PCB 3043 Chapter 4
If self-fertilization results in low fitness, why would an organism choose self-fertilization as a mating strategy? -It ensures reproduction in low-population densities. -It prevents inbreeding depression. -n/a -It increases genetic diversity.
-It ensures reproduction in low-population densities.
Why is self-fertilization a part of the life history of some species despite its potential negative consequences? -Self-fertilization ensures that an organism produces some offspring when mates are hard to find. -Self-fertilization permits an organism to clone itself when its genome is suited to the environment. -Self-fertilization produces more genetically diverse offspring than does cross-fertilization by mate. -Self-fertilization requires little parental effort so more effort can be used to ensure offspring survival.
-Self-fertilization ensures that an organism produces some offspring when mates are hard to find.
Phenotypic plasticity is found throughout the spectrum of living organisms. However, not all organisms are phenotypically plastic. Identify the organisms that are not exhibiting phenotypic plasticity. -A chipmunk species in a forest with only one predator begins to decline when a new predator is introduced. -A frog moves from a pond with consistently warm water to a pond with colder water and fails to reproduce. -A species of antelope migrates from one watering hole to another based on periods of drought and monsoon. -A plant species in a temperate environment withers and dies during short periods of drought.
-A chipmunk species in a forest with only one predator begins to decline when a new predator is introduced. -A frog moves from a pond with consistently warm water to a pond with colder water and fails to reproduce. -A plant species in a temperate environment withers and dies during short periods of drought.
Which statement is true about a species living in a homogenous environment compared to a species living in a heterogeneous environment? -A species that lives in a heterogeneous environment is more likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity. -A species that lives in a homogeneous environment is more likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity. -The homogeneity or heterogeneity of an environment does not determine whether a species will exhibit phenotypic plasticity. -Only a large population in a homogeneous habitat can exhibit phenotypic plasticity.
-A species that lives in a heterogeneous environment is more likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity.
Select conditions under which phenotypic plasticity would likely evolve. -A habitat has stable conditions over generations but experiences a sudden cataclysmic event. -One phenotype confers high levels of fitness across multiple types of environments. -A variable phenotype confers intermediate fitness in unpredictably variable environment. -Environmental conditions are variable and have fitness consequences across generations.
-A variable phenotype confers intermediate fitness in unpredictably variable environment. -Environmental conditions are variable and have fitness consequences across generations.
Why can migration be considered a form of phenotypic plasticity? -Animals that migrate tend to do so in response to environmental changes. -Animals that migrate undergo physical changes before migration. -Animals migrate in response to internal stimuli such as a change in blood chemistry. -Animals only migrate when forced to do so by shortages of food or water.
-Animals that migrate tend to do so in response to environmental changes.
What is an important distinction between weather and climate? -Weather occurs at a larger physical scale. -Climate varies much more than weather. -Changes in climate are more predictable than changes in weather. -Climate occurs over a longer temporal scale.
-Climate occurs over a longer temporal scale.
The forest stratification present in a mature forest leads to varying levels of sunlight from the forest floor through the understory to the canopy. The variation in light-level, leading to the presence of various species, would be an example of -photosynthetic active region. -phenotypic plasticity zone. -microhabitat. -sunlight exclusion areas.
-microhabitat.
Areas in a habitat that have uniquely different abiotic conditions are called -climatic variability areas. -acclimation areas. -microhabitats. -phenotypic zones.
-microhabitats.
A correlation between two variables implies that . . . -one variable directly affects the other variable. -one of the variables is the independent variable and the other is the dependent variable. -one variable may or may not directly affect the other variable. -the variables have a linear relationship.
-one variable may or may not directly affect the other variable.
The ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes is called -directional selection. -genotypic plasticity. -phenotypic plasticity. -stabilizing selection.
-phenotypic plasticity.
What is possible negative consequence of an organism engaging in self-fertilization? -reducing the fitness of offspring -producing hermaphroditic offspring -increasing fitness of the parent -forgoing sexual reproduction
-reducing the fitness of offspring
Trichomes are -small hair-like structures on leaves that reflect incident light and thus prevent overheating. -structures within the cells of leaves that prevent water loss. -small hair-like structures on leaves that prevent herbivory. -structures within the cells of leaves that maximize light absorption.
-small hair-like structures on leaves that prevent herbivory.
An organism moving through areas with environmental variation will perceive that variation as -spatial homogeneity. -temporal homogeneity. -temporal heterogeneity. -climatic heterogeneity.
-temporal heterogeneity.
A mouse moves from a rainy exposed field to an underground burrow. Select the types of environmental variation the mouse experiences. -climactic variation -phenotypic variation -temporal variation -spatial variation
-temporal variation -spatial variation
When one considers an individual's behavior in terms of optimal foraging, one considers all of the following EXCEPT -the fitness of future offspring. -the quality of various food items available. -the exposure to predators while searching for food. -the energy expended in searching for various food items.
-the fitness of future offspring.
Inbreeding depression is -the result of breeding between closely related species. -the result of competition between closely related individuals. -the result of competition between closely related species. -the result of breeding between closely related individuals.
-the result of breeding between closely related individuals.
