Personality Psych Exam 3

What does it mean for a culture to think holistically? A. It explains events in context and seeks to integrate divergent points of view. B. It describes the world as it stands in the present moment. C. It explains events in isolation and seeks to set different points of views against one another. D. It describes people in terms of their traits, life-story, and personal goals.

A. It explains events in context and seeks to integrate divergent points of view.

_______ may be one result of Rogerian psychotherapy. A. People becoming more like their ideal selves B. Clients reporting feeling more flow experiences C. People establishing their own conditions of worth D. Clients meeting their hierarchy of needs

A. People becoming more like their ideal selves

Which of the following possible answers best describes the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control? A. People with an internal locus of control place responsibility within themselves; people with an external locus of control place responsibility outside of themselves. B. People with an internal locus of control and people with external locus of control both place responsibility within the context of the situation as objectively as possible. C. People with an internal locus of control place responsibility outside of themselves; people with an external locus of control place responsibility within themselves. D. People with an external locus of control feel a great need to exert control over other people; people with an internal locus of control are more passive.

A. People with an internal locus of control place responsibility within themselves; people with an external locus of control place responsibility outside of themselves.

Which of the following is NOT an example of Rogerian psychotherapy? A. Therapists should provide the client with honest yet potentially harsh feedback. B. Therapists should ask a client to describe their ideal self and their actual self. C. Therapists acknowledge and appreciate each and every one of a client's viewpoints. D. Therapists should not attempt to change or modify anything about a client.

A. Therapists should provide the client with honest yet potentially harsh feedback.

Which of the following is NOT a property of an idiographic goal? A. They are unconscious B. They represent thoughts and behaviors aimed at a specific outcome C. They are changeable D. They are independent

A. They are unconscious

A culture that tells stories emphasizing community and social bonds would have a high need for ________. A. affiliation B. agreeableness C. achievement D. toughness

A. affiliation

Radical determinism states that A. all behavior is caused by the environment. B. only a small amount of behavior is caused by the environment. C. most behavior is caused by the environment. D. all of the above

A. all behavior is caused by the environment.

Basil has come to terms with his mortality, accepted responsibility for his existence, and knows that he determines what happens in his life. Existentialists would say that Basil is ________. A. attaining authentic existence B. living in bad faith C. experiencing thrown-ness D. attaining faith existence

A. attaining authentic existence

Compare these two proverbs from different cultures: "The nail that stands out gets pounded down," and "The squeaky wheel gets the grease." The first proverb seems to capture the point of view of a __________ culture, whereas the second is from a __________ culture. A. collectivist; individualist B. individualist; loose C. collectivist; loose D. individualist; collectivist

A. collectivist; individualist

Members of different kinds of cultures may experience emotions differently. People in ________ countries report more other-focused emotions, whereas people in ________ countries are more likely to report self-focused emotions. A. collectivist; individualistic B. tight; loose C. individualistic; collectivist D. honor; face

A. collectivist; individualistic

What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned? A. current concerns B. personal projects C. current judgment goals D. none of the above

A. current concerns

What term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even relieved when the worst does not happen? A. defensive pessimists B. reverse pessimist C. strategic pessimists D. defensive optimists

A. defensive pessimists

Liana meditates regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in meditation. Jeanette meditates because people are telling her that she should. Liana and Jeanette have ________. A. different strategies, leading to the same behavior B. different strategies, leading to different behaviors C. the same strategies, leading to different behaviors D. the same strategies, leading to the same behavior

A. different strategies, leading to the same behavior

According to Maslow, the need to be seen by others as competent, strong and achievement oriented and to feel vulnerable and worthwhile is known as ____ needs. A. esteem B. beloningness C. self-actualization D. safety

A. esteem

Shannon has lived in Wisconsin her whole life, which type of person is Shannon likely to be? A. friendly and conventional B. extraverted and agreeable C. temperamental and uninhibited D. relaxed and creative

A. friendly and conventional

A fully functioning person A. is moving towards self-actualization. B. rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals. C. has met physiological and safety needs. D. has achieved self-actualization.

A. is moving towards self-actualization.

Erich Fromm would argue that A. love can only be achieved after one lives life with knowledge, effort, and experience. B. love is something that is construed by the person and is fleeting C. the capacity to love is not something we develop, but something we are born with. D. love is something that most of us simply stumble into. E. none of these

A. love can only be achieved after one lives life with knowledge, effort, and experience.

______ are essential goals that almost everyone pursues. A. nomothetic B. idiographic C. developmental D. judgment

A. nomothetic

________ is assessed by a personality test that asks you to identify sets of three people, ideas, or objects and describe how any two of them are similar to each other and different from the third. A. personal constructs B. cognitive scripts C. hierarchy of needs D. conditions of worth

A. personal constructs

Examples of esteem needs are A. respect and achievement. B. food and air. C. shelter and security. D. love and acceptance.

