Pediatric Assessment & Intervention: AOTA PDF

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

-"brittle bones" -decreased bone deposition caused by inability to form type I collagen -transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene -expected to develop progressive deformities -activity patterns are affected by caution and time spent in casts -maternal education in handling and positioning is essential to prevent fractures -monitored activity that promotes weight bearing should be encouraged

ADHD: OT Intervention

-CBT -behavior modification -educational interventions -social skills training -modifying classroom environments -self management techniques -interventions to enhance sensory modulation and support organizational routines

CMD Categories

-CMD I: does not involve severe intellectual functioning difficulties -CMD II: involves muscle and brain abnormalities -CMD III: involves muscle, brain, and eye abnormalities -CMD IV: involves muscle, brain, and eye abnormalities

CP: OT Evaluations

-COPM -Perceived Efficacy and Goal setting system -Pediatric ACS -Preschool ACS -Child OSA -Sensory Profile -Movement assessment battery for children

Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Injury Classification

-Class I: neurapraxa; some degree of paralysis -Class II: axonotmesis; endomentrium is intact; axon degenerates distal to legion -Class III: neurotmesis; most serious; both axon and endomentrium is severed

What are the two types of TBI injuries?

-Closed: caused by rapid movement of the head in which brain strikes the skull -Open: caused when object enters brain

Types of fractures

-Complete: bone is broken straight through -comminuted: bone is broken in many different splintered pieces -compound: broken bone leads to external wound at site of fracture, bone protrudes through skin often -epiphyseal: break occures between shaft of bone and epiphysis; only occurs in pediatric clients -greenstick: bone is partially broken and bent, only occurs in children -intrauterine: bone is broken in utero

Learning Disabilities: OT Intervention

-Early childhood: sensory integration, play, socialization, self help -School age: sensory integration, perceptual motor integration, writing skills -Early adolescence: independent living skills, social skills, development of compensatory and adaptive techniques

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) stages

-Fetal: most severe; fracture occur in utero and during birth; mortality is high -infantile: moderately severe; many fractures occur in early childhood; severe limb deformities and growth disturbances also occur -juvenile: least severe; fractures begin in late childhood; by puberty bones often begin to harden and fewer fractures occur

CP classification based on limb movement

-Hemiplegia: UE and LE on one side of body -Quadraplegia/Tetraplegia: UE and LE on both sides of body -Diplegia: quadriplegia with mild UE involvement and significant involvement in LE

Visual Perceptual Impairments: OT Intervention

-Infants: dim lights, stimulation of other body senses to influence distance sense; emphasis on human face; softer simplier 3-D forms; mobiles hung 2 feet above infant; toys that reflect light or flash with sounds -Preschool and kindergarten students: multi-sensory approach, activities that encourage body in space concepts; emphasis on imitation; shared storybook reading -Elementary: organize environment to make less visually distracting; alternate positions for visual perceptual activities; modify work to enhance visual attention to attributes of assignment; reduce other sensory input; teaching strategies; use of chunking, maintenance rehearsal, mnemonic devices; color coding; directional cues for writing; games to support visual spatial concepts; use computers to support development of skills; identify learning styles

CP Functional classification

-Manual ability classification system -Gross motor function classification system

Intellectual disability: Levels

-Mild: IQ between 55-70; ability to learn academic skills at 3rd-7th grade level; work with min support -Moderate: IQ between 40-55; able to learn academic skills to at least 2nd grade level; perform unskilled and some skilled work tasks -Severe: IQ between 25-40; communicate and perform some basic ADLs and health habits; requires support to complete routines -Profound: IQ below 25; requires caregiver assistance for basic tasks; neuromuscular, orthopedic, or behavioral deficits

