Period 5 AP Classroom questions

The cartoon above is intended to express A a critique of Reconstruction B opposition to women's rights C opposition to states' rights D support for strong government E opposition to the draft

A a critique of Reconstruction

During the Civil War, the Republican Party passed legislation promoting economic development concerning all of the following EXCEPT the A granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods B establishment of a high tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition C organization of a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency D provision of government loans and land grants to private companies to construct a transcontinental railroad E passage of the Homestead Act

A granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a major consequence of United States expansionism was A increased sectional discord, accompanied by the growing failure of compromise B the need for a strong military to protect the newly gained territory C increased concentration of the slave population along the Atlantic seaboard D a large overseas market for goods manufactured in New England E increased popular support for the Whig Party

A increased sectional discord, accompanied by the growing failure of compromise

Of the following, the most threatening problem for the Union from 1861 through 1863 was A possible British recognition of the Confederacy B Spanish intervention in Santo Domingo C French objections to the Union blockade D British insistence on the abolition of slavery E British objections to the Union position on "continuous voyage"

A possible British recognition of the Confederacy

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in A the withdrawal of federal troops from the South B apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives by state population C the implementation of the first income tax D government subsidies for American Indians who agreed to submit to reservation life E the establishment of stricter regulations on immigration

A the withdrawal of federal troops from the South

Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the "Redeemer" administrations? A Participation by both Whites and African Americans in local government B Establishment of a public school system C Election of African American majorities to state legislatures D Establishment of a vigorous Republican Party in the South E Opening of public facilities to African Americans

B Establishment of a public school system

Which of the following principles was established by the Dred Scott decision? A Congress could abolish slavery at will. B National legislation could not limit the spread of slavery in the territories. C The rights of all people are protected by the Constitution. D Slaves residing in a free state automatically became free. E Through squatter sovereignty, a territory had the sole right to determine the status of slavery within its territorial limits.

B National legislation could not limit the spread of slavery in the territories.

Which of the following factors best explains the territorial expansion of slavery in the middle of the nineteenth century? A The belief in Manifest Destiny encouraged settlers to move to the West. B The Mexican-American War incorporated extensive new lands into the United States. C The rise of industry in the North created more demand for raw materials such as cotton. D The growing nativist movement sought to place restrictions on new immigrants.

B The Mexican-American War incorporated extensive new lands into the United States.

In 1861 the North went to war with the South primarily to A liberate the slaves B prevent European powers from meddling in American affairs C preserve the Union D average political defeats and insults inflicted by the South E forestall a Southern invasion of the North

C preserve the Union

"Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . . "Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to refute Stevens' claim in the excerpt that the Union had done little for formerly enslaved people by 1867? A The assistance granted to formerly enslaved people to seek work in Northern factories B The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people C The widespread redistribution of land from former Confederates to formerly enslaved people D The adoption of work as sharecroppers by many formerly enslaved people

B The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people

Which of the following was a consequence of the shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late nineteenth-century South? A A major redistribution of land ownership B A diversification of crops C A cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers D A rise in cotton yields per acre from antebellum production levels E The termination of the control exerted by White landowners of former slaves

C A cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers

All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measured EXCEPT the A enactment of Black Codes by southern legislatures B outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and Memphis C massive exodus of former slaves from the South D election of former Confederates to Congress E response of southern legislatures to the Fourteenth Amendment

C massive exodus of former slaves from the South

The most controversial and divisive component of the Compromise of 1850 was the A measure's endorsement of popular sovereignty B admittance of Missouri as a slave state and the establishment of the 36°30' line C passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act D admittance of Texas as a slave state E legislation permitted the surveying of a southern transcontinental railway line

C passage of a tougher national fugitive slave act

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify Foner's main argument in the second excerpt? A Many African Americans were elected to the United States Congress for the first time during Reconstruction. B Southern states were not permitted to rejoin the Union until they had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. C After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote. D Radical Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to protect African Americans against abuses

C After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote.

During Reconstruction, which of following was a change that took place in the South? A Many African Americans found manufacturing employment. B Many White Southerners supported African Americans' rights. C African Americans favored the Democratic Party. D African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

D African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

The data in the tables indicate which of the following? A Confederate forces suffered more casualties than did Union forces. B The Confederacy lost more of its skilled workers than did the Union. C The Union lost a greater percentage of its population than did the Confederacy. D Confederate armies lost a greater proportion of its soldiers than did the Union.

