Pathophysiology Midterm Check Your Understanding

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Jaundice

which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Jaundice

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the

Kidney

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

Liver

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising

Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

Thrombocytopenia

While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is

activity restriction

while in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia, a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. the most appropriate action for this is

activity restriction

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except

aldosterone (h2o & sodium retention) Cortisol norepinephrine epinephrine

the only known curative treatment for CML is

allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis(ability to adapt to stress) 3 stages: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth

a commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is

aspirin

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as

bicarbonate ion

a 3 year old boy suffers from prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPIT but a normal platelet count is likely to be diagnosed with

hemophilia

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

The effects of excessive cortisol production include

immune suppression

myasthenia gravis is a type 2 hypersensitivity disorder that involves

impaired muscle function

the effects of histamine release include

increased vascular permeability

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

increases capillary hydrostatic

The patient is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). As part of treatment, the patient must undergo several weeks of chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is

infection

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.

latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because

massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

necrosis

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age

which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL

pain in long bones, infection, bruising

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in

permanent damage and death

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

platelet adhesion to injured tissue

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to

platelets

The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to

prevent further clot formation

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by

recipient antibodies

what is the affect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?

resistance increases by a factor of 16

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention

autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which

stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the SAME patient

In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with

Epstein-Barr virus.

Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?

HIV/AIDS

Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called _____ proteins.

HLA or MHC

Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?

Hemolytic anemia

Which condition enhances lymphatic flow?

Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

Insulin

What is necessary for red blood cell production?

Iron

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

Iron deficiency

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?

"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

Absent peripheral pulses

A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is

Bence Jones proteins in the urine

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma, HIV Kaposi sarcoma, T-lymphocyte type1

Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)

Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord

T

Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease

T

T/F: The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

T

The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts

T

The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor.

T

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium

a cause of thrombocytopenia includes

chemotherapy

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

cigarette smoking

The final step in clot formation is

clot retraction

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

decreases

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types

severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome is an example of

deficient immune response

widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia

a laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

elevated total iron binding capacity

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is

energy and repair

the most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

erythropoietin

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is

erythropoietin administration

Treatment for hemophilia A includes

factor VIII replacement.

t/f: In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive

false

Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they

have no cytoplasmic organelles

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with

telangiectasia

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention

Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by

the autonomic nervous system

The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of

the intrinsic pathway

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. reversible when the damage is stopped

which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?

thrombocytopenia

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

tissue thromboplastin.

t/f: When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

true

Peripheral edema is a result of

venous thrombosis

a normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count and increased prothrombin time INR is indicative of

vitamin K deficiency