A. respect and achievement.

Advertising slogans such as "Just Do It" and "You Can Do It!" relate to what incarnation of social learning theory? A. self-efficacy theory B. observational learning theory C. habituation D. expectancy value theory

A. self-efficacy theory

Rotter emphasized that a person's expectations for reinforcement are held in specific situations called ___. A. specific expectancies B. casual expectancies C. learned expectancies D. generalized expectancies

A. specific expectancies

What have studies assessing the proportion of countries that emphasize face, honor, and dignity concluded? A. Western countries value dignity over face and honor. B. All countries have elements of all three values in them. C. Most countries value honor and dignity, but very few countries value face. D. Most countries don't place very high value on face, dignity, or honor.

B. All countries have elements of all three values in them.

Different cultures developed over long periods of time, in different circumstances, and with different problems. What is the correct order of causation that is inherent to this ecological approach to culture? A. behavior, personality, socialization, culture, ecology B. ecology, culture, socialization, personality, behavior C. personality, behavior, culture, socialization, ecology D. ecology, culture, socialization, behavior, personality

B. ecology, culture, socialization, personality, behavior

What two factors are hypothesized to influence whether a culture is high in tightness? A. population density and economic conditions B. ethnic homogeneity and population density C. population density and the dominant religion D. ethnic homogeneity and economic conditions

B. ethnic homogeneity and population density

Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________. A. self-efficacy B. expectancies C. operant conditioning D. classical conditioning

B. expectancies

People who score high on affect intensity A. experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low. B. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low. C. experience less physiological arousal than people who score low. D. Both A and B.

B. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low.

A(n) _____ is the generalized expectancy that reinforcing events are NOT under one's control and that one is not responsible for major outcomes in life. A. pessimistic explanatory style B. external locus of control C. optimistic explanatory style D. internal locus of control

B. external locus of control

Julia has traveled to see her friend Marcela new fifth floor apartment located in the heart of their city. As Marcela shows off her bedroom, a deafening noise and vibration fills the apartment. Julia is alarmed and ready to run for an exit, but Marcela was completely calm, and said, "Oh, don't worry, that's just the elevated train. I hardly notice it anymore." What process does Julia's response represent? A. observational learning B. habituation C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning

B. habituation

If members of two cultures experience the same emotions, seek the same goals, and organize their thoughts in comparable ways, then the two cultures ________. A. have collectivist construals B. have similar constructs C. have opposing constructs D. view the world through culture-free lenses

B. have similar constructs

What term is defined as "the process of behavioral change as a function of experience"? A. social learning B. learning C. reinforcement D. none of the above

B. learning

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________. A. changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change B. learning can occur vicariously C. children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors D. learning cannot occur vicariously

B. learning can occur vicariously

The concept of __________ suggests that our interpretation of the world is, to a large extent, dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it. A. toughness B. linguistic relativity C. linguistic solidarity D. ethnocentrism

B. linguistic relativity

A person's interpretation or theory of what the world is like is their ________. A. conditions of worth B. personal construct system C. circumplex model D. hedonistic treadmill

B. personal construct system

What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person's life? A. life goals B. personal strivings C. current concerns D. personal projects

B. personal strivings

Which value would most likely be associated with a collectivist culture? A. freedom B. reciprocity C. rights D. liberty

B. reciprocity

What is an aspect of bicultural identity integration (BII)? A. whether or not the two cultures include different languages B. the degree to which two cultures are geographically close to one another versus cultures that are geographically distant C. the degree to which bicultural individuals see their two cultures as distinct from each other as opposed to overlapping D. none of the above

B. the degree to which two cultures are geographically close to one another versus cultures that are geographically distant

The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning A. the animal is given punishments instead of rewards. B. the responses are automatic and uncontrollable C. every response is reinforced, not just some of them. D. the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers).