D Confederate armies lost a greater proportion of its soldiers than did the Union.

Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during the Civil War is correct? A They were primarily engaged in military campaigns west of the Mississippi. B They were limited to noncombat duty. C They were barred form receiving awards for valor in combat. D For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank. E For most of the war, they were led by African American officers.

D For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank.

Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction? A The passage of the Black Codes B A permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party C The creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states D The formation of the Ku Klux Klan E Widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves

D The formation of the Ku Klux Klan

Which of the following would most likely have opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A A Missouri slaveholder B Stephen Douglas C A midwestern investor in a Pacific-to-Chicago railroad line D A Southern supporter of popular sovereignty E A New England abolitionist

E A New England abolitionist

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the perception of many White Southerners that antislavery sentiment was spreading in the 1850s? A Uncle Tom's Cabin drew enthusiastic audiences of Northern readers and theatergoers. B Groups like the New England Emigrant Aid Company worked to make Kansas a free state. C Some prominent Northern intellectuals like Henry David Thoreau praised John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. D The Republican Party attracted an increasing number of supporters. E Congress voted to end the interstate slave trade.

E Congress voted to end the interstate slave trade.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established A the freedom of all slaves not emancipated under Abraham Lincoln's proclamation B federal protection for African Americans from Ku Klux Klan terrorism C the right of citizenship for any person born in the United States D that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude E the power of the federal government to intervene in state affairs to protect individual liberties

D that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT: A Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base. B The use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting. C Westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial. D God had selected America as a chosen land and people. E The ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to the Arctic.

A Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base.

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 Evidence in the excerpt best corroborates which of the following? A Southern politicians would not abandon slavery, and they believed Lincoln was a threat to that system. B Sectional divisions were not as deep as many thought, and there was agreement about gradual abolition. C Political leadership in previous administrations had successfully limited sectional conflict. D Lincoln viewed foreign influences as serious threats to the stability of the United States.

A Southern politicians would not abandon slavery, and they believed Lincoln was a threat to that system.

"Yes: Mexico must be thoroughly chastised! . . . The news of yesterday [at the southern border] has added the last argument wanted to prove the necessity of an immediate Declaration of War by our government toward its southern neighbor. "We are justified in the face of the world, in having treated Mexico with more forbearance [tolerance] than we have ever yet treated an enemy. . . . We have . . . submitted thus far to a most offensive rejection of an Ambassador personifying the American nation, and waited for years without payment of the claims of our injured merchants. We have sought peace through every avenue, and shut our eyes to many things, which, had they come from England or France, the President would not have dared to pass over without stern and speedy resentment. We have dammed up our memory, of what had passed in the South [Texas] years ago—of devilish massacres of some of our bravest and noblest sons . . . in violation of all the rules of war. . . . "We think there can be no doubt of the truth of yesterday's news; and we are sure the people here, ten to one, are for prompt and hostilities. . . . Let our arms now be carried with a spirit which shall teach the world that, while we are not forward for a quarrel, America knows how to crush, as well as how to expand!" Walt Whitman, journalist and poet, editorial in the Brooklyn Eagle, 1846 "President [James K. Polk] in his message, as a pretext for sending our army to invade and conquer the country upon the Rio Grande, says: "Texas by its [legislative] act of December 19, 1836, had declared the [Rio Grande] to be the boundary of that [formerly independent] republic.' . . . The truth is that Texas had agreed upon the Nueces [River] as her boundary. . . . "If [Mexico] be ours, why does he seek to justify the taking possession of it by references to the fact that Mexico is indebted to some of our people? If it be not ours, and he has taken possession of it in order to compel Mexico to pay those debts, why not say so? The fact that Mexico has not paid the debts due to our citizens can have no legitimate connection with taking possession of [it as] our own soil. But [the president] was obviously conscious that this invasion of the Mexican territory could not be justified. . . . "When the Executive and Congress openly and avowedly took upon themselves the responsibility of extending and perpetuating slavery by the annexation of Texas, and by the total overthrow and subversion of the Constitution, . . . my confidence in the stability of our institutions was shaken, destroyed. . . . Our Union continues, but our Constitution is gone. . . . ". . . No man regards this war as just. We know, the country knows, and the civilized world are conscious, that it has resulted from a desire to extend and sustain an institution on which the curse of the Almighty most visibly rests." Joshua Giddings, congressman from Ohio, speech in the United States House of Representatives, 1846 Which of the following comparisons best describes Whitman's and Giddings' arguments about the Mexican-American War? A Whitman believed the United States should show patience before war, while Giddings believed the country had tolerated abuses for too long without war. B Whitman argued that the war was intended to deter bad behavior, while Giddings argued that the war represented aggression by the United States. C Giddings asserted that the nation entered the war as a last resort, while Whitman asserted that the war was unnecessary to achieve the goals of the United States. D Giddings claimed that the war had popular support in the United States, while Whitman claimed that most Americans opposed the war.

