part 3Q

73. Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the A. superior colliculi. B. inferior colliculi. C. red nucleus. D. medial geniculate nuclei

A. superior colliculi

38. In a myelinated axon, Na+ channels are A. along the whole length of the axon. B. every 5 mm. C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. D. less numerous at the nodes of Ranvier.

C. concentrated at the noes of Ranvier

92. Somatic motor reflexes involve A. the autonomic nervous system. B. contraction of smooth muscle. C. contraction of skeletal muscle. D. the autonomic ganglia.

C. contraction of skeletal muscle

93. What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons? A. convergence B. cooperation C. divergence D. All apply.

C. divergence

20. What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? A. convergent B. oscillating C. divergent D. plastic

C. divergent

13. Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

C. ependymal cells

43. Neural stem cells from the subventricular zone are important in the renewal of _______ neurons. A. visual B. gustatory C. olfactory D. auditory

C. olfactory

3. Which of the following is true of axons? A. contain receptive areas B. very thin and short C. originates at the axon hillock on the cell body D. transmits graded electrochemical impulses

C. originates at the axon hillock on the cell body

76. Which brain structure contains two respiratory control centers? A. cerebellum B. epithalamus C. pons D. midbrain

C. pons

15. Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed A. astrocytes. B. ependymal cells. C. satellite cells. D. Schwann cells.

C. satellite cells.

53. Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI, uses ______________ as its basis for producing images. A. x-rays B. gamma rays C. spinning protons D. electrical currents

C. spinning protons

81. Neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, VLPO, of the hypothalamus release _______ that promotes sleep. A. GABA B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. histamine

A. GABA

1. The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

A. central nervous system

39. Destruction of the embryonic ____________ will prevent formation of the nervous system. A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm D. mesoglia

A. ectoderm

37. Botulism toxin prevents release of ACh, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None apply.

A. flaccid paralysis

36. Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. glands

A. skeletal muscle

29. Which poison inhibits glycine receptors? A. strychnine B. curare C. tetrodotoxin D. All of the choices are correct.

A. strychnine

31. MAO inhibitors may cause hypertensive crisis by a person eating foods rich in A. phenylalanine. B. tyramine. C. glutamic acid. D. tryptophan.

B. tyramine.

75. What part of the mesolimbic system found in the midbrain is involved with behavioral reward? A. corpora quadrigemina B. ventral tegmental area C. substantia nigra D. nigrostriatal system

B. ventral tegmental area

77. Ataxia is often associated with A. damage to the motor cortex. B. damage to the cerebellum. C. damage to the pyramidal tracts. D. damage to the occipital lobe.

B. damage to the cerebellum.

63. What ion is involved in stimulating genetic transcription needed for learning and memory? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. NO

C. Ca2+

7. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent

C. multipolar

44. Neurogenesis is the formation of new ______________ from neural stem cells. A. ependymal cells B. astrocytes C. neurons D. All apply.

C. neurons

16. Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells

D. Schwann cells

33. ____________ is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis. A. Neostigmine B. Muscarine C. Naloxone D. Nitric oxide

A. Neostigmine

78. What type of cerebellar cells provide communication to other brain areas? A. Purkinje cells B. reticular cells C. supraoptic cells D. pyramidal cells

A. Purkinje cells

56. During ______________ sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur. A. REM B. deep C. nonREM D. dozing

A. REM

14. The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

A. Shwann cells.

24. What medication acts by increasing the action of nitric oxide as a treatment for erectile dysfunction? A. Viagra B. marijuana C. Prozac D. naloxone

A. Viagra

56. A "word salad" speech pattern occurs when A. Wernicke's area is damaged. B. Broca's area is damaged. C. the angular gyrus is damaged. D. spinal nerves are damaged

A. Wernicke's area is damaged.

98. Phenylephrine functions as a _______ because it promotes vasodilation in nasal mucosa. A. a1 agonist. B. a1 antagonist. C. b1 agonist. D. b1 antagonist.

A. a1 agonist

67. What is the purpose of the motor circuit? A. allows intended movements to occur and inhibits unwanted movements B. permits REM sleep C. activates the RAS D. inhibits language comprehension

A. allows intended movements to occur and inhibits unwanted movements

62. Being able to recognize the face of a schoolmate at your 30 year reunion, would be a function of the A. inferior temporal lobes. B. occipital lobe. C. medial temporal lobes. D. anterior frontal lobes.

A. inferior temporal lobes

21. Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called A. long-term potentiation. B. synaptic plasticity. C. excitotoxicity. D. summation.

