PDF Questions

1) What was the name of the policy used by the Europeans to secure their economic and political interests in China?

"Gunboat Diplomacy" → they enforced their economic and political will through the usage of arms. Oxymoron→ this is militaristic Europeans to Chinese→ "we want to trade but if you don't open the door... well blow it up" (if necessary)***** Not REALLY being diplomatic (Chinese had no choice) China isolated themselves during the Ming→ so while the rest of Europe was industrialing with weapons... China DID NOT and couldnt defend themselves**** VISUAL (knocking on door with guns and cannons)

The Opium Wars

-----

Taiping Rebellion

-------

"Ocean Devils"

--------

4) Explain why the Macartney Mission was a failure?

1) It was a failure because both cultures could NOT understand the other & this communicative failure still characterizes relationship between European countries & China. (cultural differences→ TRIBUTE)--> Europeans believed in FREE TRADE (no restrictions)--> not the case for the Chinese 2) Both saw themselves as MORE SURPERIOR As long as they had that mentality→ no agreement

3) What were the 2 conditions to be met for foreigners to trade in China?

1) Specific people and port and time in which you could trade 2) England would be presented as a "tribute nation" → HAD TO PAY TRIBUTE Perform rituals of obeisance to the emperor Ex→ had to demonstrate you were subserviant Put head on ground 9 times in front of Emperor****

1. At what point was opium made illegal in China?

1836

Boxer Rebellion-->

BOXER REBELLION - China loses to Japan - Europe "carved up the Chinese melon" - Europe and America fought over pieces of china - Spheres of interest The BOXERS - Foreign threat - Gave aid to secret societies - Empress Dowager believed the societies could help get rid of europeans - "The righteous & harmonies Fists" - Religious - Magic and spells - Thought they were effected by pain/bullets - violent - Concentrated in begin because governers controlled other areas - Western destroyed them - Most embarrassing protocol of yet—> THE BOXER PROTOCOL - Europe got the right to control military at the capital - Suspended the civil service exam - Paid for losses - And killed those in rebellion - And no weapons for Chinese Reform - New course of reform - Kann Yuwei - Education was reformed (girls allowed) - Had to learn western education - Got rid of civil service exams - Radical western beliefs made way into china (MARXISM) - Military was reorganized under Yuan Shihkai (western ideals) Province asselies -> Kann Auwei Democratic govt in place Lot of tension Eventual rebellion

3. Other than the issue of opium, what was the real issue of the Opium War?

China had other grievances with Britain and Lin's take non prisoner enforcement if Chinese laws outraged the British. Britain refused to submit to an emperor so there was a lack of treaty relations between the foreigners and Chinese law.

4) According to Eastern historians, what was the appeal of the Rebellion?

Eastern historians thought the appeal of the rebellion was the anti-Manchu rhetoric with extreme devotion to the destruction of idol and stamping out demons. *****CHINESE→ Anti-Manchu (or anti-Qing)--> saw them as a key problem (lost the Mandate of Heaven)--> all the problems were because of the Xing... so they supported HONG XIOQUAN********

2) What was the name of the new religious sect started by Hung and his followers and who inspired him?

Hung formed the "The God Worshippers" inspired by Christianity and a southern Baptist, Issachar J. Roberts, who taught him everything about the religion. Inspired by Christian missionaries

8) What happened to Hung?

Hung withdrew from active participation in administration and military affairs. He grew steadily unbalanced because he believed that only the Heavenly King should rule by virtue and not be involved in active politics. Hung lost his connection with God filling the void with sextual pleasure. After losing his certainty in God he killed himself with poison. → POSIONED HIMSELF MAYBE HE WAS HAVING A NERVOUS BREAKDOWN****

1) What may have caused the nervous breakdown that contributed to the creation of Hung's God complex?

Hung's failure with the civil service examination*** and his visions about demons may have contributed to his nervous breakdown.

