Pediatrics Final Exam
Anorectal malformations: Stenosis, prolapse, or atresia may require a temporary ___ after surgical intervention or dilation is used
Anorectal malformations may require temporary placement of a colostomy to allow healing
Which two genitourinary conditions refer to the urethral meatus not being present at the end of the penis?
Hypospadias on ventral side Epispadias on dorsal side
If a UTI reaches the point of pyelonephritis what is the treatment?
IV antibiotics
What is a good starter food for an infant 6 months of age?
Iron-fortified cereal, like cheerios
What type of play do toddlers partake in?
Parallel play: Playing alongside one another but not with each other
Phimosis left untreated can develop into ___
Paraphimosis, which is a medical emergency
What is the late intervention/treatment for congenital hip dysplasia (CHD), after surgery (both opened or closed)?
Spica cast (full leg cast), allowing tissue repair
Bladder EXtrophy nursing care until surgery includes...
Sterile saline to keep it moist and protective cream barriers to prevent skin breakdown
Treatment for Phimosis includes?
Steroid creams twice daily for 2 to 8 weeks
Where are the internal organs present in the gastrointestinal abnormality Omphalocele?
The internal organs eviscerate through a sac in the umbilical cord
In Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow where is blood flow being obstructed from?
The lungs
Treatment for cardiomyopathy?
The same as heart failure
What must be protected post-operative of a cleft lip or cleft palate?
The suture line
Tracheoesophageal fistua refers too...
The trachea and esophagus are fused together TRACHeoESPHAGeal
Erickson: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddlers learn to some things on their own and make choices
Piaget: Preoperational (2-7 years old)
Toddlers manipulate objects to learn. They begin to imitate others.
At what age can you expect an infant use the "pincer grasp"?
9 months of age
At what age can you expect to see an infant feeding themself with a spoon?
12 months of age
When can you change from formula/breastmilk to cow's milk?
12 months old (limit to 24 oz per day)
When does short bowel syndrome occur?
After bowel removal
How is Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) seen on an X-Ray?
Air in the abdominal wall is present on the X-Ray
Which digestive enzymes are deficient until around 4-6 months of age?
Amylase, lipase, and trypsin LAT ARE LACKING
An infant's weight ___ by 4-6 months and ___ by 12 months
An infant's weight DOUBLES by 4-6 months and TRIPLES by 12 months
What are the three different types/causes of dehydration?
1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Hypertonic
Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow includes which four conditions?
1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus 2. Atrial Septal Defect 3. Ventricular Septal Defect 4. Atrioventricular Canal
Normal heart and respiratory rate of newborns/infants?
HR 90-160 RR 30-60
What is a toddler at risk for due to frequent or untreated acute otitis media? (ear infections)
Speech delay
Decreased Pulmonary Stenosis includes which four conditions?
1. Pulmonic Stenosis 2. Tetralogy of Fallot 3. Pulmonary Atresia 4. Tricuspid Atresia
What are two tests that can reveal pain at McBurney's point
1. Rebound tenderness 2. Standing on the right leg and hopping
Mixed Blood Flow contains which three conditions?
1. Transposition of the Great Arteries 2. Truncus arteriosus 3. Double-outlet right ventricle
Kawaski disease treatment?
(IV IG) Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin
At what ages is lead testing preformed?
12 months and 24 months
At what age can a child say "a few words"?
12 months of age
Four complications of cleft lip/cleft palate include...
1. Feeding (specialized feeding equipment is required 2. Otological (hearing) 3. Dental 4. Speech problems Overall, failure to thrive
What are two protective factors against acute otitis media?
1. Breast feeding 2. Pneumococcal vaccination
What are the four most common drug classes used in heart failure?
1. Cardiac glycosides 2. ACE inhibitors 3. Loop diuretics 4. Beta blockers
Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow focuses on which three conditions?
1. Coarctation of the Aorta 2. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 3. Aortic Stenosis
When does rectum awareness control over defecation develop in toddlers?
18-24 months
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis presents with...
Gross hematuria (pinkish urine due to blood), edema (face, hands, & feet), and hypertension
Motor vehicle safety: At what age is the car seat flipped from rear facing to forward facing?
2 years old
When does bilirubin conjugation begin in an infant?
