Period 7 Key Terms
Sussex Pledge a promise given by the German Government to the United States of America on May 4th 1916 in response to US demands relating to the conduct of the First World War
HC: Early in 1915, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships, but not passenger ships, to be torpedoed without warning TSI: Woodrow Wilson- president, addressed the public because 50 people died on the Sussex, German government officials- replied to the Sussex incident with the Sussex pledge on May 4, 1916 S: German Soviet Nonaggression Pact, this relates because it is another promise Germany made to Russia, they didn't follow through with it
The Shame of the Cities Work of Lincoln Steffens, he wanted to expose the pattern of corruption and the real villains, the supposedly respectable, honest businessmen whose bribes and greed fueled the whole system.
HC: Groups of writers/journalists who exposed terrible conditions of society to bring awareness for needed reform; reflected the progressive push for trust busting/fairer business and labor rights TSI: Lincoln Steffens-exposed the corruption of business men in the economy with his publication, The Shame of the Cities Upton Sinclair-exposed the unsanitary/disgusting conditions and practices of the meat packing industry, The Jungle S: Yellow Journalism-helped to sway american opinions, encouraged imperialism, influenced americans for Spanish-American War with its sensationalism of Spanish cruelty and disrespect (ex. Joseph Pulitzer - New York World yellow journalist)
The History of Standard Oil Company Book written by Ida Tarbell in 1904; Tarbell wrote a detailed exposé of Rockefeller's unethical tactics, sympathetically portraying the plight of Pennsylvania's independent oil workers; her book hurt Standard Oil Company, pretty much dissolving its monopoly
HC: Ida Tarbell was a muckraker, a writer/journalist who exposed terrible conditions of society to bring awareness for needed reform; reflected the progressive push for trust busting/fairer business and labor rights TSI: Ida Tarbell- muckraker; wrote The History of Standard Oil Company William Howard Taft- most efficient trust buster; busted up Standard Oil Company trust S: "Game Brain" → article by Jeanne Marie Laskas, exposing/bringing a lot of awareness to the NFL's efforts to cover up evidence and studies about the harmful effects of concussions, including Bennet Omalu's discovery of CTE in an NFL player Culture and Society
How the Other Half Lives 1890; Series of photographs take by Jacob Riis showing the poor and working class living in city slums; opened the eyes of upper and middle class; created a greater push for reform and better infrastructure
HC: As a muckraker, Riis exposed the terrible living conditions and poverty of the lower class; led to reforms in infrastructure and housing (model tenements); was a major factor in making Americans realized how much needed to be improved TSI: Jacob Riis- muckraking journalist and photographer; took pictures of the poor in How the Other Half Lives Jane Addams- established Hull House and led the settlement house movement, which helped lower/working class Americans as well as immigrants Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Ida B.Wells-other muckrakers S: Dorothea Lange's photography- documented the conditions/effects of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl on Americans; helped raise awareness of the plight of the poor, as well as migrant farmers, and the great need for government aid/programs Culture and Society
Sacco and Vanzetti Case Were Italian-born US anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during an armed robbery on April 15, 1920, in South Braintree, Massachusetts, United States, and were executed by the electric chair seven years. The Sacco and Vanzetti case is widely regarded as a miscarriage of justice in American legal history
HC: As details of the trial and the men's suspected innocence became known, Sacco and Vanzetti became the center of one of the largest causes célèbres in modern history TSI: Sacco was a shoemaker and a night watchman who emigrated to the United States at the age of seventeen Vanzetti was a fishmonger who arrived in the United States at age twenty. S: McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. Politic and Power
Rugged Individualism This was Herbert Hoover's idea that people should be able to help themselves out economically and that the government shouldn't help them out
HC: This idea stemmed from the idea of Social Darwinism which was popular in the late 1800s, which stated that if someone was successful it was only because they were born to be successful. TSI: Herbert Hoover was the one that pushed this idea, Calvin Coolidge also supported this style of leading. S: the thinking during this time is similar to after WWII when people were all expected to be able to support themselves
Trench Warfare a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
HC: Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. On the Western Front in 1914-18, both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire. TSI: Viet Minh- used classic 18th-century siege methods and drove forward an elaborate system of trenches to negate the effects of French artillery and airpower, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban- French military engineer who developed extended trenches S: this relates to unlimited submarine warfare because it was another method of combat used by the U.S. military
Boxer Rebellion 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops
HC: Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. They killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property. TSI: Qing Empress Dowager Tzu'u Hzi (or Cixi, 1835-1908)-declared a war on all foreign nations with diplomatic ties in China, day after rebellion. German ambassador Baron von Ketteler-a westerner killed by "the Righteous and Harmonious Fists," (the nationalists) when they occupied Peking S: Nat Turner's Rebellion, bloody uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, slave revolt in 1831; people disagreeing with the rule's/requirements of their rulers
Selective Service Act authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people
HC: Conscription was first implemented in the United States during the American Civil War (1861-65). However, it was common for wealthy men to hire substitutes to fulfill their service obligation. TSI: Franklin D. Roosevelt- signed the Bill into law on Sept 16, 1940, Richard Nixon- signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act that returned selection by lottery to the draft process for the first time since World War II. S: Child Labor Act of 1916, this Act put restrictions on child labor, this relates because the Selective Service Act also involved young men being forced to apply for the draft
19th Amendment 1920, Granted American women the right to vote—a right known as woman suffrage. Said that voting privileges cannot be limited by sex.
HC: Culmination of the women's suffrage movement that was going for more than a decade. Also a part of the civil rights movement. TSI: Elizabeth Stanton, leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association; Aaron Sargent, introduced the amendment to the Senate in 1872 S: Similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed any discrimination due to race, sex, religion, origin, etc Politics and Power
Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909 A bill raising certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. The high rates angered Republican reformers, and led to a deep split in the Republican Party.
