Pediatrics Final Exam

Anorectal malformations: Stenosis, prolapse, or atresia may require a temporary ___ after surgical intervention or dilation is used

Anorectal malformations may require temporary placement of a colostomy to allow healing

Which two genitourinary conditions refer to the urethral meatus not being present at the end of the penis?

Hypospadias on ventral side Epispadias on dorsal side

If a UTI reaches the point of pyelonephritis what is the treatment?

IV antibiotics

What is a good starter food for an infant 6 months of age?

Iron-fortified cereal, like cheerios

What type of play do toddlers partake in?

Parallel play: Playing alongside one another but not with each other

Phimosis left untreated can develop into ___

Paraphimosis, which is a medical emergency

What is the late intervention/treatment for congenital hip dysplasia (CHD), after surgery (both opened or closed)?

Spica cast (full leg cast), allowing tissue repair

Bladder EXtrophy nursing care until surgery includes...

Sterile saline to keep it moist and protective cream barriers to prevent skin breakdown

Treatment for Phimosis includes?

Steroid creams twice daily for 2 to 8 weeks

Where are the internal organs present in the gastrointestinal abnormality Omphalocele?

The internal organs eviscerate through a sac in the umbilical cord

In Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow where is blood flow being obstructed from?

The lungs

Treatment for cardiomyopathy?

The same as heart failure

What must be protected post-operative of a cleft lip or cleft palate?

The suture line

Tracheoesophageal fistua refers too...

The trachea and esophagus are fused together TRACHeoESPHAGeal

Erickson: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Toddlers learn to some things on their own and make choices

Piaget: Preoperational (2-7 years old)

Toddlers manipulate objects to learn. They begin to imitate others.

At what age can you expect an infant use the "pincer grasp"?

9 months of age

At what age can you expect to see an infant feeding themself with a spoon?

12 months of age

When can you change from formula/breastmilk to cow's milk?

12 months old (limit to 24 oz per day)

When does short bowel syndrome occur?

After bowel removal

How is Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) seen on an X-Ray?

Air in the abdominal wall is present on the X-Ray

Which digestive enzymes are deficient until around 4-6 months of age?

Amylase, lipase, and trypsin LAT ARE LACKING

An infant's weight ___ by 4-6 months and ___ by 12 months

An infant's weight DOUBLES by 4-6 months and TRIPLES by 12 months

What are the three different types/causes of dehydration?

1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Hypertonic

Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow includes which four conditions?

1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus 2. Atrial Septal Defect 3. Ventricular Septal Defect 4. Atrioventricular Canal

Normal heart and respiratory rate of newborns/infants?

HR 90-160 RR 30-60

What is a toddler at risk for due to frequent or untreated acute otitis media? (ear infections)

Speech delay

Decreased Pulmonary Stenosis includes which four conditions?

1. Pulmonic Stenosis 2. Tetralogy of Fallot 3. Pulmonary Atresia 4. Tricuspid Atresia

What are two tests that can reveal pain at McBurney's point

1. Rebound tenderness 2. Standing on the right leg and hopping

Mixed Blood Flow contains which three conditions?

1. Transposition of the Great Arteries 2. Truncus arteriosus 3. Double-outlet right ventricle

Kawaski disease treatment?

(IV IG) Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin

At what ages is lead testing preformed?

12 months and 24 months

At what age can a child say "a few words"?

12 months of age

Four complications of cleft lip/cleft palate include...

1. Feeding (specialized feeding equipment is required 2. Otological (hearing) 3. Dental 4. Speech problems Overall, failure to thrive

What are two protective factors against acute otitis media?

1. Breast feeding 2. Pneumococcal vaccination

What are the four most common drug classes used in heart failure?

1. Cardiac glycosides 2. ACE inhibitors 3. Loop diuretics 4. Beta blockers

Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow focuses on which three conditions?

1. Coarctation of the Aorta 2. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 3. Aortic Stenosis

When does rectum awareness control over defecation develop in toddlers?

18-24 months

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis presents with...

Gross hematuria (pinkish urine due to blood), edema (face, hands, & feet), and hypertension

Motor vehicle safety: At what age is the car seat flipped from rear facing to forward facing?

2 years old

When does bilirubin conjugation begin in an infant?