2-3 weeks of age
At what age can you expect a toddler to use two-word sentences?
24 months
Two patients are admitted to the ED following head trauma, ages 12 months and 24 months, which one should be assessed first?
24 months, fontanelles close at 18 months, so any head trauma after this time put the child at risk for increased intracranial pressure
Until what month of do infants begin to see color?
7 months of age
How long should a 3 year old be put in a time out?
3 minutes. 1 minute per age for time out.
Until what age is hip dysplasia assessed and how is it assessed?
3 months of age 1. Barlow Maneuver 2. Ortolani Test 3. Uneven gluteal folds
At what age should all 20 baby teeth be present?
3 years of age
How many mLs can an infant's stomach compacity hold at one week of age?
30-90 mL
At what age can you expect a toddler to use 3 word sentences and strangers understand thier speech?
36 months
When is the appropriate time frame for the presence of the first tooth?
4 to 7 months
4 DR HIP stands for...
4: At 4 months DR: DtaP and Rotavirus HIP: HIB, IPV (polio), PVC (Pneumococcal vaccine)
By two years of age, how many mLs in stomach capacity does the child have?
500 mLs
At what age can infant begin eating solid foods?
6 months of age
At what age can you expect to see an infant practice "raking grasp"?
6 months of age
At what age can an infant sit up guidance and what age can an infant sit up without guidance?
6 months with guidance and 9 months without guidance
After what age should strabismus (cross-eyes) be treated?
6 months. Strabismus prior to 6 months of age is common
Swallowing is considered involuntary until what week of age?
6 weeks of age
What is meconium?
A newborn's first stool within the first 24 hours of life
How does an inguinal hernia present?
A round, smooth, non-tender and palpable mass
The nurse is explaining Kohlberg's theory of moral development to the parent of a toddler. The nurse tells the parents that in the preconventional level or moral development, what factor motivates obedience? A. Avoidance of punishment B. Peer presssure C. Wanting to do what is right D. Parents' behaviors
A. Avoidance of punishment, they do not understand the concept of right vs. wrong
A 4-week-old infant presents to the emergency room with nonbilious projectile vomiting immediately after eating. Which of the following conditions does the infant most likely have? A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis B. Omphalocele C. Necrotizing enterocolitis D. Gastroenteritis
A. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Which of the following motor development milestones would you expect an infant to attain first? A. Opens and closes hands B. Uses a raking grasp C. Picks up objects with pincer grasp D. Feeds self with a spoon
A. Opens and closes hands (occurs at around 2 months of age)
Nursing interventions for infective endocarditis?
Administer antibiotics, manage cardiac output, and monitor for possible heart failure
Testicular torsion can be identified through...
Absent cresmasteric reflex
What do symptoms of Intussusception include?
Abrupt severe pain, jelly red stools, nausea, and vomiting
Treatment for Rheumatic Fever?
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications
Which obstruction to systemic blood flow congenital heart condition requires exercise restrictions?
Aortic stenosis
Which pulse do you monitor for a minute before Digoxin administration?
Apical pulse (chest/heart)
What is the primary difference between Gastroschisis and Omphacele?
During Gastroschisis there is no sac covering the intestines which are on the outside of the body
When determining the cause of vomiting what may help?
Assessing emesis
What could enuresis after potty training point too?
Asymptomatic UTI
2B DR HIP stands for...
At 2 months 2nd Hepatitis B vaccine DR: DtaP and Rotavirus HIP: HIB, IPV (polio), PVC (Pneumococcal vaccine)
Atresia vs. fistula
Atresia means disconnected and fistula means fused together FUSED FISTULA
What is Kohlberg's preconventional level?
Avoidance of punishment as motivation for obedience
The nurse is assessing gross and fine motor development in a 2-year-old child. Which of the following developmental milestones would the nurse expect to observe in this child? A. Turns a door handle B. Stacks objects C. Pedals a tricycle D. Undresses self
B. Stacks objects A 2-year-old child should be able to stack objects, turn pages, rung, and jump with two feet. The other milestones are more appropriate for a 3-year-old child.
During early intervention surgical repair of cleft lip and cleft palate when is the the appropriate time for repair?