Handwriting: OT Intervention

-Neurodevelopmental approach: preparation activities for posture and UE's -Acquisition approach: taught directly, brief daily lessons, individualized, adjusted on the basis of evaluation and performance data, over learned and used in functional way -Sensorimotor approach: multisensory input, various sensory experiences, multiple writing tools, writing surfaces, and positions -Biomechanical: sitting posture, paper position, pencil group and adjustment of writing tool, paper modifcation -Psychosocial Approach: improving self control, coping skills, and social behaviors; emphasis on communicating importance of good handwriting; opportunities to enhance self confidence

Handwriting Evaluation

-Occupational profile -Interview with child, teacher, parent -analysis of performance

Sensory Integration Assessments

-Sensory Profile -Sensory Processing Measure -Touch Inventory for elementary school aged children -sensory integration and praxis test -BOT-2 -Miller function and participation scales -School function assessment

CP classification based on quality of tone

-Spasticity: increased flexor or extensor tone -athetosis: fluctuation of tone from low to normal with little spasticity -choreoathetosis: constant fluctuations from low to high tone, jerky movements -flaccidity: marked low tone -ataxia: tone in normal range, but LE flexion patterns

Why does TBI occur?

-a result of intial injury and because of swelling, intracranial pressure, hematomas, emboli, hypoxia

Tachydysrhythmia

-abnormally fast heart rate >200-300 beats/min -common in children -can lead to congestive heart failure -irritability, poor eating habits, pallor

sickle cell anemia

-abnormally shaped red blood cells -most common in african americans -decreased energy for daily tasks -at risk for organ damage resulting from blocked blood flow caused by sickle cells -may experience pain and require pain management intervention

Bradydysrhythmia

-abnormally slow heart rate <60 beats/min -atrioventricular block is most common type -medical intervention may include pacemaker

amelia

-absence of limn or distal segments of limb -Phocomelia: fully or partially formed distal extremity and absence of one or more proximal segments -paraxial deficiences: proximal segments of the limb are correctly developed, but either medial or lateral side of rest of limb is missing -transverse hemimelia: amputation of a limb segment across the central area

respiratory distress syndrome

-acute condition -most common in preterm infants -caused by deficiency of surfactant (not produced until 34th-36th week of gestation) -results in compromised oxygen absorption & carbon dioxide elimination -many infants recover after a few days of med intervention but some develop chronic lung conditions

Handwriting development

-ages 10-12 months: scribbles on paper -2 yrs: imitates horizontal, vertical, and circular marks -3 yrs: copies a vertical line, horizontal line, and circle -4-5 yrs: copies a cross, R oblique line, square, L diagonal line, L oblique cross, some letters and numbers -5-6 yrs; copies a triangle, prints own name, copies most letters

Lordosis

-anteroposterior curvature directed posteriorly (hollow back) -often secondary to other spinal abnormalities or anterior pelvic tilt -occurs in lumbar region -secondary to obesity, hip flexion contractures, and muscular dystrophy -Treatment: stretching tight hip flexors, strengthen abs, postural training, back bracing

Infantile spasms

-begin between ages 6 months-24 months -development stops or slows -some skills may be lost

Mild hemophilia

-bleeding episode usually seen after traumatic event or injury

moderate hemophilia

-bleeding episodes occur after minor injuries

severe hemophilia

-bleeding occurs after injuries or without an apparent cause -may also effect joints and muscles

Hemophilia

-blood disorder that commonly affects males; hereditary -absence or reduction of one of the clotting blood proteins -longer bleeding time or bleeding episodes -Symptoms: excessive bleeding, excessive bruising, nose bleeds, spontaneous bleeding or bleeding without a cause

Spina Bifida: OT Interventions

-bowel and bladder programs -cognitive and learning issues -educate family and client o skin care, urology, diet -AD for mobility

Klinefelter's syndrome

-boys -extra X chromosome -learning disabilities, emotional and behavior problems; tall, slim, small genitalia, unable to father children

Fracture

-broken bone -caused by direct trauma or sudden and violent muscle contraction -pain and tenderness around site of break, swelling, bruising, increased or unnatural mobility