B. the responses are automatic and uncontrollable

Cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in ________. A. collectivism B. tightness C. strictness D. agency

B. tightness

What is the purpose of the research technique called item response theory (IRT)? A. to translate trait terms more precisely for linguistic outgroups B. to improve the degree to which personality tests are comparable from one group to the next C. to replace outdated informant-evaluation tests with more precise data collection methods D. to replace outdated self-evaluation tests with more precise data collection methods

B. to improve the degree to which personality tests are comparable from one group to the next

Bandura's ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas. A. self-efficacy B. vicarious learning C. discovery of if ... then contingencies D. concept of expectancies

B. vicarious learning

________ is a state of full engagement with an activity, according to Csikszentmihalyi. A. Active present focus B. Conditions of worth C. Flow D. Mindfulness

C. Flow

Why is the meaning of trait-level comparisons between cultures not always clear? A. Researchers are themselves subject to outgroup homogeneity bias. B. Tight and loose cultures may interpret the same traits differently. C. It may not be true that the same traits can be used to meaningfully describe people from different cultures. D. Traits are too vague to be considered a valid construct for comparison.

C. It may not be true that the same traits can be used to meaningfully describe people from different cultures.

What conclusion emerges from item response theory (IRT) analyses that are used to evaluate the validity of cross-cultural comparisons of common personality measures? A. Mean level comparisons across countries and cultures are straightforward. B. Most people use personality items in the same way regardless of culture. C. Mean level comparisons across countries might be difficult due to item-responding differences. D. Personality variability is greater in collectivist countries as compared to individualistic countries.

C. Mean level comparisons across countries might be difficult due to item-responding differences.

How is negative reinforcement different from positive reinforcement? A. Negative reinforcement decreases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by taking something away, positive reinforcement decreases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by adding something. B. Negative reinforcement decreases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by taking something away, positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by adding something. C. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by taking something away, positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior by adding something. D. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by adding something, positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior by taking something away.

C. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior reoccurring by taking something away, positive reinforcement increases the probability of a behavior by adding something.

Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning? A. When Anita went home for the weekend, she studied for her upcoming exam in the local coffee shop. She ended up being disappointed in her exam grade, so she never returned to that coffee shop to study. B. Before one of his baseball games, Neil drank a sports drink, and he ended up hitting a home run. Neil now drinks the same drink before every game. C. Pablo's brother is building a treehouse in their backyard, and Pablo jumps every time he hears the banging of the hammer. After about 15 minutes of hearing this noise on and off, Pablo does not jump. D. Tiani gets up to help her father bring in the groceries when she hears his car pull into the driveway. Her father thanks her and tells her she doesn't have to do the dishes after dinner tonight. Tiani helps bring in the groceries more and more often.

C. Pablo's brother is building a treehouse in their backyard, and Pablo jumps every time he hears the banging of the hammer. After about 15 minutes of hearing this noise on and off, Pablo does not jump.

Which of the following is not true of idiographic goals? A. They are changeable over time. B. They are aimed at fairly specific outcomes. C. They are assumed to function codependently. D. They are held consciously.

C. They are assumed to function codependently.

A term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born is ________. A. Angst B. Existential location C. Thrown-ness D. Optimistic toughness

C. Thrown-ness

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, waking up is A. the conditioned stimulus. B. the unconditioned response. C. both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response. D. both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

C. both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

"Losing face" is a primary danger in a(n) ________ culture. A. tight B. individualist C. collectivist D. loose

C. collectivist

Which of the following is an example of an individualist culture? A. a country in which few autobiographies are written B. cultures that tend to emphasize the needs of the group C. countries in which experiences of depression is more likely D. a culture that emphasizes that "the nail that stands out gets pounded down"

C. countries in which experiences of depression is more likely

Psychologists who are concerned that the results of contemporary empirical research may not apply to all people everywhere are questioning the ________ of those results. A. reliability B. cross-cultural flexibility C. generalizability D. construct validity

C. generalizability

Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures. A. independently B. creatively C. holistically D. emotionally

C. holistically

Western cultures are more frequently seen as __________, whereas Eastern cultures are seen as __________, categories that often center on different definitions of the __________. A. isolated; collectivist; mind and body B. individualistic; integrated; mind and body C. individualistic; collectivist; self D. collectivist; individualistic; self

C. individualistic; collectivist; self

Gianni thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time. He spends his life concentrating on developing his career, building a bigger house for his family, and enjoying himself. Sartre and other existentialists would say that Gianni is ________. A. showing optimistic toughness B. following his core construal C. living in bad faith D. preventing himself from becoming self-actualized

C. living in bad faith

A pessimistic strategy produces a __________ outlook on life, but can also motivate __________ . A. positive; cautious behavior B. negative; cheerful assumptions C. negative; goal-seeking behavior D. positive; planning for the worst

C. negative; goal-seeking behavior

Classical conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas operant conditioning emphasizes ________. A. reward; punishment B. punishment; reward C. passive learning; active learning D. active learning; passive learning

C. passive learning; active learning

The essential insight of humanistic psychology is that one's conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the world itself. What is this concept of an individual's immediate, conscious experience called? A. existentialism B. individualism C. phenomenology D. construal

C. phenomenology

Rogers described the need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for A. empathy. B. intimacy. C. positive regard. D. conditions of worth.

