PATH 370 - Check your understanding (ch. 27, 28, 29, 31, 33)

Hypotension is both a cause of chronic kidney disease and a result of chronic kidney disease. a. False b. True

a. False

Which group is at the highest risk for urinary tract infection? a. Sexually active women b. Adult males c. Patients taking diuretics d. Infants and children

a. Sexually active women

Erection requires the release of nitrous oxide into the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation. a. True b. False

a. True

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention. a. True b. False

a. True

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is highest in a. a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis. b. a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery. c. a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections. d. a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.

d. a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.

A common component of renal calculi is a. calcium. b. creatinine. c. urobilirubin. d. cholesterol.

a. calcium.

The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as a. epispadias. b. hypospadias. c. priapism. d. urethral fistula.

a. epispadias.

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is a. genetically transmitted. b. caused by a streptococcal infection. c. always rapidly fatal. d. associated with supernumerary kidney.

a. genetically transmitted.

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is a. hypertension. b. polycystic kidney disease. c. chronic pyelonephritis. d. glomerulonephritis.

a. hypertension.

Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with a. recurrent cystitis. b. proteinuria. c. polycystic renal disease. d. increased serum creatinine.

a. recurrent cystitis.

The effect on the renal tubules during the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis involves a. regeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. b. blocking the tubule lumens by dead cells. c. reconstruction of the basement membrane. d. making the glomeruli patent again.

a. regeneration of the renal tubular epithelium.

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes a.fluid administration. b. protein restriction. c. potassium supplementation. d. fluid restriction.

a.fluid administration.

Infection by ________ accounts for nearly half of all reported cases of vulvovaginitis. a. Pseudomonas b. Candida albicans c. Chlamydia trachomatis d. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

b. Candida albicans

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect? a. Acute pyelonephritis b. Polycystic kidney disease c. Hydroureter d. Incontinence

b. Polycystic kidney disease

The pathology report for a patient with penile cancer has this statement: The tumor involves the shaft of the penis. The cancer is at what stage? a. Stage IV b. Stage II c. Stage III d. Stage I

b. Stage II

The prognosis of penile carcinoma depends upon the stage of the disease. a. False b. True

b. True

What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease? a. Polyuria and nocturia b. Uremia c. Hematuria d. Hypokalemia

b. Uremia

Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain as a result of a. anxiety. b. associated dermatomes. c. muscle tension. d. associated infections.

b. associated dermatomes.

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing a. hydronephrosis. b. nephrosis. c. acute tubular necrosis. d. renal inflammation.

c. acute tubular necrosis.

Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for a. functional incontinence. b. urge incontinence. c. reflux prevention. d. overflow incontinence.

b. urge incontinence.

Cervical cancer can be detected in the early, curable stage by the ________ test. a. gonorrhoeae b. human papillomavirus c. Papanicolaou d. vaginal pH

c. Papanicolaou

Absence of menstruation is called a. menorrhagia. b. dysmenorrhea. c. amenorrhea. d. metrorrhagia.

c. amenorrhea.

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n) a. patient who has both hypertension and diabetes. b. middle-aged woman with bladder infection. c. elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate. d. young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction.

c. elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate.

A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience a. oliguria. b. hypertension. c. fever. d. edema.

c. fever.

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because a. muscles stop burning triglycerides for energy. b. body fats are catabolized. c. hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids. d. lipids are not excreted in the urine.

c. hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids.

The patient reports persistent pelvic pain and urinary frequency and urgency. She says the pain improves when she empties her bladder. She does not have a fever and her repeated urinalyses over the past months have been normal, although she has a history of frequent bladder infections. She also has a history of fibromyalgia and hypothyroidism. Based on her history and complaints, her symptoms are characteristic of a. neurogenic bladder. b. neuroses. c. interstitial cystitis. d. ureteral stone.

c. interstitial cystitis.

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine. a. blood b. sodium c. protein d. glucose

c. protein

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by a. glomerulonephritis. b. bilateral kidney stones. c. severe hypotension. d. acute tubular necrosis.

c. severe hypotension.

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is a. KUB. b. cystogram. c. ultrasonography. d. cystography.

c. ultrasonography.

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by a. acute tubular necrosis. b. severe hypotension. c. glomerulonephritis. d. bilateral kidney stones.

d. bilateral kidney stones.

Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the a. abdominal organs. b. cervix. c. vaginal musculature. d. cardinal ligaments.

d. cardinal ligaments.

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is a.recreational drugs. b. antibiotics. c. cancer chemotherapy. d. contrast media.

d. contrast media.

Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by a. increased secretion of aldosterone. b. chronic loss of blood in the urine. c. poor appetite, with lack of iron intake. d. decreased secretion of erythropoietin.

d. decreased secretion of erythropoietin.

The direct cause of stress incontinence is a. the effect of aging. b. neurologic conditions. c. detrusor muscle overactivity. d. pelvic muscle weakness.

d. pelvic muscle weakness.

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN) does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the patient will then experience a. magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine. b. infections and sepsis. c. oliguria and sodium retention. d. polyuria and sodium wasting.

d. polyuria and sodium wasting.

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include a. foul-smelling urine. b. red blood cell casts in the urine. c. anuria. d. proteinuria.

d. proteinuria.

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, "What causes my urine to be so full of protein," the nurse's response is based on the knowledge that a. his renal tubules are full of cellular debris. b. his glomeruli have been damaged by his own immune system. c. his liver is extremely active in synthesizing protein. d. the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.

d. the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because a. urea causes demineralization of bone. b. erythropoietin secretion is impaired. c. excess potassium leaches calcium from bone. d. they are deficient in active vitamin D.

d. they are deficient in active vitamin D.

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is a. endocarditis. b. pneumonia. c. urinary tract infection. d. throat infection.

d. throat infection.

A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be a. cysteine. b. struvite. c. potassium oxalate. d. uric acid crystals.

d. uric acid crystals.