Marfan's syndrome (arachondactyly)

-caused by autosomal dominant trait -excessive growth at the ephiphyseal plates -long and slender fingers, skull asymmetries, tall stature -difficulties in joints, eyes, and hearts -lax and hypermobile joints and poorly developed striated muscles -comorbidities: dislocation of lenses, scoliosis, coxa vara, depressed sternum, stooped shoulders, and fragility of the blood vessels -walking may be delayed

achondroplasia (dwarfism or chondrodystrophia)

-caused by autosomal dominant trait that results in stunting of ephiphyseal plate growth and cartilage formation -usually grow 4ft tall or less, limbs have typical width but are shorter in length, may have prominent forehead and small nose and jaw -comorbidities: lumbar lordosis, coxa vara, cubitus varas -back and leg pain are common

William's syndrome

-cerebral and cardiovascular abnormalities -intellectual disability but like music, social skills, and writing -common facial characteristics and difficulty with visual, spatial, and motor skills

asthma

-chronic condition -bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity that causes airway constriction in the lower respiratory tract, difficulty breathing, wheezing -first symptoms appear before age 5 -attacks may be triggered by allergens, smoke, cold air, exercise, inhalation of irritants

Cystic Fibrosis

-chronic condition -degenerative condition caused by an inherited autosomal recessive disorder (gene on chromosome 7) -muscle producing glands malfunction and produces secretions that are thick, viscous and lacing in water. the secretions block the pancreatic duct, bronchial tree, and digestive track -may result in enlarged R side of heart leading to heart failure

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

-chronic condition -result of prolonged use of mechanical ventilation and other traumatic interventions to treat acute respiratory problems -results in airway thickening, formation of excess mucus, restricted alveolar growth -at greater risk for respiratory infection and problems

Seizure disorders

-chronic neurological conditions that consist of recurrent seizures -epileptogenic focus on or an excessive rate and hypersynchrony of discharges from a group of cerebral neurons that spread to adjoining cells

What is the most serious complication of cystic fibrosis?

-chronic pulmonary disease -cough, wheezing, lower respiratory infection

Behavioral Disorder: OT Evaluation

-complete history -occupational profile -teachers should complete the pre assessment checklist -observations in natural environment -Social Skills Rating System -School Function Assessment

Partial seziure

-complex partial seizure: originate in temporal lobe and appears as lip smacking, chewing, or buttoning/unbuttoning clothing -simple partial: originate in motor cortex and result in clonic activity of face or extremities; visual or auditory hallucinations

Developmental Coordination Disorder

-condition of motor in coordination -early symptoms: delayed achievement in motor milestones and basic self care skills -School age symptoms: difficulty with fine motor and gross motor skills

Children Congenital heart defects: OT Implications

-conditions not resolved or treated: compromised endurance but may develop typically -activities should be appropriately paced -activities should be selected with care -child & family should be educated in general health maintenance

What is the most common type of dysrhythmia that happens after surgery and may be temporary?

-conduction distubrances

tetralogy of fallot

-defects that decrease in pulmonary blood flow -pulmonary valve or artery stenosis, ventricular septal deficit, R ventricular hypertrophy, override of ventricular septum -Symptoms: central cyanosis, coagulation deficits, clubbing of fingers or toes, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, dyspnea

Transposition of great arteries

-defects with mixed pulmonary blood flow -no communication between systemic and pulmonary circulations, result of coexisting congenital transportation of ventricles -Symptoms: cyanosis, congestive heart failure, respiratory stress

What are early indicators of intellectual disabilities?