CLEFT LIP: 2-3 months old CLEFT PALATE: 9-18 months old
An infant is born with congenital clubfoot and the nurse tells the mother that serial casting should be started soon after birth the mother asks why treatment must start so early? Which response, if made by the nurse, would best explain the need for early treatment? A. "That's how it's always done." B. "Early treatment allows the bone to be reformed before it hardens." C. "It's okay to wait if you think that would be best." D. "Early treatment allows for the extensive surgical interventions that are required later in life."
B. "Early treatment allows the bone to be reformed before it hardens." Bones begin ossifying soon after birth.
Which of the following genitourinary conditions is considered to be a surgical emergency that requires immediate intervention? A. Hypospadias B. Testicular torsion C. Epispadias D. Phimosis
B. Testicular torsion
Do you administer antibiotics before or after appendicitis surgery?
BOTH
Where is McBurney's point?
Between the belly button and the right lower quadrant
Legg-Calvé-Perthes-Disease (LCP) is defined as...
Blood supply to the femoral head being disrupted, causing necrosis and bone cell death.
Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) treatment?
Blue light therapy. Remember all the B's
*During an ultrasound a nurse recognizes the gastrointestinal abnormality Omphalocele and knows this requires which type of birth vaginal or c-section?
C-section
The mother of a 3-year-old child tells the clinic nurse that her child insists on having a bottle at nap time and bedtime. Which of the following interventions should the nurse suggest to the mother? A. Only allow the bottle if it contains juice B. Only allow the bottle if it contains milk C. Do not allow the child to have the bottle D. Only allow the bottle at night but not at nap times
C. Do not allow the child to have the bottle Toddlers should transition from a bottle to a cup at 15 months of age Bottles in bed increase the risk for acute otitis media and dental caries
Which medication is used to close a patent ductus arteriosus? (PDA) A. Prostaglandin E B. Furosemide C. Indomethacin D. Digoxin
C. Indomethacin
When is the instance aspirin is appropriately given before 19 years of age?
During Kawaski disease
How do you preform a clean catch urine sample?
Clean with all 3 wipes. Urinate into the toilet first, then catch midstream
Which Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow congenital heart defect presents with high blood pressure in upper extremities and low blood pressure in the lower extremities?
Coarctation of the aorta
What is Congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a small hole between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Because Congenital diaphragmatic hernia causes severe respiratory stress and requires intubation and surgical repair it also requires admission into the...
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia requires admission into the neonatal intensive care unit
Encopresis usually has an underlying cause of what?
Constipation
What does Rome IV diagnostic criteria refer to?
Criteria to diagnos constipation
3 C's of Crohn's Disease
Crohn's, Complete GI, Cobblestoning (appearance)
(BRUE) Brief Resolved Unexplained Events symptoms and characteristics?
Cyanosis or pallor Irregular, slowed, or absent breathing Hypertonia (stiff limbs) or hypotonia (flimsy limbs) Altered level of responsiveness Episodes less than 60 seconds
Clinical presentation of Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow include...
Cyanosis, poor weight gain, and hypercyanotic episodes
Clinical presentation of Mixed Flow include...
Cyanosis, poor weight gain, pulmonary congestion, and heart failure
A nurse is working with occupational therapy to plan what developmentally-appropriate toys should be given to her 10 month old patient. Which of the following toys would be most appropriate? A. Unbreakable mirror B. Mobile with highly contrasted pattern C. A toy bar for the infant to bat D. Board books
D. Board bools The rest of the options are appropriate for younger infants, <6 months
A child with a newly diagnosed ulnar fracture has a short-arm cast applied. Which of the following symptoms would be most concerning? A. Swelling B. Mild pain C. Itching D. Uncontrolled, severe pain
D. Uncontrolled, severe pain This can be the first sign of compartment syndrome. The nurse should assess the neurovascular status of the extremity and intervene immediately to prevent tissue necrosis and permanent damage.
Tetralogy Fallot is found in which congenital heart defect category?
Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
What are protective reflexes?
Develop after primitive reflexes disappear at 12 months of age
What GI symptoms can be seen with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?
Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, ascites (fluid pooling in abdomen), and abdominal pain
Clinical presentation of Obstruction to Systemic Blood Flow include...