HC: During Taft's presidency, greatly angered Progressives, split the Republican party into Progressives and Old Guards TSI: William Taft, signed this Bill and angered many of his supporters because of the raise in the tariff; Senator Payne, helped to draft the tariff S: Hawley Smoot Tariff, raised tariffs to record levels and angered many farmers and middle class people, in 1930
New Nationalism Teddy Roosevelt's political philosophy - central issue he argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights, but he also argued that human welfare was more important than property rights. He insisted that only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice
HC: During the 1912 presidential election - lot of Progressive ideals on Roosevelt's platform, but wanted to severely stop economic and governmental corruption TSI: Teddy Roosevelt, this was his political philosophy; Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt's main opponent in this election S: John Locke's natural human rights - Roosevelt also argued that the government's job was to protect these rig
American Expeditionary Force (in relation to WWI) consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I
HC: During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against German forces. Some of the troops fought alongside Italian forces in that same year, against Austro-Hungarian forces. TSI: Woodrow Wilson- planned to give command of the AEF to General Frederick Funston, Major General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing- appointed by Woodrow Wilson in 1917 S: trench warfare and unlimited submarine warfare relate here because these are two methods that the U.S. military used
Kellogg-Briand Pact This pact was made with the unrealistic goal of having several world powers agree to never use war as a tool to solve problems again
HC: Eager to avoid another world war, several powers came together to take the most obvious, if unrealistic, step towards preventing another one. TSI: Frank B. Kellogg, U.S. Secretary of State and Aristide Briand were the men that wrote this pact. S: The establishment of the United Nations following WWII was similar to this because it was entirely formed with the goal of preventing a future war
Federal Reserve Act, 1914 an Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender
HC: Economic instability created high levels of inflation. The US was without a central bank, and this Act was passed in an effort to reform banking and currency. TSI: Woodrow Wilson, signed this act into law; Alexander Hamilton, many of his original ideas about the US bank presented themselves into this reserve S: The First Bank of the United States, 1791, under Alexander Hamilton, attempted to regulate money and inflation
Volstead Act The National Prohibition Act, enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States.
HC: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the production, sale, and transport of "intoxicating liquors" TSI: Wayne Wheeler conceived and drafted the bill Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, who managed the legislation S:Mullan-Gage Act, a short-lived local (NY) version of the Volstead Act Politics & Powe
New Freedom a collection of speeches Woodrow Wilson made during his presidential campaign of 1912. The speeches promised significant reforms for greater economic opportunity for all, while ensuring the tradition of limited government; free enterprise
HC: Election of 1912, most directly between Wilson and Roosevelt. Stood on different platforms, Wilson encourages free enterprise. TSI: Woodrow Wilson, this was his political philosophy;Teddy Roosevelt, Wilson's main opponent in this election, different ideologies S: 1953 Wagner Act, allowed for better collective bargaining and allowed for more entrepreneurship
17th Amendment (1913) Direct Election of Senators→ Senators shall be elected by popular vote
HC: made Senate more directly accountable to the people; beforehand, state legislatures appointed senators, many who were controlled by political machines or served private interests/businesses; reflected Populist platforms TSI: Nelson Aldrich- criticized for being one of the many senators who had control based on bribes/perjury/corruption President Taft- progressive president when this amendment was passed S: US desires for self-determinism for Eastern European countries post WWII → type of government established based on popular vote, not by a colonizing power/Britain or the US Politics and Power
Court Packing Scheme A move by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to increase the size of the Supreme Court and then bring in several new justices who would change the balance of opinion on the Court. Would have been with the Judiciary ReOrganization Bill in 1937, making it possible for there to be up to 9 justices
HC: FDR's move to override the system of checks and balances. It soured the Supreme Court on him. It also offended Congress. TSI: FDR because it was his idea, and James Clark McReynolds because it was his original opinion, he was upset that there were so many Justices over the age of 70. And FDR ran with that. S:Like the Enabling Act by Hitler in Germany because while the enabling act was sucessful, the court packing scheme was meant to give FDR all the power in decisions, like the Enabling Act did for Hitler. Politics and Power
Washington Disarmament Conference This conference was held between several of the world's leading naval powers to discuss disarmament and dealing with the Far East
HC: Following WWI, everyone was eager to avoid another war so many were interested in reducing naval power, specifically the power of problematic states like Japan. TSI: Charles Evans Hughes was the Secretary of State that organized this meeting, William E. Borah was a Senator that led the effort demanding that a disarmament agreement be established. S: Following the Civil War, several plans ,including Lincoln's 10% plan, were proposed in order to prevent the conditions that started the war from happening again
Bank Holiday The banking holiday was a short period enacted by FDR that was intended to stop bank action in order to restore its credibility and power
HC: Following the Stock Market's crash, many people rushed to the banks and withdrew all of their money in fear of banks collapsing. This closed many banks. TSI: FDR was the one that established this holiday. William L. Siber was a historian who detailed the effects of this act. S: The sudden shutdown of the banking system is similar to how civil rights were suddenly limited during WWI to ensure National Security
Bank Runs Bank runs were the panicked trips to the bank to withdraw all of their money that many citizens made after the crash, forcing banks to liquidate loans and often close.
HC: Following the Stock Market's crash, people were very worried about the ability of the banks to maintain their money in the light of the coming economic difficulty. TSI: President Roosevelt declared a "banking holiday" that closed banks temporarily to try and re-stabilize them. Ben Bernanke was the Federal Reserve Chairman who declared that the fault for the depression fell of the Federal Reserve. S: The panic that resulted in people making bank runs is similar to the great and equally disastrous panic that ensued during the Red Scare
Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930 This tariff was nearly the highest in American history and raised the tariff on imported goods significantly and the resulting retaliatory tariffs from other countries reduced American trade by half.
HC: Following the economic crash, this tariff was passed with the intention of protecting American trade from the rapidly declining world economy. It only served to distance us from others though. TSI: Senator Reed Smoot and Rep. Willis C. Hawley were the authors of this tariff. S: This is similar to the "Tariff of Abominations" in 1828 which was also passed to protect industry but raised prices
Muckrakers Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public
HC: Groups of writers/journalists who exposed terrible conditions of society to bring awareness for needed reform; reflected the progressive push for trust busting/fairer business and labor rights TSI: Jacob Riis-muckraking journalist and photographer; took pictures of the poor in How the Other Half Lives Upton Sinclair-exposed the unsanitary/disgusting conditions and practices of the meat packing industry, The Jungle S:Yellow Journalism-helped to sway american opinions, encouraged imperialism, influenced americans for Spanish-American War with its sensationalism of Spanish cruelty and disrespect
Meat Inspection Act, 1906 Prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions, reformed the meatpacking industry
HC: Health hazards became a much larger problem after Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle." Officials began to inspect meat plants to certify that they were following normal protocols, which they were not. Thus, this act was passed in an attempt to reform the industry, TSI: Theodore Roosevelt, signed in approval of this act; Upton Sinclair, acted as a catalyst for this act by writing about it and exposing the horrible conditions S: Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938, better working conditions and created laws to make sure these conditions were carried out
Red Scare promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism
HC: In the United States, the First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism TSI: Woodrow Wilson- pressured the Congress to legislate the anti-immigrant, anti-anarchist Sedition Act of 1918 to protect wartime morale, alienated radicals, Joseph McCarthy- he led a campaign against Communists in US society and government in the 1950s, during the Cold War S: related to isolationism because both spread profusely through America and became an ideal/mindset for the people, isolationism existed in America in the 1930s, before WWII
Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
HC: In the early 1900s Roosevelt grew concerned that a crisis between Venezuela and its creditors could spark an invasion of that nation by European powers. The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite "foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations." TSI: Theodore Roosevelt-Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick," and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. President Calvin Coolidge-the Clark Memorandum—often seen as a partial repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary—stated that the U.S. did not have the right to intervene when there was a threat by European powers. S: Roosevelt tied his policy to the Monroe Doctrine, and it was also consistent with his foreign policy included in his Big Stick Diplomacy. Roosevelt stated that in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine, the United States was justified in exercising "international police power" to put an end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere.