-delays in meeting motor and speech milestones -unresponsiveness to handling and physical contact -reduced alertness -limited reactions to play -feeding difficulties -neurologic soft signs

AIDS: OT Intervention

-developmental assessment -educational support

CP: OT interventions

-differences in tone, motor planning, motor control, coordination considered when treating -maintain AROm and PROM through stretching, exercise, and orthotics -use of AE and AT to enhance participation and independence in education, play, leisure, and social participation -instruct client in seating and positioning -CIMT

intellectual disability: OT Intervention

-early years: support to meet developmental milestones; enriching environment; supporting parents -school age: support development of functional skills; collab with special educators and other related service personnel; acquisition of student role -Adolescence: supporting development of vocational interests and skills, social skills, sex education, community mobility skills -Environmental adaptation

Cystic Fibrosis: OT Implications

-educate client about the disease progression -instruct the client and family on energy conservation -teach techniques to promote efficient breathing

Asthma: OT Treatment Implications

-educate client regarding reduction of exposure to irritants -teach client self management strategies (pacing, stress management) -encourage structured peer group activities to reduce likelihood of social isolation -educate client on breathing exercises, stretching, controlled breathing to manage attacks

Developmental Coordination Disorder: OT Intervention

-emphasize improving occupational performance across contexts -implement modifications and accommodations for written language -provide support in physical education -promote safe practice of motor skills -provide support for development of a good self concept and self esteem -Perform assessment with CO-OP

Forms of neural tube defects

-encephalocele: protrusion in occipital region of brain; cognitive impairments, hydrocephalus, motor impairments, seizures -anencephaly: neural development above level of the brain stem is lacking; do not survive infancy -Spina bifida: most common; congenital defect of vertebral arches and spinal column

Brachial Plexus Injury: OT Intervention

-fabrication of sling that fits proximally around humerus to ensure proper alignment and prevent sublax -PROM, AROM -resistive exercises and WB -tactile stimulation to increase awareness -engagement in activities that are bilateral in nature to increase body scheme -retrograde massage for edema -surgical intervention may be required

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

-face, upper arms, scapular region -onset in adolescence -sloped shoulders and limited ability to raise arms above head -decreased mobility in facial muscles, "mask like"

What are the common causes of pediatric TBI?

-falls, MVA, child abuse, sports injuries

Down Syndrome: OT Intervention

-feeding support -addressing developmental delays -supporting motor planning and cognitive development -environmental and task modification -family coaching and training -support for the development of self determination skills -prevocational training -supporting the development of ADL and IADL skills -educational interventions

Cystic Fibrosis: Symptoms

-found in infants: blockage of small intestine resulting in abdominal distension -salty tasting skin -greasy, foul smelling stools

Behavioral disorder: Intervention

-goal directed and appropriate -natural environments when possible -motivating and meaningful to child -just right challenge -enjoyable for child -intervention may be based on rational intervention (RI) -RI uses color coded zones

congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD)

-heterogeneous group of disorders with onset in utero or during 1st year of life -brain involvement, nueromuscular functioning -hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness, contractures -diagnosis confirmed by presence of high serum levels of creatine kinase, electromyograph, muscle biopsy -"floppy"; low tone with muscle weakness in face, neck, trunk, and limbs; decreased muscle mass; absent deep tendon reflexes

TBI: Community Reentry

-home and community visits to assess activity demands and problem solve strategies on basis of client's occupational performance in those settings -home or school modifications and introduction AE -collaboration with school, family, and rehab team

Long term effects for children with TBI

-impaired motor skills, process skills, communication and interaction skills, mental function, sensory functions, neuromusculoskeletal, movement related functions, and difficulty with academic skills and participation at school

Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Injury

-impairments: reduced strength, absent deep tendon reflexes, impaired sensation -Intervention: treatment depends on extent, location, and progression of injury; splinting

Galactosemia

-inability to convert milk sugar to glucose result in spleen and liver dysfunction -jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, cataracts, systemic infections; death if untreated -treatment: avoidance of milk products and breast milk

Phenylkryonuria (PKU)