2-3 weeks of age

At what age can you expect a toddler to use two-word sentences?

24 months

Two patients are admitted to the ED following head trauma, ages 12 months and 24 months, which one should be assessed first?

24 months, fontanelles close at 18 months, so any head trauma after this time put the child at risk for increased intracranial pressure

Until what month of do infants begin to see color?

7 months of age

How long should a 3 year old be put in a time out?

3 minutes. 1 minute per age for time out.

Until what age is hip dysplasia assessed and how is it assessed?

3 months of age 1. Barlow Maneuver 2. Ortolani Test 3. Uneven gluteal folds

At what age should all 20 baby teeth be present?

3 years of age

How many mLs can an infant's stomach compacity hold at one week of age?

30-90 mL

At what age can you expect a toddler to use 3 word sentences and strangers understand thier speech?

36 months

When is the appropriate time frame for the presence of the first tooth?

4 to 7 months

4 DR HIP stands for...

4: At 4 months DR: DtaP and Rotavirus HIP: HIB, IPV (polio), PVC (Pneumococcal vaccine)

By two years of age, how many mLs in stomach capacity does the child have?

500 mLs

At what age can infant begin eating solid foods?

6 months of age

At what age can you expect to see an infant practice "raking grasp"?

6 months of age

At what age can an infant sit up guidance and what age can an infant sit up without guidance?

6 months with guidance and 9 months without guidance

After what age should strabismus (cross-eyes) be treated?

6 months. Strabismus prior to 6 months of age is common

Swallowing is considered involuntary until what week of age?

6 weeks of age

What is meconium?

A newborn's first stool within the first 24 hours of life

How does an inguinal hernia present?

A round, smooth, non-tender and palpable mass

The nurse is explaining Kohlberg's theory of moral development to the parent of a toddler. The nurse tells the parents that in the preconventional level or moral development, what factor motivates obedience? A. Avoidance of punishment B. Peer presssure C. Wanting to do what is right D. Parents' behaviors

A. Avoidance of punishment, they do not understand the concept of right vs. wrong

A 4-week-old infant presents to the emergency room with nonbilious projectile vomiting immediately after eating. Which of the following conditions does the infant most likely have? A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis B. Omphalocele C. Necrotizing enterocolitis D. Gastroenteritis

A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Which of the following motor development milestones would you expect an infant to attain first? A. Opens and closes hands B. Uses a raking grasp C. Picks up objects with pincer grasp D. Feeds self with a spoon

A. Opens and closes hands (occurs at around 2 months of age)

Nursing interventions for infective endocarditis?

Administer antibiotics, manage cardiac output, and monitor for possible heart failure

Testicular torsion can be identified through...

Absent cresmasteric reflex

What do symptoms of Intussusception include?

Abrupt severe pain, jelly red stools, nausea, and vomiting

Treatment for Rheumatic Fever?

Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications

Which obstruction to systemic blood flow congenital heart condition requires exercise restrictions?

Aortic stenosis

Which pulse do you monitor for a minute before Digoxin administration?

Apical pulse (chest/heart)

What is the primary difference between Gastroschisis and Omphacele?

During Gastroschisis there is no sac covering the intestines which are on the outside of the body

When determining the cause of vomiting what may help?

Assessing emesis

What could enuresis after potty training point too?

Asymptomatic UTI

2B DR HIP stands for...

At 2 months 2nd Hepatitis B vaccine DR: DtaP and Rotavirus HIP: HIB, IPV (polio), PVC (Pneumococcal vaccine)

Atresia vs. fistula

Atresia means disconnected and fistula means fused together FUSED FISTULA

What is Kohlberg's preconventional level?

Avoidance of punishment as motivation for obedience

The nurse is assessing gross and fine motor development in a 2-year-old child. Which of the following developmental milestones would the nurse expect to observe in this child? A. Turns a door handle B. Stacks objects C. Pedals a tricycle D. Undresses self

B. Stacks objects A 2-year-old child should be able to stack objects, turn pages, rung, and jump with two feet. The other milestones are more appropriate for a 3-year-old child.

During early intervention surgical repair of cleft lip and cleft palate when is the the appropriate time for repair?

