serum albumin mobilizes proteins and lipids why would we use it in experiment?

prevents esterase from adhering to walls of vessels helps maintain homogeneity

George Mead (interactionist view) says education should do what?

promote social interactions education contributes to development of gender roles via social interactions

When does spindle apparatus begin to appear?

prophase

A protein with which properties will most likely have the largest negative net charge at pH 7?

protein that bind to anion-exchange chromatography

If an oncogene (cancer) is created from a proto-oncogene (normal), what are some possible outcomes?

protein that is more active and more resistant to degradation than normal protein and possibly a tumor that metastases in the body A tissue would NOT undergo the normal round of interphase b/c cancer cells lack controls on cell growth and divide continuously remember, no division occurs in interphase BUT it is still a part of cell cycle and cancer would cause it to be abnormal

complement system

proteins and enzymes when activated can cause cell lysis

Sanctions

punishments for violating a norm: example shame and ridicule individual

ΔH reaction = ΔH products - ΔH reactants

pure elements (H2, N2) = 0 If you are given ΔH for H2O and you have a 2H2O in equation just multiply ΔH by 2 solve for other compounds

Aster

radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells (form around centrioles)

If passage study found that "TCA metabolism is influenced by carbon position" then what does this tell you about the rate of acetyl coA?

rate depends on POSITION of the label in acetylcoA

What condition is BAD and Undesired for M-M data?

reaction reaching equilibrium before measurements are taken b/c at equilibrium we can NOT measure the Vo and all the kinetic data looks the same regardless of [substrate]

EXCEPT

read Q carefully

Where do the hormones of adrenal medulla bind?

receptors ON cell membrane epi/norepi = AA derivatives ∴ must bind to receptor ON cell surface

Educational institutions have both latent and manifest social functions. What would Durkheim suggest that education should do?

reinforce social cohesions (social solidarity)

What does parasympathetic NS cause?

release of Ach from post-ganglionic neuron

A stationary charge lies to the right of a current carrying loop of wire. While the current is flowing, the charge will:

remain motionless F=qvBsinO If charge is motionless, v= 0 so F = 0 and no force means charge does not move

LEAST likely to affect enzymatic function

replace E with D both acidic

Kallman syndrom is a disease in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone fails to migrate from the olfactory area to the hypothalamus during embryonic development. Which endocrine axis is disrupted in individuals with Kallman syndrome?

reproductive axis b/c gonadotropin release hormone regulates LH and FSH secretion ∴ no regulation of LH impact reproduction

Some disadvantages of passive induction of a disease is...

requires regular infusion of antibody & needs larger doses of Ig___ antibody

Pay attention to number of electrons, overall charge (minimize overall formal charge), and octet rule for...

resonance structures

MG impacts skeletal muscle. Most important skeletal muscle is the diaphragm. What may occur due to severe MG?

respiratory distress/ arrest which would cause mortality Weak upper limbs, and facial muscle paralysis can occur too but would not cause death

When does contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle occur? *Think contraction decreases bronchiole diameter*

restricts air movement ∴ rest and digest (Asthma) so PARASYMPATHETIC

If CRBP is retinol binding protein and STRA6/CRBP showed higher retinol uptake activity than STRA6 alone what is true?

retinol uptake activity by STRA6 is limited without the presence of intracellular binding proteins

How is cDNA made?

reverse transcribing mRNA treat mRNA with reverse transcriptase

Decrease pH

right shift in heme curve ∴ decrease affinity for Oxygen

When performing experiments to measure the Kcat of an enzyme, what should the substrate concentration be?

saturating b/c Kcat describes the rate-limiting step of catalysis under saturating conditions of substrate

What is included in innate immune system?

secretions, mucus, saliva, bile, lysozyme, skin, respiratory tract, inflammation, complement system (marks pathogens for destruction)

What factor has the greatest potential to change people's emotional self perception?

self-efficacy perception of ability to face a given situation

What do social facts (Durkheim) do?

serve a function in society

Largest bond order means

shortest bond distance (unstable) and most exothermic heat of formation

Period

shortest point of repetition!

interpersonal attraction

similarity between people, physical interaction, and number of interactions

What does the lining of LOWER esophagus contain?

smooth muscle

blood vessels

smooth muscle

What theory says people develop meanings of the world and thereby agree upon values?

social constructionism money, books, nations we create them. How we construct roles and rules, and knowledge explained through thoughts of humans example: spitting can be differently interpreted by different groups

What is correct about sound waves in water?

sound waves have larger wavelengths in water than in water b/c 1) sound speed is fastest in solids, then water, and slowest in air 2) v=f*λ 3) E=hf since energy does not change in different mediums, neither does frequency. If speed increases than λ increases