-inborn error in processing an amino acid in proteins -blonde hair, blue eyes -if untreated: severe intellectual and behavioral difficulties -Guthrie test at birth -diet treats; may resolve by age 10

arthrogryposis multiplex congential: OT treatment

-increase and maintain ROM and strength with daily stretching, splinting, and serial casting -increase functional participation with ADLs, IADLs, education, and play through the use of adaptive equipment

CMD: OT Intervention

-increase mobility and prevent contractures -use of AE and orthotics -maintain independent mobility

Visual Impairment: OT Intervention

-infancy: caregivers may need support to respond to baby's cues and to establish sleep routines -play exploration -modifications to task and environment -provide opportunities for children to learn to use other senses -use sensory integrative therapy -support social participation -support development of self care skills -develop tactile and proprioceptive abilities -improve fine motor manipulation skills -maximize functional use of vision

Erb-Duchenne palsy

-injury to upper brachial plexus -breech deliveries -weakness or wasting of small muscles of hands and sensory discrimination in hand and arm -unilateral -UE paralysis -often hold affected arms in posture: shoulder add and internal rotation, elbow ext, forearm pronation, wrist flex -recovery typically occurs within 3-24 months

Fragile X syndrome

-intellectual disability -craniofacial deformities -elongated face -prominent jaw and forehead -large ears -high arched palate -flat feet -hypermobile joints

anemia

-iron deficiency in blood -usually treated through diet -may be symptomatic of other conditions

Treatment strategies to promote positive behavioral outcomes

-limit the amount of negative attention given to the child when child is engaging in non preferred behavior -reinforce the preferred behavior

What are red flags associated with TBI?

-loss of consciousness -lethargy -confusion -severe headache -nausea -vomiting -speech or motor impairment

Neural tube defects

-malformations that occur early in fetal development

DMD: OT Interventions

-maximize and prolong independence in mobility and ADLs as long as possible -prevent deformity -work on strength and ROM -provide psychosocial and vocational support -AD

Prader-Willi syndrome

-moderate intellectual disabilities -food seeking behaviors -hypotonia -poor thermal regulation -underdeveloped sex organs -long face with slanted eyes

Intellectual disability

-most common -diagnosis: onset before 18, significantly impaired intellectual disability, impairment of adaptive abilities needed for ADLs and IADLs

Patent ductus arteriosus

-most common condition found in premature newborns -can lead to heart failure and inadequate oxygenation of the brain

duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD)

-most common form; only boys -caused by deficiency in production of dystrophin -symptoms present between ages 2 and 6 -enlarged muscles and positive Gower's sign -difficulty going up and down stairs/getting up from lying position -progresses quickly; w/c by age 9 -ADLs difficult -typically die in or near their 20's as a result of respiratory problems or cardiovascular complications

Scoliosis

-most serious curvature of the spine -lateral curvature, spinal rotation, and thoracic hypokyphosis -treatment is initiated when curvature is is more than 10 degrees -functional scoliosis: poor postural tone, hip contracture, leg length discrepancy, or pain -congenital scoliosis: caused by abnormal spine or spinal cord structure or diseases of the nervous system

Neurofibromatosis

-multiple tumors on the central and peripheral nerves -mild intellectual impairments or learning disorder, speech disorders, short stature, skeletal anomalies

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

-non-progressive condition that encompasses neurological, motor, and postural deficits -comorbidities: language, cognitive, sensory, psychosocial, seizure disorders, feeding impairments -difficulty maintaining normal muscle postures because of lack of muscle co activation and the development of abnormal compensatory movement patterns -classification is based on limb involvement and distribution of tone, quality of tone, and function

Brachial Plexus Injury: OT assessments

-observation of engagement in occupations -MMT, ROM

developmental dysplasia of hip (congenital hip dislocation)