B Whitman argued that the war was intended to deter bad behavior, while Giddings argued that the war represented aggression by the United States.

The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, is considered pivotal to the outcome of the Civil War because it A represented the Union's deepest thrust into southern territory B forestalled the possibility of European intervention C resulted in the border states joining the Confederacy D marked the first use of Black troops by the Union army E confirmed George McClellan's status as the leading Union general

B forestalled the possibility of European intervention

After the Civil War, women reformers and former abolitionists were divided over A creation of a sharecropping system in the South B legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males C use of military forces to keep order in the South D reliance on female workers in Northern factories E redemption of greenback dollars for gold currency

B legislation that ensured the voting rights of African American males

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the A creation of large commercial and banking centers B spread of sharecropping C rise of large-scale commercial farming D decline of the textile industry E emergence of the cotton economy

B spread of sharecropping

The belief by some Americans that the Civil War was "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight" was reflected in A Sherman's march to Atlanta B the draft riots in New York City C Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus in the South D Thoreau's denunciation of the war E John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

B the draft riots in New York City

"Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . . He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . . . . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man." Frederick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863 Ideas expressed by Douglass in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as supporting which of the following arguments? A The war would make African Americans feel free. B The war was the product of years of injustice against African Americans. C The war would take enormous sacrifice of military combat to achieve victory. D The war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

D The war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

The Wilmot Proviso specifically provided for A the prohibition of slavery in Louisiana Purchase territory B the primacy of federal law over state-legislated Black Codes C the abolition of the international slave trade D the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War E federal return of fugitive slaves

D the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War

In the late nineteenth century, state governments in the South were largely successful in restricting A African Americans' voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment B the power of the Democratic Party in the region C state laws allowing married women to own property D corruption in the federal government E antitrust laws regarding textile manufacturing

A African Americans' voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment

"With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers. "Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal] Government; and if it has been decided, it has been by a different body—by a different power—by California herself, who had a right to make that decision." Senator Henry Clay, speech in the United States Senate, 1850 The excerpt best reflects which of the following historical situations? A Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South. B States in the Great Lakes region advocated to legalize slavery within their borders. C Senators appealed to the idea of American exceptionalism to encourage national unity. D The Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case reduced sectional conflict within the United States.

A Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the views of Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction? A He believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union. B He supported the idea of the president and Congress sharing power and believed in a stringent plan of Reconstruction. C He believed that both secession and Reconstruction should be dealt with by the Supreme Court D He slowly moved to a Radical Republican position on Reconstruction and supported increased rights for African Americans. E He refused to take a position on Reconstruction, prompting Republicans to impeach him for his irresponsibility.

A He believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union.

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt? A The Fourteenth Amendment B Plessy v. Ferguson C Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D The Civil Rights Act of 1964

A The Fourteenth Amendment

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was most similar in intent to which of the following earlier legislative initiatives? A The Missouri Compromise in 1820 B The forced removal of American Indians C The funding of internal improvements under the American System D The annexation of Texas in 1836

A The Missouri Compromise in 1820

The Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case in 1857 effectively repealed the A Missouri Compromise B Fugitive Slave Act C Ostend Manifesto D Wilmot Proviso E Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution

A Missouri Compromise

Anti-immigrant nativism of the 1840s and 1850s had the most in common with which of the following earlier developments? A The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which limited rights for foreign-born residents B The conflict between Patriots and Loyalists during the American Revolution C The persecution of religious dissenters in the Massachusetts Bay Colony D The signing of the Treaty of Greenville (1794) that ended wars between the United States and Native Americans in the Northwest Territory

A The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which limited rights for foreign-born residents

Which of the following best describes the position on slavery of most northerners during the sectional crises of the 1850s? A They were willing to accept slavery where it existed but opposed further expansion to the territories. B They were active supporters of complete abolition. C They favored continued importation of slaves from Africa. D They advocated expansion of the slave system to provide cheap labor for northern factories. E They advocated complete social and political equality for all races in the United States.

