Pathology - Outline

Acute rhinitis

An acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract is

hyperplasia

An increase in the size of a body part, due to an increase in the number of cells is called:

Emphysema

An over distention of the pulmonary air sacs with air is called:

Local passive hyperemia

Caused by a obstruction of a vein due to a thrombus, embolus, thickening of the vessel walls or external pressure. The affected area will appear swollen, cool to the touch, and will be dark reddish-blue in color.

generalized passive hyperemia

Caused by an obstruction of blood flow through the heart, leading to inadequate circulation. The results of this are known as hypostatic congestion (the settling of the blood to dependent regions).

anuria

Complete urinary suppression is called:

Permanent active immunity after infection

Immunity of Epidemic parotitis

True

T/F Epilepsy is controlled in most cases through medication.

False

T/F Hydrocele may complicate inflammations such as orchitis, epididymitis and vaginitis

Pleural effusion

The fluid oozes from the inflamed tissue into the space between the lungs & chest wall The pain usually disappears because the fluid serves as a lubricant

hematuria without pain

The most common symptom in renal carcinoma

Volvulus

This intestinal problem involves a twisting of the colon around itself:

atrophic

This type of vaginitis results from reduced estrogen levels after menopause

Subdural hemorrhage

bleeding below the dura mater; or between the dura and arachnoid (the middle covering of the brain) usually venous bleeding not usually associated with skull fractures

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

can cause lung infections with those who have a weakened immune system due to any of the following o cancer o chronic use of corticosteroids or other medication that affect the immune system o HIV/AIDS o Solid organ or bone marrow transplant

inflammation of the lungs that is focused in the small bronchi

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by:

Renal calculi

Calculi that from within the kidney are called:

the kidney can become extremely dilated with urine

In hydronephrosis

Hypoparathyroidism

Of the following, which is hypocalcemia associated with:

hydrocephalus

Referred to as "water on the brain."

Candida albicans & Trichomonas vaginalis

Which is/are responsible for causing vaginitis?

tumor, rubor, rigor

Which of the following does not fit into the cardinal sign of inflammation? altered function, pain, rubor pain, tumor, heat tumor, rubor, rigor altered function, rubor, dolor swelling, pain, heat calor, rubor, dolor

Heat Swelling Pain Redness Loss of function

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Pyelonephritis

A Suppurative inflammation of the kidney & renal pelvis is referred to as:

Emphysema

A barrel chest is characteristic of:

abscess

A cavity containing pus and surrounded by an inflamed tissue

Bronchiectasis

A condition of the lung that is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchial walls is termed

Epilepsy

A condition which results from some form of interference with normal electrical activity in the brain. It is marked by repetitive abnormal electrical discharges within the brain known as seizures.

addison's disease

A disease resulting from adrenal gland deficiency and characterized by bronzing of the skin is termed:

functional

A disease that shows no recognizable lesions is called:

Diabetes insipidus

A disorder of the pituitary gland characterized by intense thirst and the excretion of large amounts of urine is

Cretinism

A protruding tongue, mental retardation, sunken nose, puffy eyelids and small eyes that are set apart, are sings of this congenital disease:

Pleural effusion

AKA Wet Pleurisy or Hydrothorax

Hydrocephalus

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids in the ventricles of the brain.

Petit Mal Seizures

Are a much milder form and the individual ceases activity for a few seconds. Are more common in children who often outgrow the disorder.

Hemophilus influenza Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) - Most common causative agent

Common bacteria causing meningitis:

antidiuretic hormone

Diabetes insipidus is caused by an under-secretion of which of the following hormones:

Epidemic parotitis

Distinct for the painful inflammatory swelling of one or both of the parotid glands - "Chipmunk Face" Seen typically in children

Person-to-person by droplets of saliva Indirectly by contaminated hands or fomites

Epidemic parotitis Mode of Transmission:

ENTERS: o Nose o Mouth EXITS: o Nasal secretions o Buccal secretions

Epidemic parotitis Portals of Entry and Exit:

Hydrocephalus

Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain causing them to enlarge and push against the skull.

Cryptorchidism

Failure of the testes to descend into the scotum is called:

Hydrocele

Fluid in the sac of the vaginalis testis is called:

Pyelonephritis

Harry goes to the doctor complaining of chill, high fever, dysurian, hematuria and sudden back pain that spreads over his abdomen. Upon extensive examinatin, the doctor tells him that he has developed abscesses that ruptured and drained pus into the renal pelvis and urine causing pyuria. What did the doctor diagnose him with?

Stenosis

If the esophagus becomes too narrow for food to pass, what is this condition referred to as?

Cryptorchidism

If this condition is left untreated, it could lead to sterility because maturation of sperm cannot occur

Bright's disease

Inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli is called:

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (the protective coverings around the brain and spinal cord) Caused by many organisms including viruses and bacteria

stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth is called:

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the organ that stores bile is called:

ureteritis

Inflammation of the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is called:

Amyloid Disease

It is a disease in which a waxy, starch-like glycoprotein accumulates in tissues and organs impairing their function.

cerebral palsy

It is believed that _____________ is caused by developmental anomalies or damage to areas in the brain, disruption its ability to control movement and posture.