Treaty of Versailles one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers
HC: It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. TSI: John Maynard Keynes- said treaty was too harsh and reparations were excessive, Marshal Ferdinand Foch- criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently S: Paris Peace Conference was the formal ending to WWII, Treaty of Versailles ended WW
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 by Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W. E. B. Du Bois.Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination
HC: Lots of prejudice in the army and in the public was happening, including random lynching of African Americans. the NAACP was a predecessor to the more modern civil rights movement. TSI: W.E.B Dubois, credited with organizing the NAACP, Ida B Wells, African American journalist who played a significant role in the formation of the NAACP S: Compare to National Woman's Suffrage Association - both attempted to stop discrimination
Fireside Chats FDR started this series of 30 radio broadcasted chats to assure Americans that they would pull out of the Depression and other political issues.
HC: Many Americans were very nervous about the fate of the country following the economic collapse and subsequent bank failure. TSI: FDR hosted these chats. Stephen Early was FDR's press secretary at this time and he advised him on what to say during these chats. S: The messages spread during the fireside chats were similar to the propaganda spread during WWII by Hollywood because both used media to spread their message.
Buying on the Margin This risky investment practice was a cause of the Crash and involved taking a loan and using the shares themselves as collateral for the borrowed money.
HC: Many risky business and investment practices, such as buying on credit, were used in the period before the crash as people thought that America's thriving economy was bulletproof and just wanted to make as much money as possible. TSI: Calvin Coolidge was president at the time and he allowed people to make risky investments such as these. Charles Mitchell was the head of the National City Bank who established brokerages to allow people to easily buy stocks that they couldn't afford. S: Similar risky business choices were made after the Civil War when the government gave out many unfounded land grants to people without guarantee of a return
Great Migration Relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970Fundamentalism Conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred t
HC: One of the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history. TSI: Jacob Lawrence - Migration Series of paintings, created when he was a young man in New York James Gregory calculates decade-by-decade migration volumes in his book, The Southern Diaspora S: Reverse migration - College educated African Americans are among the most likely to head South from the Northeast and Midwest. Migration & Settlement
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903 10 miles of land for $40 million in Panama -agreement between the United States and Panama granting exclusive canal rights to the United States across the Isthmus of Panama in exchange for financial reimbursement and guarantees of protection to the newly established republic.
HC: Panama, formerly a department of Colombia, had declared its independence after the rejection by Colombia of the Hay-Herrán Treaty of 1903. The joint efforts of John Hay, U.S. secretary of state, and Philippe Bunau-Varilla, the former engineer for the French canal company and the recently appointed Panamanian envoy to the United States, yielded an agreement acceptable to Roosevelt. TSI: John Hay- Secretary of State, agree to treaty Philippe Bunau-Varilla- former engineer for the French canal company and the recently appointed Panamanian envoy to the United States S: The Great White Fleet-put into place by Roosevelt similarly and clearly exemplifies Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy
Bonus Army March This march on Washington took place as many veterans of WWI demanded early payment of their war bonus to offset their poorness due to unemployment.
HC: Participants in WWI were promised bonuses for aiding their country that couldn't be paid until 1945. However, as veterans faced high unemployment after the Depression hit they were left looking for any money that they could get. TSI: Walter W. Waters led this march and Smedley Butler was a public figure that supported the march. S: The outrage of veterans after WWI is similar to the outrage felt after WWII when veterans were struggling to find employment which inspired the passage of the GI Bill
Consumer Culture A form of capitalism in which the economy is focused on the selling of consumer goods and the spending of consumer money.
HC: People are not automatically programmed to want more than they need. Corporations devised a way to convince Americans that they had disposable income to spend. TSI:Christine Frederick observed in 1929 that "the way to break the vicious deadlock of a low standard of living is to spend freely, and even waste creatively". Thorstein Veblen - orgiinated the tern in his writings S:Keeping up with the Joneses-the comparison to one's neighbor as a benchmark for social class or the accumulation of material goods Work, Exchange & Technology
Initiative A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot; voters could directly propose legislation themselves, thus bypassing the boss-sought state legislatures; Like the referendum and recall, it brought democracy directly "to the people" and helped foster a shift toward interest group politics and away from old political "machines."