Prior to the onset of harsh weather conditions when food may be inaccessible, many species may consume large quantities of available food and store this food in the form of subcutaneous fat. A tradeoff of this phenomenon is that -these individuals may be less able to mate. -these individuals may be less able to successfully compete. -these individuals may be less able to escape predation. -these individuals may be less able to resist parasites.
-these individuals may be less able to escape predation.
The black-capped chickadee often enters into a state of _____ during cold winter nights when the temperatures plummet below zero, thus conserving energy reserves until morning. -hibernation -aestivation -torpor -diapause
-torpor
One would expect to find plants with a higher "root-to-shoot" ratio where -water is abundant. -water is scarce. -sunlight is unlimited. -sunlight is limited.
-water is scarce.
If roots increase a plant's ability to obtain water when should a plant NOT grow more roots? -when water is abundant -when nutrients are limiting growth -when temperatures are high -in drought conditions
-when water is abundant
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. known to happen among snails, desert tortoises, and crocodiles
Aestivation
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. occurs in response to hot, dry conditions
Aestivation
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: Air temperature is predictably cold during the winter season is temperate zones.
Climate
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: Spring is usually a wet season in temperate regions.
Climate
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: The average amount of rainfall an area receives in a year defines, in part, the area's seasons.
Climate
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. common among insects
Diapause
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. organism enters a state of desiccation
Diapause
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. occurs among mammals both large and small
Hibernation
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. organisms consume large quantities of food before entering this state
Hibernation
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. common among small mammals and some birds
Torpor
Four types of dormancy that occur in members of the animal kingdom are diapause, hibernation, torpor, and aestivation. Classify the following characteristic to the type of dormancy in which it occurs. dormancy over a short period of time
Torpor
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: An incoming cold front causes air temperature to drop rapidly.
Weather
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: Humidity rises on a hot day in May.
Weather
Weather and climate both describe temporal variation in temperature and precipitation. Classify the following example as weather or climate: Thunderstorms influence the amount of rainfall an area receives in an hour.
Weather
Competition between species results from -unlimited resources. -absence of microclimates. -limited resources. -absence of microhabitats.
-limited resources.
Hermaphrodites are organisms that -always self fertilize. -feed on multiple trophic levels. -may self-fertilize. -feed along multiple temporal scales.
-may self-fertilize.
Which statement is true about how a phenotypic changes in a species in a variable environment? -The genotype must change in order for a phenotype to change. -The genotype does not have to change in order for the phenotype to change. -The genotype must change through mutation in order for the phenotype to change. -In order for a phenotype to change in a species, there must be very little genetic variation in the population.
-The genotype does not have to change in order for the phenotype to change.
Why can migration be considered a phenotypically plastic behavior? -By moving, the organism increases its fitness. -It can result in multiple populations with different phenotypes. -Many animals change physically when they migrate. -The place an organism lives can be considered part of its phenotype.
-The place an organism lives can be considered part of its phenotype.
A plant can improve its ability to obtain water by growing roots. Select the statement that explains why a plant might limit root growth under some weather conditions. -The plant might limit root growth when water is scarce so that it has more energy for reproduction. -The plant can restrict water loss due to transpiration by limiting root growth during dry periods. -The plant can allocate energy towards growing structures other than roots when water is abundant. -The plant might limit root growth because it does not have space for root extension.
-The plant can allocate energy towards growing structures other than roots when water is abundant.
What is an adaptation? -a characteristic of a species that makes it well suited to the environment. -a mutation that alters the appearance of individuals in a species. -a characteristic of a species that determines how many offspring it can produce -a change in the frequency of alleles in a population
-a characteristic of a species that makes it well suited to the environment.
An organism that can survive well in cold temperatures but not in hot temperatures is an example of -phenotypic plasticity. -a temporal adaptation. -acclimation. -a phenotypic trade-off.
-a phenotypic trade-off.
What is correlation analysis? -a statistical tool used to measure the strength and type of relationship between two variables. -a method for determining the average value of a set of data -a statistical tool used to calculate a best fit line for a set of data -a method for determining the independent variable and the dependent variable
-a statistical tool used to measure the strength and type of relationship between two variables.
Which environment favors the evolution of phenotypic plasticity? -a tidal zone -the deep ocean -a desert -a tropical rainforest
-a tidal zone
Migration as a phenotypically plastic response is often cued by all of the following EXCEPT -lowering air temperatures. -decreasing food supplies. -absence of reproductive mates. -shorter day length.
-absence of reproductive mates.
Which type of dormancy is commonly used in summer? -aestivation -diapause -torpor -hibernation
-aestivation
A specific type of dormancy in response to hot/dry conditions associated with summer months is called -diapause. -aestivation. -hibernation. -torpor.
-aestivation.
A negative correlation between two variables means that -as one variable increases, the other decreases. -the two variables are not related. -as one variable increases, the other variable remains the same. -a decrease in one variable leads to a decrease in the other.
-as one variable increases, the other decreases.
The use of various foraging microhabitats by different species may result in increased fitness for the species involved because of -decreased competition. -increased competition. -habitat expansion. -niche expression.
-decreased competition.
Which behavior is optimal for an organism using central place foraging? -feeding from a central supply of food or water -increased feeding as the number of predators decreases -increased time spent searching for food at longer distances -decreased time feeding when the number of competitors increases
-increased time spent searching for food at longer distances
Acclimation is a characteristic observed at the -individual level. -population level. -species level. community level.
-individual level.