A. long-term potentiation

11. Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

A. microglia

5. Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron C. multipolar neuron D. pseudounipolar neuron

A. motor neuron

80. What condition is caused by a sudden failure of the RAS? A. narcolepsy B. Parkinson's disease C. Alzheimer's disease D. insomnia

A. narcolepsy

6. Which of the following is NOT true of dendrites? A. transmits action potentials toward the cell body B. are thin extensions of the cell body C. transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body D. contain receptive areas

A. transmits action potenials toward the cell body

59. Having the APOE4 gene increases the likelihood of developing A. Huntingdon's disease. B. Alzheimer's disease. C. Parkinson's disease. D. amnesia.

B. Alzheimer's disease

47. Which of the following statements is true of the cerebral cortex? A. Sensations from the feet would be on the most inferior area of the somatesthetic cortex. B. Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex. C. The hands have a very small area on the motor cortex. D. The left side of the motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the body.

B. Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex.

35. Muscarinic ACh receptors act through ____________ activation of K+ channels. A. cGMP B. G-protein C. M-protein D. ATP

B. G-protein

54. Which imaging technique uses magnetic fields produced by postsynaptic electric currents to produce an image? A. EEG B. fMRI C. MEG D. PET

B. MEG

4. Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.

B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS

51. What condition may be partly caused by impairment of mirror neuron function? A. Alzheimer's disease B. autism spectrum disorder C. Parkinson's disease D. epilepsy

B. autism spectrum disorder

34. Acetylcholine can induce hyperpolarization by A. binding to nicotinic receptors. B. binding to muscarinic receptors. C. binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors. D. binding to beta-adrenergic receptors.

B. binding to muscarinic receptors

100. Atropine would A. block the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. B. block constriction of the pupil. C. stimulate skeletal muscle contraction. D. facilitate near vision.

B. block constriction of pupil

70. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? A. controls hunger and thirst B. controls reactions to odors C. controls body temperature D. controls the autonomic nervous system

B. controls reactions to odors

99. Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists. A. increased B. decreased C. not changed

B. decreased

65. Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to A. degeneration of the red nucleus. B. degeneration of the substantia nigra. C. lack of regulation of the cerebral peduncles. D. degeneration of the mesolimbic system

B. degeneration of the substantia nigra

30. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are produced by A. glycine. B. glutamic acid. C. gamma-aminobutyric acid. D. benzodiazepines

B. glutamic acid.

66. Writing skills would be impaired if the ___________ cerebral hemisphere atrophied. A. right B. left C. both

B. left

69. Individuals with aphasia A. often have damage to spinal nerves. B. may not be able to write if the angular gyrus is damaged. C. often speak slowly if Wernicke's area is damaged. D. often form nonsensical sentences if Broca's area is damaged.

B. may not be able to write if the angular gyrus is damaged.

40. The midbrain forms from the A. telencephalon. B. mesencephalon. C. myelencephalon. D. diencephalon

B. mesencephalon

17. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

B. node of Ranvier

12. The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

B. oligodendrocytes

61. Which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving? A. hippocampus B. prefrontal cortex C. amygdala D. medial temporal lobe

B. prefrontal cortex

26. Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are A. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron. C. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body. D. None apply.

B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron

25. Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All apply.

B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels.

42. Which area of the brain contains neural stem cells that are apparently important in learning and memory? A. arcuate fasciculus B. subgranular zone of the hippocampus C. temporal lobe D. cerebral cortex

B. subgranular zone of the hippocampus

68. Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ___________ and ___________ areas. A. Wernicke's and the angular gyrus B. fornix and Broca's C. Broca's and Wernicke's D. the angular gyrus and septal nuclei

C. Broca's and Wernicke's

60 The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory would be inhibited by A. ablation of the pons. B. ablation of the cerebral nuclei. C. ablation of the hippocampus. D. ablation of the occipital lobe

C. ablataion of the hippocampus

64. The ______ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content. A. caudate nucleus B. substantia nigra C. amygdala D. lentiform nucleus

C. amygdala

57. What structure connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area? A. corpus striatum B. angular gyrus C. arcuate fasciculus D. corpus callosum

C. arcuate fasciculus

91. Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs while ______________ motor neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors. A. skeletal B. sensory C. autonomic D. Both skeletal and autonomic are correct.

C. autonomic

8. Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system

C. autonomic nervous system

74. Which drug acts to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and amphetamines into the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain? A. alcohol B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. opiates

C. cocaine

45. Which of the following is the correct list of the lobes of the cerebrum? A. insula, temporal, parietal, pons, occipital B. temporal, frontal, insula, cerebellum, occipital C. frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital D. cerebrum, midbrain, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata

C. frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital

49. Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit A. voluntary skeletal muscle contraction. B. integration of cerebral activities. C. hearing. D. vision.

