path chapter 1

__________ are small, barrel-shaped bodies oriented at right angles to each other

centrioles

the nucleus contains _______, which is the complex structure of DNA and DNA-associated proteins, and this is important because it is transcribed into RNA so that the genes in the nucleus encode the information necessary for the synthesis of proteins that the cell must produce to stay alive

chromatin

________ are found on the luminal surfaces of many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and passages of the upper respiratory system

cilia

____________ and ___________ are microtubule-filled cellular extensions extending from the cell membrane that are capable of sweeping movements

cilia, flagella

the ______ lives outside of the cell, and it contains membrane-enclosed organelles "little organs" and inclusions in an aqueous gel

cytoplasm

_______ refers tot he passive process by which molecular and other particles in a solution become widely dispersed and reach a uniform concentration because of the energy created by their spontaneous kinetic movements, and this occurs from ann area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

diffusion

_______ ________ are a heterogenous group of filaments with diameter sizes between those of microtubules and actin filaments

intermediate filaments

______ ______--______ ______ are involved in the rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells

ion channel-linked receptors

____ ___ (leak channels) are integral proteins that span the width of the membrane an dare normally composed of several polypeptides or protein subunits that form a gating system

ion channels

________ ______ of the ion channeling system are those that are open even in the unstimulated state

leakage channels

___ ____ ___ are chemically operated and respond to specific receptor-bound ligand, such as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

ligand-gated channels

the ______ _______ is the main structure component of the plasma membrane, and it consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

lipid bilayer

the ______ _____ of the cell membrane serves as a barrier against the movement of water and water-soluble substances between the intracellular and extracellular fluids, while allowing a few lips-soluble and uncharged molecules to cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion

lipid layer

adenosine triphosphate is made up of... 5 things

1. adenosine 2. nitrogenous base 3. ribose 4. fiver carbon sugar 5. three phosphate groups

there are two types of vesicular transport, and they are...

1. endocytosis 2. exocytosis

the two types of ion channels are...

1. leakage channels 2. gated channels

there are two types of active transport, and they are...

1. primary active transport 2. secondary active transport

what are the three primary components of the eukaryotic cell?

1. the plasma membrane 2. the nucleus 3. the cytoplasm

the three types of gated channels are...

1. voltage-gated channels 2. ligand-gated channels 3. mechanically-gated channels

___ ____-________ _______ mediate cellular responses for numerous types of first messengers through regulatory proteins called G proteins that bind to guanine triphosphate, and they are the largest family of cell surface receptors

G-protein linked receptors

the ____ smallest functional unit of life and the smallest unit capable of self-reproduction; they are vehicles for transmitting genetic information that defines the organism

cell

___ ___ occurs when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient

active transport

___ fiction as water channels, and they are especially abundant in cells that must transport water at particularly high rates, such as certain cells of the kidney

aquaporins

____ is the process by which cells engulf materials from their surrounds, and these materials are moved into a cell in a vesicle formed from the cell membrane

endocytosis

the ______ ________ (system transport channels) is and extensive dynamic system of interconnected membranous tubes and sac-like cisternae that functions as a tubular communication system for transporting various substances from one part of the cell to the other

endoplasmic reticulum

______ ______ refers to the chemical processes involved in converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the foods we eat into the energy needed for cell functions

energy metabolism

_____-______ _____ are transmembrane proteins with their ligand-binding site on the outer surface of the cell membrane

enzyme-linked receptor

____ is the mechanism for the secretion of intracellular substance into the extracellular spaces; material are moved out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

exocytosis

_____ _____ occurs down a concentration gradient; thus, it does not require input of metabolic energy, however, it does require a transport protein

facilitated diffusion

____ form the tail-like structure that provide motility for sperm

flagella

______ ______ of the ion channeling system are those that open and close in response to specific stimuli

gated channels

the ________ ________ consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs, and they modify and package large substances coming from the ER into secretory granules or vesicles

golgi apparatus

the lipid bilayer provides the basic fluid structure of the plasma membrane, and it also serves as a relatively ________(not allowing fluid to go through) barrier to all but lipid-soluble substances

impermeable

potassium goes ____ the cell of the sodium-potassium pump

inside

________ can be viewed as small,membrane-bound sacs that are filled with hydrolytic enzymes; they are seen as digestive enzymes

lysosomes

ribosomes are held together by _______

mRNA

the _______ copies and carries the DNA instructions for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm

mRNA

___ ___ __ open or close in response to such mechanical stimulations a vibrations, tissue stretching, pressure

mechanically-gated channels

_____ are composed of actin

microfilaments

________ function in developing and maintaining of cell form, participate in intracellular transport mechanisms, and forming the basic structure for several complex cytoplasmic organelles (cilia, flagella, and centrioles)

microtubules

__________ "powerhouse of the cell" contain the enzymes needed for capturing most of the energy in foodstuffs and converting into cellular energy; it requires energy, which is stored in the ATP they contain their own distinctive DNA, which is inherited by the mother

mitochondria

the nucleus also contains the ________, which is the site of rRNA synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly

nucleolus

the _______ is the control center of the cell

nucleus

______ is regulated by the concentration of nondiffusible particles on either side of the membrane, with water moving from the side with the lower concentration of particles to the side with the higher concentration

osmosis

sodium goes ____ the cell of the sodium-potassium pump

outside

cells use _____ to transform the breakdown products of the foods we eat into the energy needed for muscles contraction, the transport of ions and other molecules across cell membranes, and the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, and other macromolecules

oxygen

____ occurs when the vesicle is large

phagocytosis

____ occurs when the vesicle is small

pinocytosis

the ______ ________ is one of the most important parts of the cells, and it acts as a semipermeable structure that separates the intracellular and extracellular environments it also transports materials from the extracellular fluids to the interior of the cell, holds and binds receptors for hormones, and participates in the generation and conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells, as well as regulates cell growth and proliferation

plasma membrane

sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions are transported by _____ _____ _____

primary active transport

______ ____ means that the kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular space without any interaction with a carrier protein

simple diffusion

the ______ is the site for protein synthesis

rRNA

ribosomes include _______ and ________

rRNA,proteins

_______ "protein factories" are involved in the synthesis of protein

ribosomes

the ______ ______ is studded with ribosomes attached to specific binding sites on the membrane (accompanied with mRNA) and they synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into cell membranes

rough ER

the two types of endoplasmic reticulum are ______ _______ and _______ ______

rough ER, smooth ER

____ _____ ____ harness the energy derived from the primary active transport of sodium for the co-transport of a second substance

secondary active transport

the _______ ________ is free of ribosomes and is continuous with the rough ER; does not participate in protein synthesis, but its enzymes are involved in the synthesis of lipid an asteroid hormones molecules, as well as the metabolism and detoxification of certain hormones and drugs

smooth ER

the ____-_____ _____ moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular regions, where its concentration is approximately 14 times greater than inside, while potassium is pumped to the inside, where its concentration is approximately 35 times greater than it is outside the cell

sodium-potassium pump

the _____ transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis for incorporation into the protein being synthesized

tRNA

________ ______ is a mechanism in which materials are transported in membrane-bound vesicles

vesicular transport

____ ____ _____ have electrically operated channels that open when the membrane potential changes beyond a certain point

voltage-gated channels