Diminished pulses, delayed capillary refill, poor color, heart failure, and pulmonary edma
Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Do not co-sleep "Back to sleep"
*What is the nurse's first treatment of an infant with Omphalocele after they are delivered through C-section?
Dress with saline gauze and impermeable dressing
What is the last resort method for constipation?
Enemas
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease classified as?
Erosion of mucosal tissue in the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum
Nephrotic Syndrome "not on exam" main manifestation is seen through...
Excretion of too much protein through urine
When is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) suspected in an infant?
Failure to gain weight or respiratory symptoms become present
What is the first sign of Hirschsprung Disease?
Failure to mass meconium stool
Common manifestations of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow
Failure to thrive, edema, tachypnea, difficulty breathing, murmur, and cardiomegaly (enlarged heart)
What bacteria left untreated is the most common cause of Rheumatic Fever?
Group A streptococcus (strep throat)
Is the following statement true or false? Hemolytic uremic syndrome is usually proceeded by group A streptococcal infection.
False. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is usually proceeded by diarrhea, typically associated with a Shiga toxin or verotoxin.
Is the following statement true or false? A toddler is expected to have higher blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels when compared to an adult.
False: Pediatric patients have LOWER blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels when compared to an adult.
Encopresis is also known as?
Fecal incompetence
Manifestations of Kawaski Disease?
Fever, strawberry tongue, polymorphous rash, conjunctivitis, erythema (burning sensations) of hands and feet, cervical lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), desquamation (peeling) of the fingers and toes
What should be monitored by the nurse during heart failure?
Fluid balance and weight
What are some ways to increase vitamin D?
Foods include: Fortified dairy, eggs, fatty fishes, and sardines. Sunlight also increases vitamin D absorption
Tracheoesophageal fistua presents with what symptoms?
Frothing at the mouth, excessive salivation, cyanosis, coughing, and chocking (especially at feeding time)
What is the worst and most minimal grade of backflow seen during Vesicoureteral Reflux?
Grade V is the worse Grade I is the most minimal
What is the most important medical history to obtain when you suspect Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
Have you had a sore throat in the past couple weeks or any exposure to Streptococcus?
Ventricular Septal Defect, VSD (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) often requires a patch to be placed, and what type of medications?
Heart failure medications
Nutrition recommended for cardiac patients?
High calorie, frequent and small meals (formula or breast milk)
Rheumatic Fever symptoms?
High fever, fatigue, erythema marginatum (red circles), subcutaneous nodules, valvulitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), pancarditis (inflammation of the heart), sydenham chorea (jerking), migratory polyarthritis
What is a none pharmacological intervention for Gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Hold them up for a half an hour after eating
Nursing interventions for Genitourinary Disorders include...
Hydration, fluid & electrolyte balance, medication management/pain, skin breakdown & infection prevention, and bladder emptying
Hydronephrosis is treated with...
Hydronephrosis is usually do to an obstruction, causing a build up in urine which may require a urinary catheter to promote drainage
Which obstruction to systemic blood flow congenital heart disorder requires the use of prostaglandins until surgical repair?
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
When do you administer an antipyretic to an infant with a fever?
If the infant is symptomatic and irritable
Characteristics of a colic infant and parent education?
Inconsolable crying Peaks at 6 weeks of age Worse in the evening No treatment Education of shaken baby syndrome
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus, PDA (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) treatment?
Indomethacin (INITIATES CLOSURE), IV ibuprofen, and surgical ligation
What is indomethacin used for?
Indomethacin is used to close PDA Indomethacin INITIATES closure
Risk factors for additional BRUE episodes?
Infant less than 2 months of age History of prematurity History of BRUE
What is the urine output for infants vs. children
Infant: 1-3 mL/kg/h Child: 0.1-1 mL/kg/h
How long do baby's have passive immunity and what is it?
Infants have passive immunity until 6 months of age. This is their moms antibodies
Piaget: Sensorimotor
Infants learn about the world around them through sensations
Erickson: Trust vs. mistrust
Infants learn to rely on caregivers; their basic needs are met
What is Infective Endocarditis defined as?
Infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)
What does untreated Cryptorchidism increase the risk for if left untreated?
Infertility and cancer
Inotropes, what do they do, what are they used for, and what is the most common example?
