Patho Exam 4 FA Davis

Raynaud's phenomenon

Calcium channel blockers may be effective treatment Commonly associated with autoimmune disease exaggerated sympathetic response causes vessel constrcition

Vasculitis

Classified based on vessel size affected Immune complexes deposited in arterial walls associated with autoimmune process Takayasu arteritis is an example

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

May be detected by bulge in the abdominal aorta most common type of aneurysm may rupture, leading to internal bleeding

Arterial disorders

arterial system becomes congested, blood has trouble getting where it needs to go

Atherosclerosis

basic physiological change that causes cardiovascular disease Foam cell formation Hyperlipidemia C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels are used for assessment

process of atherosclerosis

begins when endothelial cells of vessel walls are damaged, causing inflammation WBCs travel to area of injury, macrophages engulf low-density lipoprotein molecules (LDL) then transform into foam cells

Hyperlipidemia

elevated blood lipid levels

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

occlusive disorder of peripheral arteries, decreased peripheral pulses most common in the femoral artery develops gradually with intermittent claudication- artery is obstructed and oxygenated blood cannot reach muscle, this causes pain that is released by rest ankle-brachial index used for assessment

Aortic dissection

potentially lethal involves tearing of the aorta aging weakens the aortic wall, this weakness leads to a splitting of the layers between the inner lining and middle muscular wall blood gets in between the layers and causes trauma, which leads to the gap widening the backing of blood leads to a hematoma that protrudes into the lumen, reducing blood flow to major arteries arising from the aorta blood pressure differential between right and left arm surgery required 33% of patients die within 24 hours sudden onset includes chest pain and tearing sound

anuerysm

result of weakened arterial lining from atherosclerosis feature arterial wall bulges and uneven interior surface increases risk for rupture weakness from blood flowing against the wall can increase rupture and lead to hemorrhage abdominal aorta most commonly affected fusiform and saccular shapes

foam cells

transformed macrophages that have engulfed LDLs act like support structures collect, gather, multiply, and take up space form lipid deposits along the vessel wall, result in plaque formation, break off and block blood flow in other areas