HC: Political reform of the Progressive Era (1900-1920) that reflected the legacy of populism; created a more responsive and less corrupt government, and gave more power to the people; response to the corruption during the GIlded Age TSI: Theodore Roosevelt- first progressive president, who helped the growth and success of many reform movements Robert La Follette- Governor of Wisconsin and led "Wisconsin Experiment"; implemented initiative, referendum, and recall into state legislation, paving way for federal level reform S: Annise Parker's transgender bathroom ordinance; provision was voted on by public before it could be passed (but it wasn't) Politics and Power
Referendum A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature; submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct popular vote for approval or rejection
HC: Political reform of the Progressive Era (1900-1920) that reflected the legacy of populism; created a more responsive and less corrupt government, and gave more power to the people; response to the corruption during the GIlded Age TSI: Theodore Roosevelt- first progressive president, who helped the growth and success of many reform movements Robert La Follette- Governor of Wisconsin and led "Wisconsin Experiment"; implemented initiative, referendum, and recall into state legislation, paving way for federal level reform S: Annise Parker's transgender bathroom ordinance; provision was voted on by public before it could be passed (but it wasn't) Politics and Power
Recall A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office
HC: Political reform of the Progressive Era (1900-1920) that reflected the legacy of populism; created a more responsive and less corrupt government, and gave more power to the people; response to the corruption during the GIlded Age TSI: Theodore Roosevelt- first progressive president, who helped the growth and success of many reform movements Robert La Follette- Governor of Wisconsin and led "Wisconsin Experiment"; implemented initiative, referendum, and recall into state legislation, paving way for federal level reform S: Impeachment (Article II of Constitution) → gives Congress right to impeach government officials and try them for crimes committed in office; can lead to removal from office Politics and Power
Fourteen Points Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I
HC: President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918 TSI: Woodrow Wilson- president who came up with the fourteen points, David Lloyd George- skeptical of Wilson's idealism S: this relates to Roosevelt's New Deal programs because they represented Roosevelt's goals to boost the economy after the Depression, while the 14 points also established goals
Bull Moose Party Nickname for the Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed by former pres Teddy Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican party between him and pres. Taft
HC: Roosevelt became increasingly frustrated with Taft's conservative policies. For example, Taft has busted the US Steel Company, one that Roosevelt has designated a "good trust" TSI: Teddy Roosevelt, head of this party, wanted more Federal supervision of trusts rather than busting them; Taft, the catalyst for Teddy Roosevelt to come back to run for president - his conservative policies angered Roosevelt. S: Populist Party, farming class, short lived party that ran on its own platform and had a significant impact on votes during respective presidential elections
21st Amendment Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
HC:It is the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously existing amendment to the Constitution. The 21st Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15,1933 TSI:Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent black market for alcohol. Michael "Mickey" Duffy-one of the most famous and powerful beer bootleggers in Philadelphia. S:War on Drugs - commonly applied to a campaign of prohibition of drugs Politics & Power
"Big Stick Policy" Proverbial symbol of Teddy Roosevelt's belief that presidents should engage diplomacy by also maintain a strong military readiness to back up their policy The term "Big Stick" diplomacy refers to Roosevelt's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, coined by the famous phrase: "speak softly and carry a big stick"
HC:To Roosevelt, the big stick was the new American navy. By remaining firm in resolve and possessing the naval might to back its interests, the United States could simultaneously defend its territory and avoid war. Latin Americans did not look upon the corollary favorably. They resented U.S. involvement as YANKEE IMPERIALISM TSI: Theodore Roosevelt-Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick" President William McKinley-previous President whose assassination allowed for the reign of Roosevelt's presidency. S: This is similar to the initiation of Roosevelt's Square Deal; in the same way, his ideas are coined by a common term that many people recognize as a colloquial phrase. The "Big Stick" creates the same identification as the "Square Deal.": Common Policies of Theodore Roosevelt
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 Banned foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia
HC: "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair was a push for the Meat Inspection Act, which in turn led to this Food and Drug Act. For the first time, "misbranding" and "adulteration" became penalty worthy. TSI: Theodore Roosevelt, signed this Progressive legislation at the same time as the Meat Inspection act; Samuel Adams, muckraking journalist who targeted the patent medicine industry S: Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938, better working conditions and created laws to make sure these conditions were carried out
Birth of a Nation 1915 American silent epic drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish
HC: (originally called The Clansman) The film was a commercial success, though it was highly controversial owing to its portrayal of black men and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan TSI: Thomas Dixon, Jr. -Author of screenplay adapted from the novel and play The Clansman D.W. Griffith co-wrote the screenplay S:The Good Citizen was published from 1913 until 1933. The publication was a strong supporter of the Ku Klux Klan. Culture & Society
Fundamentalism Conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts
HC: 1920s until the late 1970s, most Christian fundamentalists avoided the political arena, which they viewed as a sinful domain controlled by non-Christians TSI: Milton and Lyman Stewart - twelve books on five subjects published in 1910 S: Christian Coalition, the most influential organization of the Christian Right in the 1990s Culture & Society
Manchurian Problem In 1931 the Japanese stage-managed an attack on the Japanese owned Manchurian railway by "Chinese bandits." To protect their interests the Japanese army took control of the whole region. Both China and Japan appealed to the League of Nations to arbitrate.
HC: 1931, Japan invaded a part of Southern China. Important because it showed Japan was trying to expand with its military, and while the US issued the Stimson Doctrine (Declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force; this was aimed mainly at Japan's invasions of Manchuria), it did not otherwise intervene. TSI: Roosevelt- (Pres of US at that time) says that aggression like the Italians invaded Ethiopia or the Japanese invasion of China is contagious and they won't stop in those places but spread to other countries as well. U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson was embarrassingly unsuccessful in restraining the actions of the Soviets, who pointedly noted that they had little interest in following the suggestions of a nation that had denied them diplomatic recognition. S: Rape of Nanking-the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war. **Act of Imperialism
Pancho Villa was a combination of a bandit and a Robin Hood. He was a rival of President Carranza of Mexico. He alluded Pershing and was never caught because Pershing was forced to go fight in WWI
HC: A famed Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader, Pancho Villa joined Francisco Madero's successful uprising against the Mexican dictator, Porfirio Díaz. Because of his skills as a fighter and a leader he was made a colonel. His own military force is known as Division del Norte (Division of the North). He joined forces with other revolutionaries (Venustiano Carranza) to overthrow Victoriano Huerta. TSI: Venustiano Carranza-Pres of Mexico (1914) he at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson. John J. Pershing-was an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. S: This is man is also known as the Mexican Robin Hood because he he became a legendary hero to the poor for skillfully evading the Porfiriato's oppressive rules. In true Robin Hood style, he broke up the vast land holdings of local haciendados and parceled them out to the widows and orphans of his fallen soldiers.
New Deal - 3 R's The 3 R's were recovery, relief, and reform and all three were designed to fix the Depression economy.
HC: After the Stock Market's crash, FDR was voted in to replace Hoover on a policy that promised to enact many new plans to fix the economy. TSI: FDR was the president that proposed most of these plans and Harry Truman was his VP. S: These policies to fix the government after the crash were similar to efforts passed after both world wars to fix the effects that those events had caused
Scopes Monkey Trial The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.
HC: American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. TSI: John Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution S:Epperson v. Arkansas - was a United States Supreme Court case that invalidated an Arkansas statute that prohibited the teaching of human evolution in the public schools Politics & Powe
Neutrality World War I erupts in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson formally proclaims the neutrality of the United States, a position that a vast majority of Americans favored, on August 4, 1914
HC: Americans prefer isolationism in this period, and it is seen that Wilson reflects the American public's idea. Yet slowly as the time goes by, America will shift its bias toward Britain as tensions rose with Germany and U-sub warfare. TSI: Wilson, proclaims neutrality; Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination by a Serbian terrorist caused the outbreak of WW1 S: George Washington's Farewell Address, where he warns the US against entanglement in European affairs
Dollar Diplomacy Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries -that the goal of diplomacy was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests.