CLEFT LIP: 2-3 months old CLEFT PALATE: 9-18 months old

An infant is born with congenital clubfoot and the nurse tells the mother that serial casting should be started soon after birth the mother asks why treatment must start so early? Which response, if made by the nurse, would best explain the need for early treatment? A. "That's how it's always done." B. "Early treatment allows the bone to be reformed before it hardens." C. "It's okay to wait if you think that would be best." D. "Early treatment allows for the extensive surgical interventions that are required later in life."

B. "Early treatment allows the bone to be reformed before it hardens." Bones begin ossifying soon after birth.

Which of the following genitourinary conditions is considered to be a surgical emergency that requires immediate intervention? A. Hypospadias B. Testicular torsion C. Epispadias D. Phimosis

B. Testicular torsion

Do you administer antibiotics before or after appendicitis surgery?

BOTH

Where is McBurney's point?

Between the belly button and the right lower quadrant

Legg-Calvé-Perthes-Disease (LCP) is defined as...

Blood supply to the femoral head being disrupted, causing necrosis and bone cell death.

Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) treatment?

Blue light therapy. Remember all the B's

*During an ultrasound a nurse recognizes the gastrointestinal abnormality Omphalocele and knows this requires which type of birth vaginal or c-section?

C-section

The mother of a 3-year-old child tells the clinic nurse that her child insists on having a bottle at nap time and bedtime. Which of the following interventions should the nurse suggest to the mother? A. Only allow the bottle if it contains juice B. Only allow the bottle if it contains milk C. Do not allow the child to have the bottle D. Only allow the bottle at night but not at nap times

C. Do not allow the child to have the bottle Toddlers should transition from a bottle to a cup at 15 months of age Bottles in bed increase the risk for acute otitis media and dental caries

Which medication is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus? (PDA) A. Prostaglandin E B. Furosemide C. Indomethacin D. Digoxin

C. Indomethacin

When is the instance aspirin is appropriately given before 19 years of age?

During Kawaski disease

How do you preform a clean catch urine sample?

Clean with all 3 wipes. Urinate into the toilet first, then catch midstream

Which Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow congenital heart defect presents with high blood pressure in upper extremities and low blood pressure in the lower extremities?

Coarctation of the aorta

What is Congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a small hole between thoracic and abdominal cavities

Because Congenital diaphragmatic hernia causes severe respiratory stress and requires intubation and surgical repair it also requires admission into the...

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia requires admission into the neonatal intensive care unit

Encopresis usually has an underlying cause of what?

Constipation

What does Rome IV diagnostic criteria refer to?

Criteria to diagnos constipation

3 C's of Crohn's Disease

Crohn's, Complete GI, Cobblestoning (appearance)

(BRUE) Brief Resolved Unexplained Events symptoms and characteristics?

Cyanosis or pallor Irregular, slowed, or absent breathing Hypertonia (stiff limbs) or hypotonia (flimsy limbs) Altered level of responsiveness Episodes less than 60 seconds

Clinical presentation of Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow include...

Cyanosis, poor weight gain, and hypercyanotic episodes

Clinical presentation of Mixed Flow include...

Cyanosis, poor weight gain, pulmonary congestion, and heart failure

A nurse is working with occupational therapy to plan what developmentally-appropriate toys should be given to her 10 month old patient. Which of the following toys would be most appropriate? A. Unbreakable mirror B. Mobile with highly contrasted pattern C. A toy bar for the infant to bat D. Board books

D. Board bools The rest of the options are appropriate for younger infants, <6 months

A child with a newly diagnosed ulnar fracture has a short-arm cast applied. Which of the following symptoms would be most concerning? A. Swelling B. Mild pain C. Itching D. Uncontrolled, severe pain

D. Uncontrolled, severe pain This can be the first sign of compartment syndrome. The nurse should assess the neurovascular status of the extremity and intervene immediately to prevent tissue necrosis and permanent damage.

Tetralogy Fallot is found in which congenital heart defect category?

Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

What are protective reflexes?

Develop after primitive reflexes disappear at 12 months of age

What GI symptoms can be seen with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?

Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, ascites (fluid pooling in abdomen), and abdominal pain

Clinical presentation of Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow include...