Inotropes alter the force/strength of heart muscle contractions to improve cardiac output Used for heart failure management Example is Digoxin
What organ(s) are outside of the body during the gastrointestinal abnormality of Gastroschisis?
Intestines
What is the difference between Intussusception and Malrotation & Volvulus?
Intussusception is when one portion of the intestine prolapses and Malrotation & Volvulus is when the intestine twists on itself
Hepatitis presents with?
Jaundice, fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain
What disease is idiopathic and causes whole-body inflammation, (including the heart)? Creating weakness in vessels, cardiac arrest, and aneurysms.
Kawasaki disease
Ulcerative colitis involves which intestine, small or large?
Large bowel only
At what pulse rate do you hold Digoxin in a child older than one years old?
Less than 70 beats per minute
At what pulse rate do you hold Digoxin in an infant (0-12 months old)?
Less than 90 beats per minute
Someone with Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) requires which type of diet?
Low sodium, low-protein, and fluid restrictions
What are the only two live attenuated vaccines given to infants and what trait is a contraindication?
MMR and Varicella Contraindicated in immunocompromised infants
Which vaccines are both subcutaneous and active?
MMR and varicella
What is important to maintain in a child experiencing gastroenteritis (diarrhea)?
Maintain skin integrity
Most important nursing intervention for a non specific gastrointestinal disorder?
Maintain ventilation and oxygenation
Where does pain from appendicitis present?
McBurney's point especially rebound tenderness
Treatment for fluid replacement for mild, moderate, and severe dehydration
Mild and moderate: oral rehydration Severe: IV replacement
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle often causes a lack of oxygenation but falls into which congenital heart defect category?
Mixed Flow
Treatment for Hydrocele?
Monitoring, usually self resolving
FLACC scale
Pain scale used in infants and newborns Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability 10 is the worse possible pain
If a patient is diagnosed with Hypospadias or Epispadias should they be circumcised?
NO, the foreskin is used during the repair of both conditions
If a child presents to the ED with symptoms of appendicitis and appendicitis is suspected but the patient feels better, should they be sent home?
NO, they are still at risk for appendix rupture
What does nonbilious mean?
NOT the color of bile
What is Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)?
Necrosis (death) in the intestine
What is the most lethal GI disorder present on the powerpoint?
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
What is the nonsurgical treatment of congenital clubfoot and what is the key to success with this?
Nonsurgical treatment uses serial casting with long leg casts changed weekly and can continue for 2 to 4 years to maintain correction. Early detection (before bones begin to ossify) and compliance is key
What are normal digoxin levels and what are toxic digoxin levels?
Normal digoxin should be from 08.-2 Digoxin toxicity can be seen at 2.4 or greater
Intussusception is the most common cause of ___ in younger children
Obstruction
When do you notify a healthcare provider about complications of Diaper Dermatitis?
Odd odor, fever, purulent (pus) drainage
Treatment for Cryptorchidism?
Orchiopexy
Decreased cardiac output leads to inadequate ___.
Oxygenation
Treatments for Gastroesophageal reflux disease?
PPI: Proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2 antagonists
Treatment for peptic ulcer disease?
PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics
What is the early intervention/treatment for congenital hip dysplasia (CHD)? Before 6 months of age.
Pavlic harness
What may develop if the appendix ruptures?
Peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal wall)
What is Phenazopyridine used for?
Phenazopyridine is a pain analgesic specific to UTI's
Hirschprung Disease is...
Physically not being able to poop
What is one way to administer medication to a child?
Place it in the pacifier or straight into mouth
What is Prostaglandin E used for?
Prostaglandin E prevents patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) from closure. Prostaglandin PREVENTS closure
Treatment for Omphalocele includes:
Protection of the sac, prevention of hypothermia and infection, comfort measures, nutritional support, and constant moisture THINK O=ORGANS OUTSIDE
How do you inspect the pinna of an infant's and toddler's ear?
Pull it back and down
Keeping PDA open using Prostaglandin E is vital in treatment of what decreased pulmonary blood flow disorder?
Pulmonary atresia
What risks should the nurse monitor for in a patient with Omphalocele?
RISK for ineffective air way, sepsis, and hypovolemic shock
What are primitive reflexes? Include examples.