HC: Roosevelt/Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy" was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region. TSI:President William Howard Taft- he supported this form of foreign policy Secretary of State Philander C. Knox-a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel, S: President William Taft justified his 'Dollar Diplomacy' as a natural extension of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which asserted the right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in Central America and the Caribbean if they were unable to pay their international debts.
Zimmerman Telegram secret telegram sent on Jan. 16, 1917, by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to Count Johann von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to the United States. In it Zimmerman said that in the event of war with the United States, Mexico should be asked to enter the war as a German ally.
HC: The message came in the form of a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 11 January 1917. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on 1 February TSI: Heinrich von Eckardt- German ambassador to Mexico, note was sent to him, Arthur Zimmerman- sent note, German foreign secretary S: In 1917, when Germany announced that they would use unrestricted submarine warfare, the U.S. was prompted to enter WWI, Zimmermann note was another reason for entering WWI
Okies A migrant agricultural worker from Oklahoma who had been forced to leave during the Depression of the 1930s
HC: These people resulted in major migration to California, and the creation of temporary government housing for them. TSI: John Steinbeck wrote "Grapes of Wrath" based upon this issue. Dorothea Lange was employed by the Federal Resettlement Administration to document the plight of these migrants through photos. S:Like Irish Immigrants during the Irish potato famine. Migration and Settlement
Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914, passed by the U.S. Congress as an amendment to clarify and supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of business, and intercorporate stock holdings
HC: This act promoted organized labor and was a supplement to the Sherman Antitrust Act. It was the basis for many suits against large corporations. TSI: Henry De Lamar Clayton, drafted the act; Woodrow Wilson, approved of this act during his presidency S: Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890, first attempt to stop business monopolies
Dust Bowl an area of Oklahoma, Kansas, and northern Texas affected by severe soil erosion (caused by windstorms) in the early 1930s, which obliged many people to move
HC: This helped worsen the depression that had befallen the country, creating the need for further government programs. TSI: FDR because he created organization to help the victims of this, such as the AAA. Justice Robert Owens was the one that declared it unconstitutional (the AAA). S: Similar to the drought now occurring in california. Geography and the Environmen
Socialist Party of America A multi-tendency democratic-socialist and social-democratic political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization in 1899. In the first decades of the 20th century, it drew significant support from many different groups, including trade unionists, progressive social reformers, populist farmers, and immigrant communities.
HC: This party was created by those who did not conform with the Republican party. It is most recognized for is staunch disapproval of WW1. TSI: Eugene Debs, won the candidacy twice with over 900,000 votes; FDR, who's popular "New Deal" policies weakened the Socialist Party S: Populist Party, farming class, short lived party that ran on its own platform and had a significant impact on votes during respective presidential elections
Self-Determination the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government
HC: This principle can be traced to the Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August 1941 TSI: Winston Churchill- Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter, Franklin D. Roosevelt- president when the charter was passed S: this relates to a right such as suffrage, while gives people the right to vote. These are all rights that people, or countries should have
Share Our Wealth Program "Share Our Wealth" plan (also known as Huey Long's "Share the Wealth" plan), a program designed to provide a decent standard of living to all Americans by spreading the nation's wealth among the people.
HC: This was a program used by Huey P. Long. Approved by many who were down and out, Long might have given FDR a run for the presidency had he not been assassinated. TSI: Huey P. Long because it was his idea. And FDR because he was president when this idea took off, and it was in opposition of his own policies. S: This plan is similar to Marxism, an idea of sharing the wealth of the world. Politics and Power
Underwood Tariff, 1913 Purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials. To compensate for the loss of revenue, the act also levied a graduated income tax (made legal by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment earlier that year) on U.S. residents
HC: This was a protective tariff, favored by the Republicans and disliked by the Democrats. Wilson, a Democrat, approved this tariff and the gov't was collecting less revenue in duties on foreign goods TSI: Woodrow Wilson, proponent of this tariff and signed off on it; Oscar Underwood, drafted the tariff under Wilson S: Compare to McKinley Tariff of 1890 that taxed foreign goods, this encouraging American to buy from their own manufacturers
Great White Fleet a group of 16 US war ships sent on a tour around the world for 15 months (1907-9) by President Theodore Roosevelt. His main aim was to show foreign countries, especially possible enemies, how powerful the US was.
HC: To demonstrate U.S. naval power to Japan and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise (1907-1909) - The great white ships made an impressive sight, and the Japanese gov't warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay TSI: Roosevelt-sent the fleet of battleships Alfred Thayer Mahan- key U.S. naval theorist who had a major influence on Roosevelt's thinking. His two-volume work 'The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783' argued that naval expansion was essential for empire building. S: The "Gentlemen's Agreement" (restricting Japanese immigration to the U.S. Congress was neither consulted nor did it approve any of these agreements.)**demonstrates Roosevelt's implementation of his Big Stick Policy
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules")
HC: Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy. TSI: Woodrow Wilson- president at the time, sent a strongly worded note to Germany to stop attacks after sinking of Lusitania, Kaiser Wilhelm- German navy commanders tried to convince him that u-boats were essential S: similar to trench warfare, another military method used by American forces in the 1900s
Monroe Doctrine (1823) Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets
HC: Used to justify lots of the imperialistic practices in Latin America (and rest of world) of the time period, Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine that made the US the international police force TSI: James Monroe - delivered the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 Theodore Roosevelt - added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in the early 1900s S: Similar to the Quarantine Speech by FDR in 1937, because they both were trying to protect smaller nations from the aggression of imperial countries.