Urea

source of calcium carbonate precipitate formation in experiment

Based on the data, what is the purification yield from supernatant after final ion-exchange step?

specific activity shows purity Activity units show us yield find the units 60/300 units = 0.2 = 20%

1000 kg/ m^3 = density of water

specific gravity = 1g/cm^3

unrelated proteins are important to check for

specificity

While solving a problem using ΔG = -nFE we found that ΔG = -128kJ/mol What is true?

spontaneous b/c ΔG <0 we do not know about entropy (ΔS), or endo/exothermic (ΔH) because no other variable is given

A student has been moved to a remedial english class due to a failing grade. Since then she is ridiculed by other students who call her stupid and honor society friends avoid her at school. What is this an example of?

stigma negative reaction to individual

What group of drugs does nicotine belong to?

stimulants speed up function

During a mastectomy, the lymph nodes are often removed in addition to the tumor. What does this surgical procedure do?

stop the spread of breast cancer to the rest of body b/c removing lymph ensures cancer will not spread patient may still get diseases due to decreasing number of lymphocytes

In an experiment different concentrations of streptomycin were added to E. Coli. At low concentrations of streptomycin, increased amounts of misread mRNA was observed. At high streptomycin concentrations the initiation of protein translation was inhibited. What is consistent with these results?

streptomycin inhibits the small unit (30S) of ribosome b/c errors are seen in translation. 30S (small) subunit initiates translation by recognizing AUG start site and recruiting tRNA-fmet and large subunit. small subunit also proofreads and maintains fidelity (accuracy)

Emile Durkheim

structural functionalism (consensus/social order) = interdependence of component parts of social structure contribute to social order

How do colleges increase social stratification as agent of socialization?

student in college learns appropriate behavior for successful careers

What did Carl Jung do?

studied introversion and extroversion and collective unconscious

How long you spend studying is a

study habit

Over-expression of which enzyme is likely to result in increased levels of HIF?

succinylcoA synthetase b/c passage says "Succinate modulates the level of HIF by inhibiting HIF hydroxylase, an enzyme that induces HIF degradation" ∴ over-expression of succinyl-coA-synthetase would increase succinate production and enhance HIF levels

What are the universal emotions besides happy, sad, angry, and scared?

surprise disgust contempt

What fact could explain a language as being biologically based?

syntax of language is similar across different unrelated communities

Steroids, FA, HDL/LDL/IDL/Chylomicrons

synthesis occurs in liver

Representative Heuristic Examples

teen flips coin 10 times and gets all heads. He concludes next try will be tails to even it out Mrs. X son looks/dresses/smells like typical stoner while really son is just doing yoga. Mrs. X used a rep. heuristic to judge son as stoner.

A program that provides positive feedback to students in college might improve college students income level via ...

the looking glass self

Diluting 0.1 mL of 25 mL commercial means 1 mL ---> 250 mL

then diluting this 1--->2 by mixing 1 mL substrate with 1 mL enzyme makes the overall concentration dilute by 500 times

If you knockout a gene and no change in gene expression happens than

this gene is not important for this specific expression

If a hospital promotes administrators from clerical and clinical staff that it is NOT isolated from opinions of different groups

this reduces groupthink

Why would total amount of GTPase Rac be measured in Western blot?

to determine if an effector (VOPc) affects Rac expression levels b/c to determine how the presence/ absence of VOPc effects Rac activation, it is important to know if the total amount of Rac is affected by the strain being used

What does the humoral system protect against?

toxins, bacteria, and free floating enzymes so it protects against microbes in genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems

cytosine to methylcytosine enzyme

transferase

antibodies

translation (where proteins get produced)

What is the sick role?

try to get better/healthy! role a patient plays in which he is expected to recover from illness Exposure to pharmacy ads, seek info about condition, seek medicine from doctor even when not seen as effective, and behave in healthier ways

Many processes in living cells produce free radicals. All of these molecules can perform an antioxidant function:

ubiquinone vitamin E NADH b/c antioxidant means causes reduction ∴ acts as reducing agent (itself gets oxidize) NADH and Ubiquinone pass electrons in ETC vit. E is a fat soluble antioxidant and cofact

Implicit

unconscious = non-declarative = ride bike (procedural)

Keq = unfolded / native

unfolded was the product

Covert

unobservable

Endocytosis

uptake of material (very specific)

Gentrification

urban renewal (opposite of decline) revitalization of existing urban centers

affinity chromatography

use antibodies to isolate proteins

Availability heuristic

use info easily accessible based on how east it is to think of examples what you read online/ see in news/ hear on radio

