Pathophysiology Midterm Check Your Understanding
Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?
Jaundice
which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?
Jaundice
The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the
Kidney
Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?
Liver
Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?
Mutant tumor-suppressor gene
The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is
P53
Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?
Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising
Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
Thrombocytopenia
While in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is
activity restriction
while in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia, a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. the most appropriate action for this is
activity restriction
All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
aldosterone (h2o & sodium retention) Cortisol norepinephrine epinephrine
the only known curative treatment for CML is
allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor
Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except
allostasis(ability to adapt to stress) 3 stages: Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
Proto-oncogenes
are normal cellular genes that promote growth
a commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is
aspirin
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as
bicarbonate ion
a 3 year old boy suffers from prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPIT but a normal platelet count is likely to be diagnosed with
hemophilia
An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed
hypertrophy
The effects of excessive cortisol production include
immune suppression
myasthenia gravis is a type 2 hypersensitivity disorder that involves
impaired muscle function
the effects of histamine release include
increased vascular permeability
Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.
increases capillary hydrostatic
The patient is a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). As part of treatment, the patient must undergo several weeks of chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is
infection
Coagulative necrosis is caused by
interrupted blood supply.
The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is
intracellular accumulations
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
is malignant
A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.
latent
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
liquefactive
Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions, because
massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation
The effect of stress on the immune system
may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
necrosis
Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene
occurs at an earlier age
which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL
pain in long bones, infection, bruising
Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in
permanent damage and death
A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs
platelet adhesion to injured tissue
The megakaryocyte is a precursor to
platelets
The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to
prevent further clot formation
A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
primary prevention
Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
pupil constriction
transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by
recipient antibodies
what is the affect on resistance if the radius of a vessel is halved?
resistance increases by a factor of 16
An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
secondary prevention
autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which
stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the SAME patient
In general, the best prognosis for long-term disease-free survival occurs with
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
which type of leukemia primarily affects children?
ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)
Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with
Epstein-Barr virus.
Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease?
HIV/AIDS
Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person's cells. These proteins are called _____ proteins.
HLA or MHC
Which condition is associated with an elevated reticulocyte count?
Hemolytic anemia
Which condition enhances lymphatic flow?
Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
Insulin
What is necessary for red blood cell production?
Iron
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
Iron deficiency
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.
A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct?
"Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate."
Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?
Absent peripheral pulses
A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is
Bence Jones proteins in the urine
Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including
Burkitt lymphoma, HIV Kaposi sarcoma, T-lymphocyte type1
Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?
CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)
Two of the most serious oncology emergencies associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma are obstruction of the superior vena cava and compression of the spinal cord
T
Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease
T
T/F: The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
T
The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts
T
The only known curative treatment for CML is allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a suitable donor.
T
Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is
calcium
a cause of thrombocytopenia includes
chemotherapy
Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is
cigarette smoking
The final step in clot formation is
clot retraction
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
death
In general, with aging, organ size and function
decrease
The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
decreased functional reserve
When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow
decreases
Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome is an example of
deficient immune response
widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
dysplasia
a laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia
elevated total iron binding capacity
A disease that is native to a particular region is called
endemic
The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
energy and repair
the most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is
erythropoietin
The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is
erythropoietin administration
Treatment for hemophilia A includes
factor VIII replacement.
t/f: In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive
false
Patients who experience anemic episodes when exposed to certain drugs most likely have
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they
have no cytoplasmic organelles
C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is
streptococcal infection
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as
subclinical
A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with
telangiectasia
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention
Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by
the autonomic nervous system
The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of
the intrinsic pathway
Allostasis is best defined as
the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being
Metaplasia is
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. reversible when the damage is stopped
which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation?
thrombocytopenia
Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by
tissue thromboplastin.
t/f: When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic
true
Peripheral edema is a result of
venous thrombosis
a normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count and increased prothrombin time INR is indicative of
vitamin K deficiency