Reflexes that should be present upon birth. Examples: Sucking, rooting (ability to find nipple), babinski, etc.
What is Echolali?
Repetition of words and phrases without understanding the meaning
A child with Gastroschisis may have...
Respiratory distress
What are 3 causes that can cause Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis?
Rhemuatic fever, kidney issues, and Streptococcus
What deficiency is Rickets due to and how is it typically diagnosed?
Rickets are due to a vitamin D deficiency and is typically diagnosed before 1 year of age due to weakness and inability to walk
Symptoms of appendicitis include:
Rigid, board like abdomen, possible impaired breathing, high white count
Wha are the risks for Tracheoesophageal fistua?
Risk for aspiration and breathing related issues
Characteristics of seborrhea (cradle cap)?
Scales and erythema on scalp
What type of play do infants engage in? What are examples?
Solitary play Younger infants (<6 months): Unbreakable mirrors, contrasting patterns Older infants (>6 months): Toys that make noise & light up, teething toys, board books
Atrial Septal Defect, ASD (Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow) may close spontaneously but if they don't, what is the intervention?
Surgical patch
Solution for Omphalocele?
Surgical repair
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis refers to...
Swelling or thickening of the pylorus (the muscle between the stomach and the intestines) that causes forceful vomiting
When do symptoms become present of Meckel diverticulum (a congenital outpouching of lower intestine that requires surgical resection) and what are some examples?
Symptoms become present at 1 to 2 years of age and include painless rectal bleeding
How many stages are in the surgical repair of Tricuspid Atresia? (decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow)
TRIcuspid Atresia requires a three-staged surgical repair (TRI = three)
Clinical presentation of Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow include...
Tachypnea, frequent respiratory infections, tachycardia, murmur, poor weight gain, and heart failure
What are the two main causes of fever in an infant?
Teething or illness/infection
What is Piaget's animism?
The belief that inanimate objects have a consciousness and other life-like properties
Cystitis UTI is specific to which two parts of the genitourinary tract?
The bladder and urethra
A two year old is admitted to the ED with bluish skin after an episode of crying and a history of Tetralogy of Fallot. What is this child experiencing and what is the treatment?
The child is experiencing a "Tet Spell" and should be placed in the knee-to-chest position.
Which mixed defect congenital heart condition requires Prostaglandins to keep PDA open until surgical repair?
Transportation of the great arteries...TGA NEEDS PDA OPEN
How is osteomyelitis, inflammation of the bone secondary to bacterial infection usually treated?
Treatment is with antibiotics but blood cultures must be obtained before starting.
True or false: Additional anomalies are common in Omephalocele?
True
True or false? A patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease requires antibiotics (penicillin) for life
True, which puts them at increased risk for super infections
Is the following statement true or false? When changing diapers, caregivers should lift children with osteogenesis imperfecta by the hips.
True. The bones fracture very easily in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Caregivers should handle children gently and avoid pulling extremities.
True or False Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a medical emergency?
True. Ball at the head of the femur slips off the neck of the bone at the growth plate.
Which mixed defect congenital heart condition requires activity limitations?
Truncus arteriosus T NO TRACK
When does hypertrophic pyloric stenosis usually occur?
Typically 3 to 6 weeks after birth
Pyelonepritis (infection in the kidney) most commonly occurs due to an untreated...
UTI
Vesicoureteral Reflux refers to retrograde flow (back flow) of urine from bladder into ureters and renal pelvis and calyces during voiding, increasing the risk for...
UTIs and pyelonepritis
What is esophageal atresia?
Upper and lower portions of the esophagus are disconnected
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS)
Used for the first day of life to 30 days of life Facial expression, cry, breathing pattern, arms, legs, and state of arousal scored Score of 7 or higher indicates pain
If pediatric dehydration is not quickly intervened, what is the child at risk for?
Vascular collapse and hypovolemic shock
What must be treated lifelong during Pulmonary Stenosis? (Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow)
Vegetative growth on pulmonary arteries causes need for lifelong endocarditis prophylaxis
Which two heart defects of increased pulmonary blood flow may resolve themselves?
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) and Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
When is surgery needed for Intussusception?
When enemas under imaging is not effective
