Personality theories

Defense Mechanism of Reaction Formation

A parent who uncounsicioly reprents a child spoils the child with outlandish gifts

melancholic

Black bile from the kidneys Historical perspective (HP) reserved, anxious, and unhappy

ideal; perceived

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

oral

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

Galen

Believed both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances of humors

Sigmund Freud

First comprehensive theory of personality explaining both normal and abnormal behaviors

Freudian Slip

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue are sexual/aggressive urges accidently slipping out of your unconscious

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

Involuntary

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Just-world

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams

Unconscious

Mental activity that we are unaware of and are unable to access

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Play therapy

a women who dislikes her boss thinks she likes her boss, but feels that the boss doesn't like her

Projection

Franz Gall

Proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull revels a persons

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

Psychiatric hospitals

Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.

Saftey-behaviors

WHat bahvaior might someone with an oral fixation engage in?

Smoking

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

Social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

American psychological Association

The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, with over 122,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students.

Hippocrates

Theroized that personality traits are based on four seperate temperaments assoiciated with four fluids of the body

The unconscious refers to mental activity that we are unable to access

True

Phlegmatic

White phlegm from the lungs HP: Calm, reliable , and thoughtful

Choleric

Yellow bile from the liver HP: Passionate, ambitious, and bold

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Cardinal traits

dominates entire personality

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________

fugue

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

how you think determines how you feel

Central traits

make up our personality

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms.

negative

Ego

operates on the "really principal"- helps the ID satisfy desires in a realistic way

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder.

psychotic

Sanguine

red blood from heart

Psychosexual Development (Freud)

series of stages children pass through which is Oral, Anal, Phallic , Latency, and Genital

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

Psychopathology

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment.

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety

Denial

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Rationalization

A student watches TV instead of studying saying thata additional studying wouldnt do anything anyways

repression

A traumatized solider has no recollection of the details of a close bush death

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors.

Anxiety

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

Ego (self)

Attempts to balance the id with the superego

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions.

Confederate

Superego

Develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong. How we should behave.

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

In Medieval times, what would be the most likely form of treatment for someone suffering the symptoms of a psychological illness?

Exorcism

The erogenous zone of the phalic stage is the anus

False

The erogenous zone of the phallic stage is in the anus

False

________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

_______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Heritability

Operates on the "pleasure principal"- seeks immediate gratification Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

ID

The amount of time a client spends in psychotherapy is determined by the client's needs as well as his or her ________.

Personal Goals

.What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Trait

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

What is comorbidity?

a co-occurrence of two disorders

Psychological disorder

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

a token economy

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

active listening

According to the textbook, which of these events would have the highest likelihood of causing posttraumatic stress disorder?

being assaulted and robbed of your cash and credit cards

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective.

biological