-often occurs bilaterally and is more common in girls -causes: hereditary or result of hormonal secretions in utero; increased uterine pressure; sudden passive extension or by positioning that keeps legs extended and adducted -detected by Barlow's test

ventricular septal deficits

-one or more openings in the muscular or membranous portions of the ventricular septum -more than 50% of cases self correct by age 5 -could result in eisenmenger's complex or pulmonary vascular obstruction -Symptoms: feeding difficulties, shortness of breath, increased perspiration, increased respiratory infections, fatigue with increased activity, delayed growth

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

-onset occurs between ages 2-4 -more common in girls -persistent arthritis in one or more joints for 6 or more weeks -joint inflammation, joint stiffness, joint contractures, change in growth patterns -systemic disease

atrial septal deficits

-opening in septum between right and left atrial chambers -"wet lungs" (too much blood sent to lungs) which may lead to respiratory infection -causes R ventricle to work too hard which may lead to heart failure -poor exercise tolerance, being small for chronological age

bradydactyly

-overly large digits -difficulty with ADLs that require fine motor manipulation -plastic surgery

microdactyly

-overly small digits -plastic surgery

TBI impact on motor function

-paresis or paralysis on one side of body -spasticity -ataxia -dysphagia -vision and hearing changes

congenital club hand

-partial or full absence of radius and bowing of the ulnar shaft with absence or underdevelopment of the UE nerves and muscles -less common than club foot -hand often remains functional -progressive casting, static or dynamic splinting, surgery (cosmetic reasons)

Types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

-pauciarticular: fewer than 5 joints -polyarticular: more than 5 joints -systemic: more than 5 joints; organ involvement is present; high fever, rash anorexia, elevated white blood count, enlargement of liver or spleen

Mixed seizure disorder

-person experiences both generalized and partial seizures

polydactyle

-physical anamolay in which person has excess fingers or toes -surgical amputations or reconstruction is often performed in early childhood

Scoliosis: OT Intervention

-post op strengthening of ab muscles -ADL adaptations

Kyphosis

-posterior convexity (round back) -refereed to as scheurmann's disease in adolescents -upper back -result of faulty posture -common in children with spina bifida -Treatment: postural training, strengthening, milwaukee brace, anterior spinal release and posterior spinal fusion in severe cases

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

-progressive neuromuscular disease that is a result of difficulty metabolizing purines -only boys -intellectual disabilities, neuromotor degeneration, spasticity -treatment: preventing self injurious behaviors

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy

-proximal muscles of the pelvis and shoulder girdle -onset within first 30 yrs of life -progression is slow

arthrogryposis multiplex congential

-reduced anterior horn cells in the spinal cord -incomplete contracture of many or all of client's joints (present at birth) -often in both upper and lower limbs -stiff and spindly extremities and the appearance of the thickened knee and elbow joints -muscles may be underdeveloped

TBI: Rehab

-regaining function with ADLs, IADLs, executive functioning skills, training on assistive devices for school reentry and organization

Congenital CP

-result of an injury or disease that occurs at or before birth -prematurity accounts for majority of cases because of increased sensitivity to of the CNS before full term birth -infants born between 26-32 weeks gestation at risk

Acquired CP

-result of trauma, intracranial hemorrhage, CNS infections, near drowning, hypoxia, metabolic disorders

Klumpke's palsy

-results from compression or traction of the lower brachial plexus -paralysis of hand and wrist muscles

Sensory Integration: OT Intervention

-sensory input can be used systematically to elicit adaptive response -registration of meaningful sensory input is necessary before an adaptive response can be made -adaptive response contributes to the development of sensory integration -better organization of adaptive responses enhances child's general behavioral organization -more mature and complex patterns of behaviors involve consolidations of more primitive behaviors -the more inner directed child activities are, the greater the potential for the activities to improve neural organization

Hearing Impairment: OT Intervention

-sensory integrative therapy -support vestibular function -maximize use of residual hearing -encourage age appropriate self care skills -enhance fine motor coordination and skills -maximize oral motor coordination -maximize visual processing, integration, and perception -encourage socialization and peer interaction -backward chaining -forward chaining