Diminished pulses, delayed capillary refill, poor color, heart failure, and pulmonary edma

Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Do not co-sleep "Back to sleep"

*What is the nurse's first treatment of an infant with Omphalocele after they are delivered through C-section?

Dress with saline gauze and impermeable dressing

What is the last resort method for constipation?

Enemas

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease classified as?

Erosion of mucosal tissue in the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum

Nephrotic Syndrome "not on exam" main manifestation is seen through...

Excretion of too much protein through urine

When is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) suspected in an infant?

Failure to gain weight or respiratory symptoms become present

What is the first sign of Hirschsprung Disease?

Failure to mass meconium stool

Common manifestations of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow

Failure to thrive, edema, tachypnea, difficulty breathing, murmur, and cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)

What bacteria left untreated is the most common cause of Rheumatic Fever?

Group A streptococcus (strep throat)

Is the following statement true or false? Hemolytic uremic syndrome is usually proceeded by group A streptococcal infection.

False. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is usually proceeded by diarrhea, typically associated with a Shiga toxin or verotoxin.

Is the following statement true or false? A toddler is expected to have higher blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels when compared to an adult.

False: Pediatric patients have LOWER blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels when compared to an adult.

Encopresis is also known as?

Fecal incompetence

Manifestations of Kawaski Disease?

Fever, strawberry tongue, polymorphous rash, conjunctivitis, erythema (burning sensations) of hands and feet, cervical lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), desquamation (peeling) of the fingers and toes

What should be monitored by the nurse during heart failure?

Fluid balance and weight

What are some ways to increase vitamin D?

Foods include: Fortified dairy, eggs, fatty fishes, and sardines. Sunlight also increases vitamin D absorption

Tracheoesophageal fistua presents with what symptoms?

Frothing at the mouth, excessive salivation, cyanosis, coughing, and chocking (especially at feeding time)

What is the worst and most minimal grade of backflow seen during Vesicoureteral Reflux?

Grade V is the worse Grade I is the most minimal

What is the most important medical history to obtain when you suspect Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Have you had a sore throat in the past couple weeks or any exposure to Streptococcus?

Ventricular Septal Defect, VSD (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) often requires a patch to be placed, and what type of medications?

Heart failure medications

Nutrition recommended for cardiac patients?

High calorie, frequent and small meals (formula or breast milk)

Rheumatic Fever symptoms?

High fever, fatigue, erythema marginatum (red circles), subcutaneous nodules, valvulitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), pancarditis (inflammation of the heart), sydenham chorea (jerking), migratory polyarthritis

What is a none pharmacological intervention for Gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Hold them up for a half an hour after eating

Nursing interventions for Genitourinary Disorders include...

Hydration, fluid & electrolyte balance, medication management/pain, skin breakdown & infection prevention, and bladder emptying

Hydronephrosis is treated with...

Hydronephrosis is usually do to an obstruction, causing a build up in urine which may require a urinary catheter to promote drainage

Which obstruction to systemic blood flow congenital heart disorder requires the use of prostaglandins until surgical repair?

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

When do you administer an antipyretic to an infant with a fever?

If the infant is symptomatic and irritable

Characteristics of a colic infant and parent education?

Inconsolable crying Peaks at 6 weeks of age Worse in the evening No treatment Education of shaken baby syndrome

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus, PDA (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) treatment?

Indomethacin (INITIATES CLOSURE), IV ibuprofen, and surgical ligation

What is indomethacin used for?

Indomethacin is used to close PDA Indomethacin INITIATES closure

Risk factors for additional BRUE episodes?

Infant less than 2 months of age History of prematurity History of BRUE

What is the urine output for infants vs. children

Infant: 1-3 mL/kg/h Child: 0.1-1 mL/kg/h

How long do baby's have passive immunity and what is it?

Infants have passive immunity until 6 months of age. This is their moms antibodies

Piaget: Sensorimotor

Infants learn about the world around them through sensations

Erickson: Trust vs. mistrust

Infants learn to rely on caregivers; their basic needs are met

What is Infective Endocarditis defined as?

Infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)

What does untreated Cryptorchidism increase the risk for if left untreated?

Infertility and cancer

Inotropes, what do they do, what are they used for, and what is the most common example?