6. What does "most favored nation" status mean?

It granted Britain any trading rights granted to other countries China is carved up into a sphere of influence by other European Powers With this status→ "first come first serve" Britain gets the better deal THIS IS BAD FOR CHINA

6) Ultimately, what caused the Papal Bull preventing Chinese Christians from participating in any Confucian rites?

Jealous Dominicans & Franciscans reported to the Pope that the Jesuits were promoting Confucianism. Therefore, the pope issued two bulls that condemned Confucianism & prevented Chinese Christians from participating in any of the Confucian rites. ----> DECREE where the POPE said they cant pratcice their relgion anymore Everyone is kicked out (jesuits)

7) Why were efforts to recruit scholar officials unsuccessful?

Most efforts to recruit scholar officials were unsuccessful because most educated chinese men were deeply disturbed by the theoretical nature of the state and the lack of education among its leaders. SMART ENOUGH TO UNDERSTAND THAT THIS WAS NOT AN EFECTIVE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM SOME IDEAS WERE GOOD BUT HIS APPROACH WAS BAD FOR CHINA

5) What was the political organization of the "Kingdom of Heavenly Peace"?

The "Kingdom of Heavenly Peace" was a new kingdom established by Hung who were a prepared and trained military group created with the initial goal of destroying and elimination demon worship. Autocratic→ Hong Xioquan was on top Not totally equal economy→ trying to build a classless society→ very egalitarian and communist****

5) Which group had the greatest success under the Qing (Nestorian, Franciscans or Jesuits)?

The Jesuits→ the Chinese respected their teachings and they supported Confucianism... gained success in the imperial court. (TOLERATED THEM) "Society of Jesus"--> soldiers of Chritianity Brought technolgy with them STARTED BY: Ignatius De Loyola*********** Jesuits supported Confucianism But attacked Daoism and Buddhism because they were religious Confucianism didn't conflict with Christianity

2) Why did the Chinese dub the Portuguese and all Europeans "ocean devils"?

The Portuguese (soon after beginning trade with the Chinese) began to attack and rob Chinese ships. Because of their pirate-like ways and predation (predators→ animalistic→ hunt you down) on Chinese shipping, the Chinese dubbed Europeans "Ocean Devils". Thought they were barbaric*** Friendly with China?--> THE DUTCH Good with the Chinese but stopped when competition arrived

4. What was the first and "fundamental" demand made in the Treaty of Nanking?

The first and fundamental demand was for British "extraterritoriality" (diplomatic immunity)(not charged with Chinese crimes)--> that's what the Europeans wanted but not the Chinese → all british people would be convicted of British laws if they committed a crime on Chinese soil. ***Opened 5 additional ports for the British to trade freely **Most famous nation status Here first, if there is a better deal they will receive it first (badddd for china)

2. What was the primary argument made by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Tse-hsu in his letter to Queen Victoria?

The primary argument made by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Tse-hsu in his letter to Queen Victoria was that because the British made opium trade & consumption illegal in England due to harmful effects, it should not be exported to harm other countries.

9) What was the ultimate fall out of the Rebellion?

The ultimate fall out of the Rebellion was when Hung left it and they caved under the pressure of war and attacks from the Chinese along with ineffective administration and inability to hold authority in conquered territory. DIED→ because of conflict→ 30 million***** Afterward (famine)--> 60 million***** (indirectly)****

6) Describe the radical social & economic reform program of the Kingdom.

There was social and economic equality in the Kingdom were wealth was distributed equally to members of society. There was no class distension, everyone was looked at as a brother or sister, and women and men were viewed equally. SOCIAL→ MEN AND WOMEN WERE EQUAL ECONOMIC→ whatever you could contribute... you should (less starvation)

5. What happened to opium sales as a result of the Treaty of Nanjing?

Trade more than doubled following the treaty because of the there was no restrictions placed on British and the new various ports available to them.

3) According to Western historians, what was the appeal of the Rebellion?

Western historians believe that the movement attracted followers because they were successfully feeding and taking care of themselves in a time of famine. ****EUROPEAN→ appeal of economics→ would have more land to feed family