C. positive regard.

What aspect of human psychological functioning is of particular interest to humanistic psychologists? A. internal psychological conflicts B. self-esteem C. self-awareness D. the importance of social relationships

C. self-awareness

Flow most likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________. A. effort; reward B. skills; stress C. skills; challenges D. all of the above

C. skills; challenges

According to Sartre, the unpleasant feelings caused by contemplating existential concerns are called existential anxiety, or Angst. Which of the following sensations is NOT a part of angst? A. forlornness B. anguish C. unhappiness D. despair

C. unhappiness

The humanist tradition emphasizes A. free will. B. personal responsibility. C. growth. D. All of these.

D. All of these.

Which of the following is true of Bandura's "Bobo doll " studies? A. Children who saw aggressive behavior that was punished were more aggressive. B. Children who saw aggressive behavior that was not punished were more aggressive. C. Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were less aggressive themselves. D. Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were more aggressive themselves.

D. Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were more aggressive themselves.

What is the most dominant criticism for the collectivistic/individualistic dichotomy in the comparison between Japan and the United States? A. The United States and Japan score relatively similarly on collectivist measures. B. There is typically a great difference between the sample sizes in the United States and Japan. C. Individualism and collectivism are not yet well-defined constructs. D. The United States and Japan score relatively similarly on individualism measures.

D. The United States and Japan score relatively similarly on individualism measures.

_____ are more likely to respond to insults with aggression. A. people from independent cultures B. US Northerners C. people from collectivist cultures D. US Southerners

D. US Southerners

A culture that emphasizes children's stories, such as "The Little Engine That Could," has a high need for________. A. independence B. affiliation C. toughness D. achievement

D. achievement

An individual who experiences powerful feelings of both joy and sadness would score high on what personality dimension? A. neuroticism B. extraversion C. affect instability D. affect intensity

D. affect intensity

Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be A. happy. B. fully self-actualized. C. forlorn. D. fully functioning.

D. fully functioning.

Differences in how much U.S. cities emphasize values such as "fairness, mercy, hope" and "artistic excellence, curiosity, learning" are present in which cultural dimension? A. toughness versus looseness B. individualism versus collectivism C. achievement versus affiliation D. head versus heart

D. head versus heart

Watson's stimulus-response theory is similar to Mischel's _______. A. self-efficacy model B. expectancy model C. BEATS model D. if ... then model

D. if ... then model

In general, members of __________ cultures spend less time with more people; members of __________ cultures spend more time with fewer people. A. collectivist; individualist B. tight; loose C. loose; tight D. individualist; collectivist

D. individualist; collectivist

According to the concept of affective forecasting, negative events won't ________ as one might expect, and positive events won't ________as one might expect. A. be as frequent; be as infrequent B. last as long; be as short lasting C. lead to as much happiness; lead to as much misery D. lead to as much misery; lead to as much happiness

D. lead to as much misery; lead to as much happiness

According to Sartre, what characteristic is necessary for facing your own mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life, and for seeking purpose for your existence nonetheless? A. conscientiousness B. defensive pessimism C. mindfulness D. optimistic toughness

D. optimistic toughness

According to the humanistic tradition, human nature is ____. A. unmotivated B. primitive and destructive C. achieved D. positive and life-affirming

D. positive and life-affirming

Manish enjoys running the office. He likes telling other employees what to do and strives to be promoted to vice president of the company. According to McClelland's view of motivations, Manish is high in ________ motivation. A. narcissism B. affiliation C. dominance D. power

D. power

Maslow called for psychologists to instill the field with human values and to view participants with awe, joy, wonder, rapture, and ritual. This is called A. desacralization B. metapathology C. self-actualization D. resacralization

D. resacralization

Rogerian therapist conveys empathetic understanding by _____, A. interpreting the meaning behind what a client says B. accepting everything a client says with passing judgment C. passing judgement on a client D. restating the content and feelings for a client

D. restating the content and feelings for a client

In Bandura's theory, one of the most important concepts is that of ____ which refers to the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve a goal. A. imitation B. self-concept C. modeling D. self-efficacy

D. self-efficacy

What term describes cultures that have only a few socially sanctioned goals and only a few ways to achieve these goals? A. loose B. vertical C. heart D. tough