Inotropes alter the force/strength of heart muscle contractions to improve cardiac output Used for heart failure management Example is Digoxin

What organ(s) are outside of the body during the gastrointestinal abnormality of Gastroschisis?

Intestines

What is the difference between Intussusception and Malrotation & Volvulus?

Intussusception is when one portion of the intestine prolapses and Malrotation & Volvulus is when the intestine twists on itself

Hepatitis presents with?

Jaundice, fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain

What disease is idiopathic and causes whole-body inflammation, (including the heart)? Creating weakness in vessels, cardiac arrest, and aneurysms.

Kawasaki disease

Ulcerative colitis involves which intestine, small or large?

Large bowel only

At what pulse rate do you hold Digoxin in a child older than one years old?

Less than 70 beats per minute

At what pulse rate do you hold Digoxin in an infant (0-12 months old)?

Less than 90 beats per minute

Someone with Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) requires which type of diet?

Low sodium, low-protein, and fluid restrictions

What are the only two live attenuated vaccines given to infants and what trait is a contraindication?

MMR and Varicella Contraindicated in immunocompromised infants

Which vaccines are both subcutaneous and active?

MMR and varicella

What is important to maintain in a child experiencing gastroenteritis (diarrhea)?

Maintain skin integrity

Most important nursing intervention for a non specific gastrointestinal disorder?

Maintain ventilation and oxygenation

Where does pain from appendicitis present?

McBurney's point especially rebound tenderness

Treatment for fluid replacement for mild, moderate, and severe dehydration

Mild and moderate: oral rehydration Severe: IV replacement

Double-Outlet Right Ventricle often causes a lack of oxygenation but falls into which congenital heart defect category?

Mixed Flow

Treatment for Hydrocele?

Monitoring, usually self resolving

FLACC scale

Pain scale used in infants and newborns Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability 10 is the worse possible pain

If a patient is diagnosed with Hypospadias or Epispadias should they be circumcised?

NO, the foreskin is used during the repair of both conditions

If a child presents to the ED with symptoms of appendicitis and appendicitis is suspected but the patient feels better, should they be sent home?

NO, they are still at risk for appendix rupture

What does nonbilious mean?

NOT the color of bile

What is Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?

Necrosis (death) in the intestine

What is the most lethal GI disorder present on the powerpoint?

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

What is the nonsurgical treatment of congenital clubfoot and what is the key to success with this?

Nonsurgical treatment uses serial casting with long leg casts changed weekly and can continue for 2 to 4 years to maintain correction. Early detection (before bones begin to ossify) and compliance is key

What are normal digoxin levels and what are toxic digoxin levels?

Normal digoxin should be from 08.-2 Digoxin toxicity can be seen at 2.4 or greater

Intussusception is the most common cause of ___ in younger children

Obstruction

When do you notify a healthcare provider about complications of Diaper Dermatitis?

Odd odor, fever, purulent (pus) drainage

Treatment for Cryptorchidism?

Orchiopexy

Decreased cardiac output leads to inadequate ___.

Oxygenation

Treatments for Gastroesophageal reflux disease?

PPI: Proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2 antagonists

Treatment for peptic ulcer disease?

PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics

What is the early intervention/treatment for congenital hip dysplasia (CHD)? Before 6 months of age.

Pavlic harness

What may develop if the appendix ruptures?

Peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal wall)

What is Phenazopyridine used for?

Phenazopyridine is a pain analgesic specific to UTI's

Hirschprung Disease is...

Physically not being able to poop

What is one way to administer medication to a child?

Place it in the pacifier or straight into mouth

What is Prostaglandin E used for?

Prostaglandin E prevents patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) from closure. Prostaglandin PREVENTS closure

Treatment for Omphalocele includes:

Protection of the sac, prevention of hypothermia and infection, comfort measures, nutritional support, and constant moisture THINK O=ORGANS OUTSIDE

How do you inspect the pinna of an infant's and toddler's ear?

Pull it back and down

Keeping PDA open using Prostaglandin E is vital in treatment of what decreased pulmonary blood flow disorder?

Pulmonary atresia

What risks should the nurse monitor for in a patient with Omphalocele?

RISK for ineffective air way, sepsis, and hypovolemic shock

What are primitive reflexes? Include examples.

