patho #2/17

What is the danger when the appendiceal wall becomes inflamed and ischemic before rupture?

Bacteria leak from the appendix into the peritoneal cavity

What causes gangrenous tissue?

Development of infection in necrotic tissue

Low-residue diet leads to decreased fecal bulk and constipation, raising the pressure inside the intestine and causing outpouching of the mucosa at weak points in the muscle layers. This condition would be called:

Diverticulosis

As cirrhosis progressed, Hank developed gynecomastia and impotence. What caused these changes?

Failure of the liver to inactivate sex hormones

What does the term gluconeogenesis refer to?

Formation of glucose from protein and fat

Which type of Viral Hepatitis are associated with an increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Hepatitis B, C and D

What causes the localized LRQ pain and tenderness in Jim?

Inflamation of the parietal peritoneum covering the appendix

Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?

It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route

What is the common cause of acute appendicitis?

Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a fecolith

How is Jim's pain level affected by rupture of the appendix?

Pain decreases somewhat

How does a volvulus cause localized gangrene in the intestine?

The mesenteric arteries are compressed in the twisted section of intestine.

When the wall of the appendix becomes inflamed and ischemic, it becomes more porous. Resident bacteria are proliferating inside the appendix. To what area are these bacteria likely to spread?

The peritoneal cavity

What sign and symptom indicated the probable rupture of Jim's appendix

The temporary partial relief of pain

Malnutrition may develop in children with celiac disease because of:

damage to the intestinal villi

what would be the result of chronic bleeding from gastric carcinoma?

occult blood in the stool and anemia

What is the primary cause of esophageal varices?

portal hypertension

What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?

raw or under cooked poultry or eggs

Hank, 35, had been a weekend binge drinker for several years and then increased his social drinking during the week. A routine physical examination revealed an enlarged and tender liver. Blood tests indicated increased blood levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT). A biopsy confirmed inflammation and necrosis in the liver, with a small amount of fibrosis, leading to a diagnosis of stage 2 alcoholic liver disease. Despite the warning, Hank continued drinking alcohol. After experiencing intermittent nausea and abdominal discomfort, as well as a persistent dull, aching upper right quadrant (URQ) pain, he returned to his physician. What is causing this pain?

Stretching of the liver capsule

A primary factor causing encephalopathy with cirrhosis is the elevated:

serum ammonia

Esophageal varices develop because of :

Portal hypertension extending into collateral veins

Increasing generalized abdominal or periumbilical pain, nausea and vomiting develop in this early stage of appendicitis because of:

Stretching and irritation of the appendiceal wall

What are the typical changes occurring with Crohn's disease?

inflamed areas of the wall of the ileum alternating with thick fibrotic or normal areas

To which site does colon cancer usually first metastasize?

liver

Which type of billirubin is likely to cause jaundice as cirrhosis progresses?

A and B

What is responsible for the encephalopathy that occurs in end-stage cirrhosis?

Accumulations of toxins in the blood

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the enzyme pancreatic amylase. true or false ?

false

What is frequently the first manifestation of stress ulcers?

hematemesis and hypotension