D. tough

Humanism emphasizes A. the creative, active, spontaneous nature of humanity. B. the personal worth of the individual. C. the importance of human values. D. that we strive to achieve fulfillment and to create our futures. E. all of these

E. all of these

According to Maslow, the lower needs on the hierarchy arise from ________. A. motivation B. deprivation C. being D. none of these

B. deprivation

Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning (as defined by Pavlov) and operant condition (as defined by Skinner)? A. Classical conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences, but operant conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli. B. Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, but operant conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences. C. Classical conditioning uses punishment to create desirable behavior, but operant conditioning uses punishment to stop undesirable behavior. D. Classical conditioning can happen without deliberate intention, but operant conditioning only occurs when the organism is making an effort to learn.

B. Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, but operant conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences.

__________ are the ends that an individual desires, and __________ are the means an individual uses to achieve these ends. A. Ideals; actions B. Goals; strategies C. Hopes; means D. Dreams; plans

B. Goals; strategies

________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand their unique view of reality. A. Positive B. Humanistic C. Existential D. Psychoanalytic

B. Humanistic

Personality psychology focuses on the psychological differences between individuals. Why does culture often come into play? A. Individuals do not differ from each other to the extent that they belong to different cultural groups. B. Individuals may differ from each other to the extent that they belong to different cultural groups. C. Evolutionary processes indicate why and how certain groups differ from one another. D. Certain cultural groups have moral systems that are inconsistent with accepted values.

B. Individuals may differ from each other to the extent that they belong to different cultural groups.

Why do humanistic psychologists argue that the study of the mind is fundamentally different from other sciences? A. There isn't hard evidence to back up theories of the brain. B. The human mind is aware. C. Psychological methodologies are not scientifically valid. D. The study of the mind doesn't include universal human virtues.

B. The human mind is aware.

If a player on a sports team reacts explosively and negatively after the coach gives the player advice, what could be true? A. The player could be unconsciously pursuing a development goal instead of a judgment goal. B. The player could be unconsciously pursuing a judgment goal instead of a development goal. C. The player's id could be out of control. D. The player could be suffering from a goal circumplex.

B. The player could be unconsciously pursuing a judgment goal instead of a development goal.

"Flow" is a positive psychology variable that has been studied by Czikzentmihalyi. Flow involves which of the following? A. Unconditional positive regard B. Timelessness C. Optimistic trusting D. Self-actualization

B. Timelessness

A person who experiences very high "highs" and very low "lows" scores high on the trait of A. extraversion. B. affect intensity. C. affect-hostility D. affect variability

B. affect intensity.

One possible interpretation of the basic phenomenological philosophy is that ________. A. the same objective reality exists for diverse groups of people and different cultures B. all interpretations of reality are equally valid C. if you look at the world through another's eyes, you will realize that your own worldview is invalid D. none of the above

B. all interpretations of reality are equally valid

Marco has been wondering what life means and whether he is living his life purposefully. If he cannot answer these questions, he will probably experience ________. A. toughness B. angst C. self-actualization D. thrown-ness

B. angst

Angst can be analyzed as three separate sensations. __________ stems from an individual's awareness that his or her choices will never be perfect; __________ relates to feeling alone in the universe; and __________ comes from feeling unable to change crucial aspects of the world. A. despair; forlornness; anguish B. anguish; forlornness; despair C. forlornness; despair; anguish D. forlornness; anguish; despair

B. anguish; forlornness; despair

According to existentialism, what is courageously coming to terms with existence by being honest, insightful, and morally correct called? A. existential anxiety B. authentic existence C. angst D. optimistic toughness

B. authentic existence

The idea that some people integrate multiple cultural identities to gain the maximum benefit from each while others experience conflict and stress is called what? A. dignity B. bicultural identity integration (BII) C. cultural relativism D. multiculturalism

B. bicultural identity integration (BII)

Bandura believes that learning A. only occurs with a response. B. can occur in the absence of a response. C. is only facilitated by immediate reinforcement. D. and performance are identical.

B. can occur in the absence of a response.

All of the following make up Maslow's hierarchy of needs EXCEPT ________. A. self-actualization B. conditions of worth C. status and esteem D. safety and security

B. conditions of worth

Cultural tightness is analogous to the personality traits of ________. A. neuroticism B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. agreeableness

B. conscientiousness

What term describes an individual's particular experience of the world? A. confluence B. construal C. conscientiousness D. consciousness

B. construal

According to the ecological approach, differences in ecology generate differences in ________, which in turn shapes ________. A. personality; culture B. culture; socialization C. socialization; culture D. behavior; personality

B. culture; socialization