Welfare Capitalism The practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees
HC: Wage incentives and internal promotion opportunities were intended to encourage good attendance and loyalty. TSI: Henry Ford introduced his $5-a-day pay rate in 1914 (when most workers made $11 a week) George F. Johnson and Henry B. Endicott - Endicott-Johnson was the first company in the shoe industry to introduce the 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek, and comprehensive medical care S:Technology companies today offering free childcare and paid maternity/paternity leave to obtain best workers, ie. Google, Yahoo Work, Exchange & Technology
16th Amendment (1913) Income Tax Amendment→ Congress has power to lay and collect income taxes
HC: income tax had originally been introduced to help fund the Civil War; generated a lot of the federal government's revenue; reflects Populist push for a graduated income tax→ made it easier for lower class to pay taxes since it was a percentage of people's individual income TSI: Alexander J. Dallas- Secretary of the Treasury during the War of 1812; first to suggest implementing income tax Williams Jennings Bryan- led democratic party; advocated income tax law passed in 1894 S: Burke-Wadsworth Act → first peacetime draft, enforced during WWII; just as the US government was given the power to collect income taxes, they could also require service in the armed forces; drew on the lives/what belonged to Americans (their money and their opportunity to live life as they wanted/have a career or family, etc) Politics and Power
Sinking of the USS Maine American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers, but many Americans, eager of war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine
HC: led to US entering the Spanish-American War in 1898, another example of the impact of sensationalism "Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain" TSI: William McKinley - President that declared war on Spain after the public outcry over the USS Maine Charles Sigsbee - captain of the USS Maine when it exploded S: Similar to the sinking of the Lusitania by Germany because it was also highly sensationalized by media and was a leading reason in why the US joined WWI
The Jungle Written by Upton Sinclair in 1906; exposed the unsanitary/disgusting conditions and practices of the meat packing industry
HC: led to the passing of the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), America's first laws regarding food standards; represented a push for reforms for consumer welfare TSI: Upton Sinclair- muckraker; wrote The Jungle Teddy Roosevelt- ordered investigation of meat factories; food inspection/standards laws were passed under his presidency S: Food, Inc. → documentary exposing the highly mechanized and unethical/unsanitary processing of our food; also touches on GMOs and other potentially harmful practices; shows how big food companies are putting profits before consumer welfare Culture and Society
Australian Ballot A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices→ no one can force you to tell them who you vote for/no one accompanies you; developed in Australia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule
HC: made it harder for political machines to sway votes/intimidate voters→ limited corruption in the voting process, more democratic; disenfranchised illiterate whites and blacks since no one could read the ballot to them; reflected political reform of the Progressive Era TSI: Theodore Roosevelt- Progressive president at the time, vital to enforcing reforms on a government level Boss Tweed- head of Tweed Ring/Tammany Hall, a extremely corrupt and influential political machine S: Job applications can't force you to identify your ethnicity to use as a hiring factor/discriminatory purposes; must keep it separate from the individual's application → decreases discrimination/makes job opportunities more equal Politics and Power
18th Amendment National Prohibition→ The sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors is forbidden; most expensive amendment to enforce; eventually repealed by 21st amendment
HC: major gain for temperance movement, though prohibition indirectly promoted bootlegging and speakeasies; push for prohibition was a result of rationing during WWI and the effects of wartime economic production; also reflected American hatred for Germany since many of the breweries were German TSI: Woodrow Wilson- president at time; vetoed prohibition amendment, but Congress overruled him Al Capone- notorious bootlegger who earned about $60 mil/year; reflected the moral decay of society and the issues of the enforcement of this amendment S: Defense of Marriage Act 1996 established marriage as a union between a man and a woman and allowed states to refuse to recognize same sex marriages; later found unconstitutional and parts were repealed (just as prohibition was repealed with the 21st amendment); now same sex marriage is largely legalized throughout the US Politics and Power
Annexation of Hawaii In 1893 American sugar plantation owners overthrew the queen of Hawaii to bypass the McKinley Tariff but Cleveland refuses annexation (thinks Hawaiians don't want it); McKinley annexes Hawaii in 1898 as a territory
HC: many American sugar plantations in HI since 1800s and McKinley Tariff applied to imported sugar → so if HI annexed they could bypass the tariff, McKinley (super expansionist) convinced Congress to annex HI in 1898, start of expansionary period TSI: Queen Liliuokalani - Hawaiian Queen who opposed annexation that the sugar planters overthrew in 1893 Sanford B. Dal - set up as the provisional governor of HI after overthrow, one who appealed for annexation S: Alaska became a state from a territory in 1959 after people moved there to take use of its abundant oil and natural resources. Similar to how HI was annexed to better use its sugar plantations
Sinking of the Lusitania a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I
HC: occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The ship was identified and torpedoed by the German U-boat U-20 and sank in 18 minutes TSI: Woodrow Wilson- president at the time, sent a strongly worded note to Germany to stop attacks after sinking of Lusitania, Kaiser Wilhelm- German navy commanders tried to convince him that u-boats were essential S: this relates to when Germany sank three American u-boats on March 17,1917
Insular Cases (1901-1904) Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights
HC: over imperialistic debate following the Spanish American war, said that some rights but not all applied to people in conquered territories, principle issue of the election of 1900 TSI: Samuel Downes - merchant who sued for having to pay import duties on oranges from Puerto Rico in the important insular case of Downes v. Bidwell Isabel Gonzalez - brought issue of Puerto Ricans being subject to immigration laws in the important insular case of Gonzales v. Williams S: Elk v. Wilkins in 1884 declared that Native Americans were a sovereign separate nation and did not have the rights of citizens under the Constitution like the Insular Cases said Puerto Ricans and Filipinos didn't have all American rights
"Wisconsin Idea" The Wisconsin Idea was created by the state's progressives to do away with monopolies, trusts, high costs of living, and predatory wealth. Reforms in labor and worker's rights were one of the major aspects of the Wisconsin Idea. The Idea was developed by Robert La Follette, Governor and later Senator from Wisconsin
HC: paved way for federal reform; starts putting populist ideas into legislation, such as state income tax, initiative, referendum, recall, direct election of senators; laboratory of democracy→ federal reform increased in many other states as well as on a national level TSI: Robert La Follete- governor and senator of Wisconsin; leader of the national Progressive movement Theodore Roosevelt- Progressive President at the time, important to the passage of reforms in federal government S: Providence, Rhode Island colony → established by Roger Williams; founded for religious dissenters, outcasts, etc. and was the first colony to really embrace and enforce religious freedom/separation of church and state Politics and Power
Lochner v. New York (1905) A setback for labor reformers, this Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.