In a centrifuge

velocity is proportional to p - po speed at which particle settles is proportional to difference between density and density of solvent and area of particles velocity is inversely proportional to viscosity of fluid

Both Alzheimers and Schizophrenia patients will show cognitive dysfunction in

verbal fluency and negative priming

most straightforward answer will be the

very next step/ most direct answer

Mores

very strictly enforced Treason violates mores of loyalty and patriotism or going out naked or unprofessional behavior

How far from a converging lens with a focal length of 6 cm must an object be placed in order to form a virtual upright image at a distance of 12 cm from the lens?

virtual think negative image distance i 1/o + 1/i = 1/f make i negative because image is virtual and solve for o

circuit elements in parallel have same

voltage drop

See what solution was used in experiment

water vs. Ringers vs. lactate vs. whatever

Availability heuristic example 1

we assume violent crimes make up most of crime because of news while in reality property crime makes up most crime

Acetylation increases transcription by modifying chromatin structure. If the passage told us that HDAC counters the effects of histone acetyltransferases then ...

we know HDAC would inhibit chromatin transcription by increasing chromatin condensation

The pH of a 1L phosphate buffer solution was measured as 7.6, but the experimental procedure calls for a pH 7.2. How should you adjust the solution?

we want to lower pH ∴ alter the ratio of monosodium to disodium phosphate added to favor the monosodium species b/c monsodium is the acid so adding more will lower pH

Independent variable

what researchers choose to say example: tell/ do not provide info

nested effect

when an effect occurs within another variable

When is FA synthesis activated?

when cells have enough energy and are ready to build long term storage molecules

Mindguards

when groupthink engages in unofficial thought police to prevent group from being exposed to opposing ideas

Interaction effect

when one variable affects the other

When is an enzyme more effectively inhibited by an uncompetitive inhibitory?

when substrate concentration or inhibitor concentration increases b/c uncompetitive inhibitors bind target enzymes only when substrate is first bound to enzyme At higher [substrate], the [S][E] complex is more abundant so more effective uncompetitive inhibitor Also more inhibitor means more enzyme binding and inhibition

Spotlight theory of attention

where attention is focused in visual field as opposed to eye-movement

Role Strain = conflict of multiple identities within 1 role

women stress in professional school due to impression management female in med school = front-stage self mom interacting with other moms in park is still front stage (play role in front of others)

SHORTCUT to bond order

y-axis shows bond order from 0 - 3 in increments of 0.5 x-axis shows number of electrons. First two triangles go up to bond order 1 and last triangle goes up to bond order 3. 0, 4, 8, and 20 have bond order of 0 2, 6, and 14 are at tops of triangles

Are disgust and contempt universal emotions?

yes

Basic AA: Arginine (R) Histidine (H) and Lysine (K)

yes

Can Western blot, northern blot, and RT-PCR be used to analyze gene expression?

yes

Charge (C) = Current (A)* time (s)

yes

Do H-bonds, salt bridges (ionic), and disulfide bonds help stabilize a tertiary protein structure?

yes

components of the plasma membrane can contain both nitrogen atoms (amine) and AA (serine)

yes

If you knockout a gene, and a lower number of cells develop/ increases then

you know this gene impacts development

If your study looks at the effect sending an immigrant student back to home country has on education, then what type of student would be the control?

youth who can NOT/ had not been sent back to country *focus on what research is studying*

K+ has gradient that encourages it to enter cell, while Na+ gradient encourages it to leave the cell 3Na+/2K+ in

∴ K+ contributes to depolarization

Passage might say both drugs treated symptoms

∴ assume equally

Passage says "IDH (all isoforoms) are responsible for oxidative decarboxylation (produces CO2). IDH3 is located in mitochondria where TCA cycle occurs and figure 1 shows that so does IDH2.

∴ cells missing IDH2 or IDH3 would NOT generate CO2 If IDH1 performs a similar function outside of the context of the TCA cycle, then cell lines that lack IDH1 will not make CO2 Since IDH3 is important in TCA cycle, cells lacking IDH3 use anaerobic metabolism to survive and generate lactate via glycolysis ∴ large amounts of 14-C lactase are detected in the growth media of IDH-3 null lines but NOT IDH1 or IDH2 null lines

Phospholipid bilayer is mostly hydrophobic

∴ difficulty with hydrophobic molecules means do NOT use phospholipid bilayer ***A small protein with many hydrophilic surface structures free floating in blood would work well

We can NOT make a causal inference for a double blind study

∴ we can NOT say for certain that ___ leads to higher occurrence of ___ Impossible to determine