A They were willing to accept slavery where it existed but opposed further expansion to the territories. B

"The Vigilance Committee of Boston inform you that the MOCK TRIAL of the poor Fugitive Slave has been further postponed.... Come down, then, Sons of the Puritans: for even if the poor victim is to be carried off by the brute force of arms, and delivered over to Slavery, you should at least be present to witness the sacrifice, and you should follow him in sad procession with your tears and prayers, and then go home and take such action as your manhood and your patriotism may suggest. Come, then, by the early trains on MONDAY, and rally.... Come with courage and resolution in your hearts; but, this time, with only such arms as God gave you." Proclamation addressed "To the Yeomanry of New England," Boston, 1854 The proclamation most clearly provides evidence for which of the following? A The spreading of violence associated with the Kansas-Nebraska Act B The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to lessen sectional tensions C The abolitionist roots of the Republican Party D The absence of racism in antebellum New England

B The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to lessen sectional tensions

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight? A Mass immigration from abroad and internal migration of African Americans reduced racial tensions in the North and South. B The federal government established a limited social welfare state that reduced regional differences between the North and South. C Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve. D The theory of Social Darwinism encouraged political and business leaders to reduce efforts to create racial equality in the South.

C Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve.

The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following? A A decreasing gap in wealth because land ownership increased among White citizens B Decreasing tensions between White settlers and Native Americans because expanded United States territory undercut competition C Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories D Increasing legal immigration for Asians because the United States became a Pacific Rim country Related Content & Skills

C Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories

Which of the following supplied the largest number of immigrants to the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century? A England B Africa C Ireland D The German states E The Netherlands

C Ireland

The first attempt to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty in determining the status of slavery occurred in A Texas B California C Kansas D Missouri E Oregon

C Kansas

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments? A Abraham Lincoln attempted to increase the size of the army to regain Southern states. B Lincoln rejected allowing any additional states to join the United States. C Lincoln sought to avoid violence over the issues that divided the country. D Lincoln intended to enforce the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

C Lincoln sought to avoid violence over the issues that divided the country.

The United States gained which of the following from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ? A An undisputed claim to Oregon B Control of the sugar trade with Cuba C Possession of California and most of the Southwest D Possession of the Philippines E The right to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama

C Possession of California and most of the Southwest

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Based on their arguments in the excerpts, both Rable and Foner would most likely agree with which of the following claims? A The North achieved its aims for Reconstruction. B Federal policy during Reconstruction was inconsistent. C Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction. D Republicans dominated the South after Reconstruction.

C Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction.

The data in the tables most likely indicate which of the following? A The Union had more educated leadership in its army than did the Confederacy. B The Confederacy more typically enlisted enslaved African Americans to fill its army. C The Union had a larger and more diverse population of workers to enlist from than did the Confederacy. D The Confederacy had more wealthy people in its armed forces than did the Union.

C The Union had a larger and more diverse population of workers to enlist from than did the Confederacy.

"Your Memorialist . . . represents to your honorable body, that he has devoted much time and attention to the subject of a railroad from Lake Michigan through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and that he finds such a route practicable, the results from which would be incalculable—far beyond the imagination of man to estimate. . . . "It would enable us, in the short space of eight days (and perhaps less) to concentrate all the forces of our vast country at any point from Maine to Oregon. . . . Such easy and rapid communication with such facilities for exchanging the different products of the different parts would bring all our immensely wide spread population together. . . . "[W]ith a railroad to the Pacific, and thence to China by steamers, can be performed in thirty days, being now a distance of nearly seventeen thousand miles. . . Then the drills and sheetings of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, and other manufactures of the United States, may be transported to China in thirty days; and the teas and rich silks of China, in exchange, come back to New Orleans, to Charleston, to Washington, to Baltimore, to Philadelphia, New York, and to Boston, in thirty days more." Asa Whitney, merchant, "National Railroad, Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean," memorial to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, 1845 Which of the following most directly contributed to the request expressed in the excerpt? A The removal of Native Americans east of the Mississippi B The passage of legislation ending the international slave trade C The desire for international trade and access to global markets D The expansion of westward settlement following the Civil War