HC: setback for progressives and labor reforms; factory conditions still and issue; not all reforms worked TSI: Joseph Lochner- fined for allowing employee work more than 60 hours in a week Justice Rufus Wheeler Peckham- delivered opinion of the majority in the scene. S: Taft-Hartley Act 1947 → made closed shop illegal/restricted activities and power of labor unions; setback for rights of laborers Politics and Power
Anti-Imperialist League (1898-1921) A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. Strongest in the Northeast, it was the largest lobbying organization on a US foreign-policy issue until the end of the 19th century. It declined in strength after the US signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces
HC: showed a negative public response to McKinley's expansionism/imperialism following the Spanish American War especially in the Philippines TSI: Mark Twain - author who was a member Andrew Carnegie - business mogul who was a member S: United Nations created in 1945 to promote self-determination among countries similar to how the Anti-Imperialist League opposed the occupation/not self-determination of the Philippines
Venezuela Boundary Dispute dispute between Venezuela and Britain over border between Venezuela and British Guiana for over 50 years that was heightened after gold was discovered in 1895; US threatened war on Britain if they didn't resolve the issue w/ Venezuela
HC: shows US truly taking the stance as the police force for Latin America by actually threatening intervention; the Great Rapprochement (reconciliation between US and B) became the cornerstone of foreign policy TSI: Richard Olney - warned that if Britain went to war with Venezuela than US would aid Venezuela under the Monroe Doctrine Robert Schomburgk - British surveyor that decided the border of British Guiana after gaining it from the Netherlands in 1814 S: The Rio Grande border dispute between the US and Mexico over the border of Texas that resulted in the Mexican American War in 1846
Pan-American Conference, 1889 called by Secretary of State James Blaine, encouraged good relations between US and Latin America for support and economic benefit, rejected by Latin America because they were worried about American dominance
HC: shows US wants to be the police force for Latin America and maintain good relations; sets precedent for further relations, hoped that closer ties would open Latin American markets to US trade TSI: James Blaine - Secretary of State that introduced the concept Franklin Roosevelt - suggested a similar concept in 1936 with the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace S: North American Free Trade Agreement was signed in 1994 between Canada, Mexico and the US to establish free trade between the countries to open markets and create good relations.
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History book by Alfred Thayer Mahan that said to become a world power you need a strong navy to imperialize islands and protect ports
HC: swayed American opinion for imperialism, basically defined American strategy towards imperialism of Pacific islands, shows how literature can affect public policy/opinion TSI: Alfred Thayer Mahan - wrote book Henri Jomini - his ideas and theories of military heavily influenced Mahan S: Similar to how Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin influenced American opinion for the Civil War America in the World,
Muller v. Oregon (1908) A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers (based on harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies). Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers.
HC: though seemingly discriminatory towards women, case was triumph over existing legal doctrine, which gave employers total control over the workplace; achievement/gain of female activism (women's rights movement growing); established somewhat better working conditions for women TSI: Florence Kelley- Illinois's first chief factory inspector and one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions Louis D. Brandeis- convinced Supreme Court to rule in favor of laws safeguarding female and child labor S: Fair Labor Standards Act 1938→ established an age requirement (14) and limited hours for child labor Politics and Power
Teller Amendment (1898) A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the US had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom.
HC: went with the "anti-imperialist" original goals of the war, idea of self-determination that was continued to today, got independence but had to include Platt Amendment, didn't give independence to other nations acquired under Spanish-American War, honored in 1902 when US removed from Cuba TSI: William McKinley - Teller Amendment in response to his anti-imperialist war message Henry M. Teller - CO Senator that proposed the amendment S: Yalta Conference that stated the Big 3 had no interest in gaining territory after WWII only to help other nations acquire self-determination like how the Teller Amendment gave Cuba self-determination post-war
Treaty of Paris, 1898 Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, gave the US Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Cuba and Spain got $20 million
HC: Cuba got independence but others don't, establishes US as imperial world power (kind of replace Spain in that regard) sparks imperialism debate TSI: William Jennings Bryan - opposed the treaty and imperialism William McKinley - approved the treaty and imperialism S: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 that ended the Mexican American War and gained the US California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and Nevada in exchange for $15 million
Yellow Journalism A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards
HC: helped to sway american opinions, encouraged imperialism, influenced americans for Spanish-American War with its sensationalism of Spanish cruelty and disrespect TSI: Joseph Pulitzer - New York World yellow journalist William Randolph Hearst - New York Journal yellow journalist S: Similar to the use of hollywood and movies to generate public support for WWI
20th Amendment: The 20th amendment was passed to cut out the lame duck period between elections and inaugurations.
20th Amendment: The 20th amendment was passed to cut out the lame duck period between elections and inaugurations.
Gentlemen's Agreement Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them A major cause of friction between Japan & the U.S. concerned the laws of California, which discriminated against Japanese-Americans
HC: San Francisco's practice of requiring Japanese American children to attend segregated schools was considered a national insult to Japan - In 1908, President Roosevelt arranged a compromise by means of an informal understanding, or "gentlemen's agreement" - Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. in return for Roosevelt persuading California to repeal its discriminatory laws TSI: President Roosevelt- arranged a compromise by means of an informal understanding Victor Metcalf- Secretary of Commerce and Labor, was sent to investigate the issue and force the rescission of the policies. He was unsuccessful; local officials wanted Japanese exclusion. S: Crittenden Compromise-The first of compromise proposals submitted in hopes to prevent a civil war. This one was first submitted by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. This plan was a proposal to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward to the Pacific coast
Schenck v. US a United States Supreme Court decision concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I.
