PATH 370 Week 8 Quiz

A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

Greenstick

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.

Meningocele

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget disease

Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of

Parkinson disease

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

Slower rate of action potential conduction

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?

The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes

a butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose

Parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

Pain is thought of as

a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

subarachnoid hemorrhage

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called

subluxation

Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

A unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that

the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia

The ________ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.

threshold

The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called

tophaceous gout

Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by

unmyelinated C fibers.

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of

vitamin D

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me," says another nurse. "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

Intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg.

0 to 15

A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.

3

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?

Absence

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?

Anticonvulsants

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?

Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.

Cytotoxic

Most muscle strains are caused by

abnormal muscle contraction

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

acute hypertension

The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is

air embolus

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

autoimmune injury

To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should

avoid sun exposure

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

intracranial hemorrhage

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

basilar skull fracture

The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is

blood pressure control

The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain

Secondary injury after head trauma refers to

brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

bursitis

The most important determinant for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is

ischemic versus hemorrhagic cause

The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is

cerebral vasodilation

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is usually managed with volume expansion and blood pressure support to enhance cerebral perfusion. This is necessary because subarachnoid hemorrhage predisposes to

cerebral vasospasm

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will

decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord

The chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are

degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium

A patient diagnosed with diabetes, smokes a pack of cigarettes daily and eats very few green leafy vegetables. After experiencing a fractured toe, this patient is at risk for

delayed healing

Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because

demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms.

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is

development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism ("growing pain") is worse

during the night

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles

Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed

generalized

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

hypertension and bradycardia

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation

The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis involves

immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

inadequate mineralization in the osteoid

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they

increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia

It is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints

Enteropathic arthritis is associated with

inflammatory bowel disease

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed

It is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for

intervention

Ankylosing spondylitis causes

intervertebral joint fusion

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include

left-sided muscle weakness and neglect

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

lower spine

The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on

maintaining an airway

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion

A college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102°F. This information is most consistent with

meningitis

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

migraine

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

myasthenia gravis

It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of

neural tube defects

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

noncontractile tissue injury

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

osteomalacia

A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)

osteosarcoma

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out

It is true that Bell palsy is a

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies

Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.

posterior

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity

Systemic disorders include

rheumatoid arthritis

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be

sluggish pupil response to light

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

soft-tissue damage