TBI: Acute Care

-sensory stimulation can promote awareness -ROM -positioning -splinting

TBI impact on cognition

-short and long term memory -high level executive functions -decreased insight -perceptual difficulties -depression -mood swings

Types of spina bifida

-spina bifida occulta: mild form; only one or two affected vertebrae with no involvement of spinal cord -meningocele spina bifida: extensive spinal opening with an exposed pouch of CSF and meninges -myoclomeningocele: severe form; nerve roots also exposed; sensorimotor problems at or below lesion, LE paralysis and loss of sensation is common

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA): OT treatment

-splinting -AROM and PROM programs -monitor joint function and prevention of deformity -educate the client in energy conservation and the use of AE to put less stress on the joints

CP comorbidities

-strabismus: eye alignment deviation -nystaugmus: reflexive back and forth movement of eyes when head moves -dysarthria: difficulty pronouncing or articulating words -aphasia: poor language development; difficulty comprehending the meaning of certain words

Soft tissue injuries

-strain: muscle injury that is caused by using too strong an effort or excessive use of particular body part; trauma to muscle or muscle tendon insertion -sprain: ligament injury caused by trauma to joint; rapid swelling, heat, impaired function -bruise: (contusion); caused by an injury with diffuse impact into the subcutaneous tissue and is characterized by skin discoloration

Generalized seizure

-tonic clonic: most frequent; person experiences a sensation that the seizure is about to begin; followed by loss of consciousness and rhythmic clonic contractions; 5 minutes; incontinence is common; may be drowsy for next 1-2 hours -absence: brief lapse or loss of awareness along with absence of motor activity; lasts 30 seconds or longer; mistaken for day dreaming -myclonic: contractions of single muscles or musclr groups -akinetic: loss of muscle tone for more than 30 min -status epilectus: extended seizures; prompt medical intervention needed to main body functions and hydration

Erythrocytosis

-too many red blood cells and elevated white blood cells (transient leukemia) -1 in 150 children with down syndrome have this

Patau's syndrome

-trisomy 13 -multiple amomalies affecting their eyes, ears, nose, lip, palate, and digits -only 20% with this disorder survive

Down Syndrome

-trisomy 21 -OT evaluations include interveiws with child's family to understand child's unique deveopment trajectory, clinical observation, standardized assessment tools -typically have intellectual disability

Sensory Modulation

-underreactivity: children demonstrate a pattern that looks as if they fail to orient to stimuli (sensory seeking) -overreactivity: children demonstrate pattern that looks as if they over orient to stimuli (tactile defensiveness, gravitational insecurity)

congential clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)

-unilateral or bilateral forefoot adduction and supination, heel varus, equinus of ankle, medial deviation of foot -caused by single autosomal dominant gene and affects more boys than girls -bony malformations and underdeveloped LE musculature -can be corrected if treated in early childhood -taping, casting, splinting, orthopedic surgery

CP Evaluations

-usually take place over several months -Key markers: retention of primitive reflexes and automatic reactions, abnormal or variable tone, hyper-responsiveness tendon reflexes, clonus, asymmetrical use of extremities, poor feeding and tongue control, involuntary movements

Cri du chat syndrome

-weak and cat like cry in infancy -present with microcephaly, down slanting eyes, cardiac abnormalities, failure to thrive -intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding, respiratory problems

syndactyly

-webbing occurs between the fingers or toes -most common in UE in boys -splinting and scar reduction

Turner's syndrome

-webbing of the neck, congenital edema of extremities, cardiac problems -may be short, obesity, lack secondary sexual characteristics -difficulty with visual perception

Ayres Sensory Integration

Senses that dominate child's early life: -vestibular -tactile -proprioceptive

Dyscalculia

difficulty with math

Dyslexia

difficulty with reading

Dysgraphia

difficulty with writing