PCB3702L lab quiz 2

Innermost layer; hugs the brain and spinal cord; has extensions known as denticulate ligament which prevents side to side and inferior motion of the spinal cord

Pia mater

The structure that produces melatonin and helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulation of reproductive hormones is the

Pineal gland

Is part of the brain found within the sella turcica involved in the regulation of other endocrine gland

Pituitary gland

Responsible for relaying sensory information to the cerebellum and the thalamus and contains the subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers.

Pons

Dorsal (posterior) gray horns

Process sensory information

Inside the brain we have the _________ which is a relay and processing center for sensory information.

Thalamus

The specific cortical area of the brain in which language comprehension intelligence occurs.

Wernicke's area

Middle layer of the meninges made of a delicate membrane.

Arachnoid mater

most abundant glial cells. They have many radiating processes with bulbous ends that cling to capillaries (smallest blood vessels). Functions are numerous and include: regulating neurotransmitter levels; signaling increased blood flow through capillaries; regulation of appropriate chemical environment synapses form scar tissue

Astrocytes (CNS)

is a single long, thin process that extends from the cell body. It functions as the output portion of the neuron by generating action potentials and then propagating them toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell.

Axon

connection between cell body and axon (anatomical term)

Axon hillock

terminal branch of an axon that ends with a synaptic end bulb

Axon terminal

A nerve is a bundle of ________ that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

Axons

The adult spinal cord extends from the blank 1 of the skull to as far as the vertebra blank 2. The spinal cord is in charge of integrating and processing information. The spinal cord consists of an outer region of blank 3 matter and an inner region of blank 4 matter.

Blank 1: Formen magnum Blank 2: L1-L2 Blank 3: White Blank 4: Gray

The white matter of the spinal cord is composed of blank 5 axons that allow communication between different parts of the blank 6 and between the cord and the blank 7. These fibers are classified as being one of three types, according to the direction in which they carry nerve impulses:

Blank 5: Mostly myelinated Blank 6: Spinal cord Blank 7: Brain

blank 8 - most carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain. blank 9 - most carry motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord, to stimulate contraction of the body's muscles and secretion from its glands. blank 10 - white-matter fibers that carry information from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Blank 8: Ascending Blank 9: Descending Blank 10: Commissural

The formation of words occurs in this specific cortical area of the brain.

Broca's area

contains most organelles, including the nucleus. Control center of the neuron. Like dendrites, it also serves as an input portion of neuron because it can receive signals from other neurons.

Cell body

Coordinates somatic motor patterns and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebellum

generates thought processes and intellectual functions. This area is responsible for the storage and processing of memory and regulates conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle contractions.

Cerebrum

Connects the left and right sides of the brain allowing for communication between both hemispheres.

Corpus callosum

are short, highly branched processes that extend from the cell body. Receive signals from other neurons or from stimuli in the environment, serving as main input portions of the neuron.

Dendrites

the strongest of the meninges, surrounding the brain and spinal cord and formed by two layers. The outer most layer termed the endosteal layer, is fused with the periosteum of the lining cranial bones. The innermost layer is called the meningeal layer.

Dura mater

Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.

Ependymal cells (CNS)

this space is located just external to the spinal dura and is filled with cushioning fat and a network of veins. Anesthetics are often injected into this space to block the nerve impulses in the spinal cord and therefore relieve pain in body regions inferior to the injection site.

Epidural space

Planning, complex movements, and elaboration of thoughts occurs in this region of the brain

Frontal lobe

The part of the limbic system that is concerned with the organization and storage of memories is the

Hippocampus

Center that controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production is known as the

Hypothalamus

What is the CSF route?

I. Lateral ventricle II. Interventricular foramen III. Third ventricle IV. Aqueduct of midbrain (cerebral aqueduct) V. Fourth ventricle VI. Central canal (spinal cord)

CNS processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses.

Integrative

The structure that contains the amygdala and hippocampus establishes emotional states, facilitation of memory storage and retrieval, and the linking of the conscious functions of the autonomic nervous system is the

Limbic system

The function of this is to relay sensory information to the thalamus and to other portions of the brain st .It also contains the centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems.

Medulla oblongata

The area of the brain which controls the processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintenance of consciousness is the

Mesencephalon

remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis.

Microglia (CNS)

information is conveyed from the CNS through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to effectors (muscles and glands). Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete.

Motor

a neuron whose axon carries motor commands from the central nervous system toward effectors.

Motor (efferent)

The CNS processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. It is also the source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. Most signals that stimulate _________ to contract and ________ to secrete originate in the CNS

Muscles; glands

this term means fewer branches. They line up in small groups and wrap their cell processes around the thicker axons producing insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings occurs in this region of the brain.

Parietal lobe

______ number pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and _____ pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the _______

12; 31; spinal cord

The conscious perception of visual stimuli is processed in the

Occipital lobe

Help regulate and stabilize the environment around neuronal cell bodies present in ganglia. The dorsal root ganglion located on either side of the spinal cord contain the most prominent of these cells.

Satellite cells (PNS)

surround all axons in this region forming myelin sheaths. Each of these cells can surround many axons at once. These cells also participate in axon participate in repair processes after injury known as regeneration.

Schwann cells (PNS)

Ventral (anterior) gray horn

Send out somatic motor information

Lateral gray horn

Send out visceral motor information

A_______ (general type) receptor is a structure that monitors changes in the external or internal environment.

Sensory

Receptors detect external or internal stimuli. This information is then conveyed through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS into the brain and spinal cord of the CNS.

Sensory

a neuron whose axon carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system toward the central nervous system.

Sensory (afferent)

contains CSF which functions as a shock absorber; diffusion of waste products; gas exchange and nutrients.

Subarachnoid space

The space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater

Subdural space

expanded distal end of an axon terminal where synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters are located; also called a terminal bouton.

Synaptic end bulb

This lobe is the region of the brain in which conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli occurs.

Temporal lobe