C The desire for international trade and access to global markets

"The American Republicans of the city and county of Philadelphia, who are determined to support the NATIVE [White, Protestant] AMERICANS in their Constitutional Rights of peaceably assembling to express their opinions on any question of Public Policy, and to SUSTAIN THEM AGAINST THE ASSAULTS OF ALIENS AND FOREIGNERS are requested to assemble on MONDAY AFTERNOON, May 6th, 1844 at 4 o'clock, at the corner of Master and Second street, Kensington [a section of Philadelphia], to express their indignation [anger] at the outrage on Friday evening last, which was perpetrated by the Irish Catholics." Text from a poster announcing a meeting of the American Republican Party, later renamed the American Party, Philadelphia, 1844 Historians could best use the excerpt as an example of which of the following? A Expansion of voting rights during the Jackson administration B Debates over the separation of church and state in the United States C Advocacy for policies promoting the idea of Manifest Destiny D Political responses to changing demographics in the United States

D Political responses to changing demographics in the United States

"I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing here in the place . . . from which sprang the institutions under which we live. . . . I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence. . . . It was not the mere matter of the separation of the colonies from the mother land; but something in that Declaration giving liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but hope to the world for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of all men. . . . "Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if I can help to save it. If it can't be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. "Now, in my view of the present aspect of affairs, there need be no bloodshed and war. . . . And I may say in advance, there will be no blood shed unless it be forced upon the Government. . . . "My friends, this is a wholly unprepared speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a word when I came here. . . . I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet, but I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty God, die by." President-elect Abraham Lincoln, speaking at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, February 22, 1861 The excerpt most likely reflects which of the following historical situations? A Abraham Lincoln won all of the electoral college votes in the presidential election. B Formerly enslaved people were given the right to vote in presidential elections. C Southern states refused to participate in the presidential election. D States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

D States in the South had begun seceding after the presidential election.

"We do not know whether free laborers ever sleep. . . . The free laborer must work or starve. He is more of a slave than the negro, because he works longer and harder for less allowance than the slave, and has no holiday, because the cares of life with him begin when its labors end. He has no liberty, and not a single right." George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters, 1857 The excerpt above reflects the common argument in the antebellum South that A slavery was immoral B capitalism was the economic system most likely to generate wealth and happiness for the most people C the South needed to change to survive D slaves lived better than northern factory workers E industrialists took care of their workers' welfare

D slaves lived better than northern factory workers

Historians have argued that all of the following were causes of the Civil War EXCEPT A the clash of economic interests between agrarian and industrializing regions B the actions of irresponsible politicians and agitators in the North and the South C differences over the morality and future of slavery D the growing power of poor Southern Whites who resisted planter dominance and sought to abolish slavery E a constitutional crisis pitting states' rights against federal power

D the growing power of poor Southern Whites who resisted planter dominance and sought to abolish slavery

At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, pro-Union sentiment was strong in western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina primarily because A Confederate troops had committed atrocities to terrorize state representatives from these regions into voting for secession B these regions had more trade with the North than did other regions in the South C these regions were more industrialized than other regions of the South D there were relatively few slaves or large plantations in these regions E Lincoln had promised not to send federal troops into these regions

D there were relatively few slaves or large plantations in these regions

On the eve of the Civil War, the South enjoyed an advantage over the North in A shipping capacity B total population C railroad mileage D firearms production E experienced military leadership

E experienced military leadership

All of the following contributed to Northern fear of a slave power conspiracy in the 1840s and 1850s EXCEPT the A enforcement of a new fugitive slave law B decision of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case C imposition of a gag rule in the House of Representatives D proposal of the Ostend Manifesto E passage of the Wilmot Proviso

E passage of the Wilmot Proviso

Members of the American (Know-Nothing) Party of the 1850s typically supported A universal manhood suffrage B restoration of a national bank C immediate abolition of slavery D homesteads in the western territories E restrictions on Catholics' holding public office

E restrictions on Catholics' holding public office

When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued at the beginning of 1863, its immediate effect was to A end the Civil War B abolish slavery C free slaves held in the border sates D alienate Britain and France E strengthen the moral cause of the Union

E strengthen the moral cause of the Union

In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president on a Republican platform that advocated all of the following EXCEPT A higher protective tariffs B government subsidies for a transcontinental railroad C free western land for settlers who would live and work on it D the exclusion of slavery from United States territorial possessions E the abolition of slavery throughout the United States

E the abolition of slavery throughout the United States