HC: Schenck v. United States was the first in a line of Supreme Court Cases defining the modern understanding of the First Amendment. The United States' entry into the First World War had caused deep divisions in society, and was vigorously opposed, especially by those on the radical left and by those who had ties to Ireland or Germany. TSI: Justice Oliver Wendell- concluded that defendants who distributed leaflets to draft-age men, urging resistance to induction, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense, Charles Schenck- secretary of the Socialist Party of America in Philadelphia during the First World War S: The Espionage and Sedition Act was an act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion
Trust-Busting Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts
HC: Teddy Roosevelt was a Progressive president and aimed at breaking most ties with large businesses and corporations and the government TSI: Theodore Roosevelt, known as the "trust buster", first president to take aim at monopolies; William Taft, handpicked by Roosevelt, continued with even more rigor the trust busting that Roosevelt began S: 1934, Securities and Exchange Commission, supervised stock market and prevented unfair pricing
Schechter v. US This Supreme Court case struck down a key element of the NIRA that allowed the president to approve codes of fair competition
HC: The Congress under FDR had been passing new laws at very high speeds- this ruling was part of a series of rulings that struck down various parts of these deals that weren't constitutional and reduced FDR's momentum. TSI: Charles E. Hughes was the Chief Justice that wrote the majority opinion in this case. FDR was the president that passed the NIRA. S: This ruling was similar to the ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson which was also caused a large amount of outcry
Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The final agreement was signed in September of 1905, and it affirmed the Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
HC: The Japanese asked U.S. President Roosevelt to negotiate a peace agreement, and representatives of the two nations met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905. For the sake of maintaining the balance of power and equal economic opportunity in the region, Roosevelt preferred that the war end on terms that left both Russia and Japan a role to play in Northeast China. TSI: Roosevelt- negotiated the treaty Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō-led the Japanese delegation to the Portsmouth Peace Conference S: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish), officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic
Jazz Age A period in the 1920s, ending with the Great Depression, in which jazz music and dance styles became popular
HC: The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties TSI: Bessie Smith, the most famous of the 1920s blues singers Louis Armstrong-a significant factor in making jazz a true 20th-century language S: Counterculture of the 60s Culture & Society
Brain Trust The brain trust was a group of academics that FDR assembled to advise him for his 1932 presidential campaign
HC: The New Deal period ushered in an era of increased influence by intellectuals on the government. TSI: James Kieran was the man that came up with this term. FDR gathered this group. S: The brain trust is similar to how the Constitution established the presidential cabinet- these people don't have real power but inform the president on issues
Black Tuesday This was the day that Stock Market shares plunged and people lost millions of dollars which tipped the country into the Great Depression.
HC: The Stock Market underwent rapid growth in the 20s which left a bubble of overvalued stocks that popped on Black Tuesday. Two other contributing factors were high unemployment and and a drop in production. TSI: Richard Whitney was the Vice President of the Exchange during the crash, and Albert Wiggin was the acting head of Chase Bank during this time. S: Black Tuesday is like Pearl Harbor because both were events that made America realize that the coming event, WWII and the Depression, really were unavoidable
Assembly Line A manufacturing process in which parts are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced
HC: The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into American society TSI: Henry Ford - the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. William S. Knudsen - National Defense Advisory Commission - 300,000 aircraft built during WWII S: Digital Revolution - change from mechanical and electronic technology to digital Work, Exchange & Technology
Moral Diplomacy President Wilson's goals such as to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace. Policy was adopted to reject the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy
HC: Wilson was an intense critic of imperialism and his goal was to reverse Roosevelt's "big stick" policies and Taft's "dollar diplomacy." His vision for U.S. foreign policy was based on morality. He strongly believed that his immediate predecessors had pursued a policy that would breed dislike of the U.S. and often sacrifice goodwill for short-term gain. For this reason, Wilson's foreign policy has sometimes been called "missionary diplomacy" or "moral diplomacy." TSI: President Wilson-president who took this stance/created it/believed in it President Taft-firm believer in "dollar" diplomacy, whose work is Haiti was reversed when Wilson took office S: Wilson's 14 Points: the "Fourteen Points" speech delivered to Congress in January 1918. It called for a "new diplomacy" consisting of "open covenants openly arrived at." No more secret treaties, like the ones that had pulled the world into war in 1914 would be tolerated, and all territories occupied during the war must be evacuated.
Lost Generation The post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s.
HC: Young people coming of age during and shortly after World War I, esp.disillusioned by the number of people killed in the war TSI: Ernest Hemingway- His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction F. Scott Fitzgerald-was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works are symbolic writings of the Jazz Age Gertrude Stein is usually credited with popularizing the expression. S: Hippie is a person who was raised under the ideological system that came out of the tumultuous 1960's in North America and western Europe. Culture & Society
League of Nations An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like
HC: an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. TSI: Woodrow Wilson- founder of League of Nations, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson- coined the term "League of Nations" in 1914 S: similar to the United Nations, both were created to create international peace and aid to countries
Rough Riders (1898) Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regiment of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for governor of NY and vice president under William McKinley
HC: beginning of TR's prevalence, used in his later campaigns, showed his interest in interventionist foreign policy and expansionism, helped to take over Puerto Rico (kettle hill), established the public's respect of TR TSI: Theodore Roosevelt - helped to organize and lead the Rough Riders Leonard Wood - first commander of the volunteer group S: The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was a group of American volunteers that fought for the loyalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Platt Amendment (1901) Following its military occupation, the US successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution, It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the US could intervene militarily to restore order whenever it saw fit
HC: established US as police force, showed US continued imperialism of Cuba despite their "independence", interventionism like seen under TR TSI: Elihu Root - inspired the creation of the Platt Amendment Orville Platt - drafted the amendment S: US getting involved in Afghanistan in the late 2000s as a police type force
De Lome Letter intercepted letter published in US newspapers from the Spanish minister that called McKinley incapable and idiotic
HC: example of the impact of sensationalism on government actions, one of the reasons the US aided Cuba in the Spanish-American War in 1898 TSI: Dupoy de Lome - Spanish minister who sent the De Lome letter to his friend in Cuba William Hearst - leaked the letter in his highly popular sensationalist paper, the New York Journal S: Intercepted Zimmerman Telegram from Germany to Mexico in 1917 that proposed an alliance between the two in case the US joined the war; one of the reasons US entered WWI (both were intercepted notes that led to US entering war)
Open Door Policy Policy by Secretary of State John Hay that made the great powers respect Chinese trading rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. Sought to ensure access to the Chinese Market for the US, despite the fact that it did not have a formal sphere of influence in China
HC: gave US more access to East Asian markets like the Phillipines and Guam that were just acquired, before China split into spheres of influence not including the US, creates frustration within Chinese people about constant foreign presence → Boxer Rebellion TSI: John Hay - Secretary of State that proposed the Open Door Policy William McKinley - President during the time period that had a desire for some type of open trade with China S: The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 promoted fair competition between businesses in the US by outlawing trusts similar to how the Open Door Policy promoted fair competition between nations for trade in China
Seward's Folly (1867) Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia.
HC: helped US gain large amounts of resource-rich land, kept good relations with Russia, beginning of US imperialism kind of, reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War TSI: William Seward - Secretary of State who purchased Alaska from Russia Czar Alexander II - sold Russia to US because they couldn't sufficiently defend it S: The invasion of North Africa and Italy as a second front in WWII was also used as a tactic to keep good relations with Russia. The Allies feared that if they didn't open a second front then Germany would focus on Russia and they would sign a separate peace treaty leaving GB and US all alone.
Teapot Dome Scandal A bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of Warren G. Harding
Teapot Dome Scandal A bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of Warren G. Hardingr