C. hearing

82. In the spinal cord, the gray matter is arranged into _____ and the white matter is arranged into ______. A. columns, horns B. funiculi, tracts C. horns, funiculi D. tracts, funiculi

C. horns, funiculi

97. The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be A. increased intracellular Ca2+. B. decreased Ca2+. C. increased cyclic AMP. D. decreased intracellular cyclic AMP

C. increased cyclic AMP

32. At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced? A. dendrites B. cell body C. initial segment of an axon D. axon hillock

C. initial segment of an axon

85. Most corticospinal tracts decussate in the A. midbrain. B. basal nuclei. C. medulla oblongata. D. spinal cord.

C. medulla oblongata.

18. The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis

C. multiple sclerosis

22. The varied strength of synaptic transmission is called A. spatial summation. B. temporal summation. C. synaptic plasticity. D. EPSP.

C. synaptic plasticity

79. Which of the following is NOT a vital function of the medulla oblongata? A. vasomotor control B. cardiac control C. thirst control D. respiratory control

C. thirst control

10. A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a/an A. nerve. B. bundle. C. tract. D. neuron.

C. tract

50. What type of neurons are found in the precentral gyrus? A. sensory neurons B. lower motor neurons C. upper motor neurons D. middle motor neurons

C. upper motor neurons

96. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter. B. has a relatively short preganglionic neuron. C. utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter. D. includes the adrenal medulla.

C. utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter

28. Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins C. dynorphins D. All apply.

D. All apply.

71. The suprachiasmatic nuclei A. are located in the anterior hypothalamus. B. controls melatonin secretion from the pineal gland. C. contains "clock cells" that have patterns which repeat about every twenty-four hours. D. All apply.

D. All apply.

89. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were to be cut, the individual would A. have no motor responses for that nerve. B. have no sensory perception from that nerve. C. have no reflexes involving that nerve. D. Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.

D. Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve are correct.

23. Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by A. acetylcholine B. GABA C. glycine D. GABA and glycine

D. GABA and glycine

84. Nerve fibers of the ___________ tract decussate in the spinal cord and are involved in regulating fine motor movements. A. tectospinal B. anterior spinothalamic C. lateral corticospinal D. anterior corticospinal

D. anterior corticospinal

90. Nerves that serve the leg come from the A. sacral plexus. B. brachial plexus. C. lumbar plexus. D. both the sacral and lumbar plexuses.

D. both the sacral and lumbar plexuses

55. Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage? A. alpha waves B. beta waves C. theta waves D. delta waves

D. delta waves

87. Which cranial nerve allows one to make facial expressions and secrete tears? A. trigeminal B. glossopharyngeal C. hypoglossal D. facial

D. facial

83. Sensory impulses for fine touch, precise pressures, and body movement are carried by the _____ tracts. A. anterior spinothalamic B. posterior spinocerebellar C. lateral spinothalamic D. fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis

D. fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis

94. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. has long postganglionic neurons. B. has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons. D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors.

D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors.

72 Ablation of the ___________ in the midbrain would impair the ability to respond to sounds. A. superior colliculi B. medial colliculi C. red nucleus D. inferior colliculi

D. inferior colliculi

46. The ____________ is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information, mostly pain, with visceral responses. A. temporal B. frontal C. parietal D. insula

D. insula

9. What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS? A. sensory neuron B. interneuron C. association neuron D. interneuron and association neuron are correct.

D. interneuron and association neuron are correct

2. Which of the following is NOT true of axonal transport? A. uses molecular motors B. can transport anterograde or retrograde C. has one fast and two slow components D. is a passive process

D. is a passive process

52. What type of neurons aid in imitating, understanding intentions and behaviors of others, and having empathy with the emotions of others? A. sensory neurons B. motor neurons C. association neurons D. mirror neurons

D. mirror neurons

19. Axonal regeneration is inhibited by A. brain-derived neurotrophic factor. B. nerve growth factor. C. neurotrophin-3. D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

95. The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except A. the heart. B. the stomach. C. the liver. D. the iris.

D. the iris

86. Which cranial nerve is vital for the functioning of the visceral organs? A. abducens B. glossopharyngeal C. hypoglossal D. vagus

D. vagus

58. The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in A. aggression. B. fear. C. sex. D. goal-directed behavior. E. All apply.

E. All apply.

41. Neural stem cells in adult mammalian brains are found in the A. cerebral cortex. B. subventricular zone. C. midbrain. D. subgranular zone. E. both the subventricular and subgranular zones.

E. both the subventricular and subgranular zones