Reflexes that should be present upon birth. Examples: Sucking, rooting (ability to find nipple), babinski, etc.

What is Echolali?

Repetition of words and phrases without understanding the meaning

A child with Gastroschisis may have...

Respiratory distress

What are 3 causes that can cause Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?

Rhemuatic fever, kidney issues, and Streptococcus

What deficiency is Rickets due to and how is it typically diagnosed?

Rickets are due to a vitamin D deficiency and is typically diagnosed before 1 year of age due to weakness and inability to walk

Symptoms of appendicitis include:

Rigid, board like abdomen, possible impaired breathing, high white count

Wha are the risks for Tracheoesophageal fistua?

Risk for aspiration and breathing related issues

Characteristics of seborrhea (cradle cap)?

Scales and erythema on scalp

What type of play do infants engage in? What are examples?

Solitary play Younger infants (<6 months): Unbreakable mirrors, contrasting patterns Older infants (>6 months): Toys that make noise & light up, teething toys, board books

Atrial Septal Defect, ASD (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) may close spontaneously but if they don't, what is the intervention?

Surgical patch

Solution for Omphalocele?

Surgical repair

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis refers to...

Swelling or thickening of the pylorus (the muscle between the stomach and the intestines) that causes forceful vomiting

When do symptoms become present of Meckel diverticulum (a congenital outpouching of lower intestine that requires surgical resection) and what are some examples?

Symptoms become present at 1 to 2 years of age and include painless rectal bleeding

How many stages are in the surgical repair of Tricuspid Atresia? (decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow)

TRIcuspid Atresia requires a three-staged surgical repair (TRI = three)

Clinical presentation of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow include...

Tachypnea, frequent respiratory infections, tachycardia, murmur, poor weight gain, and heart failure

What are the two main causes of fever in an infant?

Teething or illness/infection

What is Piaget's animism?

The belief that inanimate objects have a consciousness and other life-like properties

Cystitis UTI is specific to which two parts of the genitourinary tract?

The bladder and urethra

A two year old is admitted to the ED with bluish skin after an episode of crying and a history of Tetralogy of Fallot. What is this child experiencing and what is the treatment?

The child is experiencing a "Tet Spell" and should be placed in the knee-to-chest position.

Which mixed defect congenital heart condition requires Prostaglandins to keep PDA open until surgical repair?

Transportation of the great arteries...TGA NEEDS PDA OPEN

How is osteomyelitis, inflammation of the bone secondary to bacterial infection usually treated?

Treatment is with antibiotics but blood cultures must be obtained before starting.

True or false: Additional anomalies are common in Omephalocele?

True

True or false? A patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease requires antibiotics (penicillin) for life

True, which puts them at increased risk for super infections

Is the following statement true or false? When changing diapers, caregivers should lift children with osteogenesis imperfecta by the hips.

True. The bones fracture very easily in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Caregivers should handle children gently and avoid pulling extremities.

True or False Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a medical emergency?

True. Ball at the head of the femur slips off the neck of the bone at the growth plate.

Which mixed defect congenital heart condition requires activity limitations?

Truncus arteriosus T NO TRACK

When does hypertrophic pyloric stenosis usually occur?

Typically 3 to 6 weeks after birth

Pyelonepritis (infection in the kidney) most commonly occurs due to an untreated...

UTI

Vesicoureteral Reflux refers to retrograde flow (back flow) of urine from bladder into ureters and renal pelvis and calyces during voiding, increasing the risk for...

UTIs and pyelonepritis

What is esophageal atresia?

Upper and lower portions of the esophagus are disconnected

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS)

Used for the first day of life to 30 days of life Facial expression, cry, breathing pattern, arms, legs, and state of arousal scored Score of 7 or higher indicates pain

If pediatric dehydration is not quickly intervened, what is the child at risk for?

Vascular collapse and hypovolemic shock

What must be treated lifelong during Pulmonary Stenosis? (Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow)

Vegetative growth on pulmonary arteries causes need for lifelong endocarditis prophylaxis

Which two heart defects of increased pulmonary blood flow may resolve themselves?

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

When is surgery needed for Intussusception?

When enemas under imaging is not effective