Hydrocele

May result from improper closure of the opening between the peritoneal cavity and the scrotum.

epidemic meningitis

Meningitis that is caused by meningococcus is often referred to as _____________ and is one of the most serious forms of the disease. It is transmitted from person to person through the respiratory tract via droplet spray or direct contact with respiratory discharges. If it is not treated, it can result in serious brain damage end even death.

Meningitis

Organisms enter via blood or lymphatic system or direct are extensions of local infections such as otitis media and mastoiditis, (inflammation of the mastoid sinuses) or frontal sinus infection

pneumocystis carinii

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia caused by the fungal organism ____________

becoming a rare disease with the introduction of a vaccine.

Prevention of Epidemic parotitis

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Primary Atypical Pneumonia is caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses and an atypical bacterial called ________________

Pleural effusion

Results from an excess amount of exudate in the pleural spaces

Active / Arterial Pathological Hyperemia / Congestion

Results from increased arterial flow as a bodily reaction to injury, such as in inflammation.

Hyperparathyroidism

Results from increased levels of parathormone (parathyroid hormone, PTH) which raises the level of circulating calcium above normal resulting in a condition known as hypercalcemia. The increase in the hormone is usually due to a tumor of one of the parathyroid glands. as the calcium levels rises, the phosphate level falls

hydrocephalus

Results from the blockage of normal outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.

True

T/F Hydrocephalus may be congenital or acquired.

Resolution

Termination of an inflammatory process with the involved body part returned back to its normal state is called:

Grand Mal Seizures

The more serious form of epilepsy. Characterized by: - fecal and urinary incontinence, strong convulsions, loss of consciousness, peculiar sounds, biting of the tongue and excessive salivation - The seizures vary considerably and in the length of duration and frequency of occurrence - After an attack, patients appear groggy and not fully aware of what has occurred

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

This type of pneumonia can cause lung infections with thosewho have a weakened immune system/ immune compromised persons, especially seen in AIDS/HIV

bacterial

This type of vaginitis results from on overgrowth of one of the the several organisms normally present in the vagina

Epidemic parotitis

This virus can spread to other organs of the body - the testicles in 20-25% of adults males, causing sterility

Tetany

A decrease in the parathryoid hormone will result in a condition known as:

Cretinism

A deficiency in the secretion of the thyroid gland before baby is born is known as:

Atelectasis

A disease characterized by a collapse or airless condition of the lung is termed:

acute

A disease having sudden onset and short duration is called:

Carbuncle

The union of two or more boils results in which of the following inflammatory lesions:

Fulminating disease

having rapid and severe onset, usually fatal

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gall bladder

abscess

localized accumulation of pus

proctitis

may be caused by bacterial infection, parasites, irritation from fecal matter or toxic agents.

proctitis

may be secondary to such conditions as hemorrhoids or rectal tumors.

hydrocephalus

When it occurs in adults, the cranial enlargement is not seen, because hardening of the bones has already taken place.

hydrocephalus

When it occurs in young, due to the fact that ossification of the cranial bones has not yet occurred, a great distention and enlargement of the cranium can be seen.

Rabies

Which disease is associated with hydrophobia because the sight of water may cause the throat muscles to spasm in infected patients?

anuria

Which of the following could lead to death within 24 hours? oliguria pyuria hematuria anuria polyuria

pyelitis, pyelonephritis, cystitis

Which of the following diseases show pyuria?

Renal calculi

Which of the following is formed when salts in urine form a precipitate?

Herpes simplex I, Treponema pallidum

Which of the following organism(s) cause stomatitis? Candida albicans, diabetes diabetes, Treponema pallidum Treponema pallidum; streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae and Clostridia perfringens Herpes simplex I, Treponema pallidum

heart

Which of the following organs is frequently affected by valvular stenosis?

primary atypical pneumonia/viral pneumonia

Which of the following would Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

Acromegaly

Which of these is associated with a "lion-face" appearance?

Acquired hydrocephalus

_______________ is often seen when post-inflammatory adhesion or scarring occurs, a lesion or tumor is blocking the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Hydrocele

a buildup of edematous fluid in the scrotum.

Functional disease

a condition or disease in which there is no recognizable change in anatomy

acute disease

a disease with a more or less rapid onset and short duration

Cerebral Palsy

a term used to describe a group of chronic disorders characterized by the impairment of control over movement. The impairment generally appears in the first few years of life and typically does not progress over time.

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

also known as walking pneumonia or viral pneumonia

Cholangitis

an inflammation of the bile ducts which is caused by blockages of the bile ducts. The most common cause of obstruction is gallstones. Other causes of obstruction include stricture, stenosis or tumors. all of these cause the slow passage of bile, resulting in bacterial infection.

proctitis

an inflammation of the rectum

Primary Atypical Pneumonia

starts with a dry, nonproductive cough, headache, fever, muscle pain and fatigue as it progresses, breathlessness occurs and a cough that now produces small quantities of phlegm that may be clear or white

Passive hyperemia or Venous Hyperemia / Congestion

the result of a decrease in the venous drainage from a body part. will always be a pathological condition. May be local or general

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

this pneumonia was a relatively rare infection before the AIDS epidemic