Perspectives of Psychology Ch.10 - Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity

Intelligence and Creativity

-Originally thought to be strongly linked -Positively correlated to a point -IQ test variations were some of the first ways to attempt to measure creativity

Research has revealed which of the following as consistent findings relating to creativity and the brain?

-insights occur on the right hemisphere of the brain -creative ideas activate the frontal and parietal lobes -creative people show more brain activation that is more balanced between left and right frontal lobes

According to William Stern, to determine mental age and intelligence quotient, a 10 year old who performs at the level of a 12 year old, has a mental age of ______ and an IQ of _____.

12 and 120

K-ABC - Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

6mos-12.5yrs; cognitive development - Info-processing theory - Nonverbal -- FLUID intelligence

musical intelligence (Gardner)

Ability in performing, composing, or appreciating musical patterns

logical-mathematical intelligence (Gardner)

Ability to analyze information and problems logically and to perform mathematical operations

Intrapersonal Intelligence (Gardner)

Ability to be aware of, understand, and regulate one's own behavior, thoughts, feelings, and motivations

linguistic intelligence (Gardner)

Ability to learn, understand, and use both spoken and written language

Spatial Intelligence (Gardner)

Ability to think about and solve problems in three-dimensional space

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (Gardner)

Ability to use one's body or parts of it to solve problems or create products

What kind of problems require you to narrow down the range of possible solutions to arrive at the correct answer?

Convergent thinking problems

the equivalent chronological age of people who score a particular value on an IQ test is the __________ age.

Mental

Remote associations

Remote association problems display three words at one time to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that could be used with all three of the words.

thinking outside the box

Requires breaking free of self-imposed conceptual constraints and thinking about a problem differently

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

g-factor theory

Spearman's theory that intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components

The ________________ intelligence is based off the original intelligence test created by Terman.

Stanford-Binet

four stages of creative problem solving:

The first stage, preparation, involves discovering and defining the problem and then attempting to solve it. This leads to the second stage, incubation, or putting the problem aside for a while and working on something else. The third stage, insight, is a Eureka moment when the solution comes immediately to mind. The fourth, and final, stage of creative problem solving is elaboration-verification. The solution, even if it has the feel of certainty, still needs to be confirmed.

reaction range

a genetically determined range within which a given trait, such as intelligence, may fall; that trait's exact value, however, depends on the quality of the individual's environment

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a measure that takes into account both mental and chronological ages. ((If a child had a mental age of 10 and was 10 years old, she had an IQ of 100 (10/10 × 100). But if she had a mental age of 12 and was only 10 years old, she had an IQ of 120; if she had a mental age of 8 and was 10 years old, her IQ was 80.))

Default Mode Network (DMN)

a region of the frontal and parietal lobes that is active when a person is not really engaged in any particular behavior or focused attention—that is, their brain is on "default mode"

Algorithm

a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

mental set

a tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available

savant syndrome

a very rare condition characterized by serious mental handicaps and isolated areas of ability or remarkable giftedness

Which of the following is NOT a stage of creative problem solving? a. convergent thinking b. preparation c. incubation d. elaboration-verification

a. convergent thinking

successful intelligence

according to Sternberg, an integrated set of abilities needed to attain success in life

predictive validity

addresses the question of whether the construct is related positively to real-world outcomes, such as school achievement or job success

three kinds of strategies people use to solve different kinds of problems:

algorithms, insight, and thinking outside the box.

Which of the following individuals has the highest recorded IQ ever? a. Albert Einstein b. Marilyn vos Savant c. Stephen Hawking d. Charles Darwin

b. Marilyn vos Savant

Which of the following is NOT a level of intelligence according to Carroll? a. Broad b. Narrow c. Emotional d. General

c. Emotional

ideational fluency

characteristic of creative thought that involves the ability to produce many ideas

Howard Gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

cultural test bias

differences in IQ test scores caused by different cultural and educational environments

An inability to break out of a particular frame of mind in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective is known as:

fixation

Creative Intelligence (Sternberg)

involves coming up with fresh and useful ideas for solving problems.

Analytic Intelligence (Sternberg)

involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information

spatial intelligence

is the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems such as navigating and visualizing objects from different angles

Insight into problems occurred much more frequently when the problem was presented in the

left visual field and processed in the right hemisphere

connectome

map of neural connections in the brain

A child discovers that 2 × 2 is the same as 2 + 2. He therefore wrongly concludes that 3 × 3 is the same as 3 + 3. What tendency is affecting this child's problem-solving strategies?

mental set

Creativity is thought or behavior that is both

novel-original and useful-adaptive

When a person is working on verbal tasks

only the left prefrontal region of the brain is activated

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

functional fixedness

our tendency to be blind to unusual uses of common, everyday things or procedures

The region most often involved in various IQ tasks is the

prefrontal cortex

convergent thinking problems

problems that have known solutions and require analytical thinking and the use of learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the correct answer Figuring out how to operate a new coffeemaker is a convergent problem. There is one right way to brew coffee with a given machine. Convergent problems require analytic thinking and crystallized intelligence—the problem solver has to analyze the problem and then apply learned strategies and knowledge to come up with the answer.

divergent thinking problems

problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions To solve them, we must break away from our normal problem-solving strategies and make unusual associations to arrive at novel ways of thinking about a problem. Imagine that your new dormmate snores so loudly you can't sleep. How would you solve this problem? Divergence may lead to redefining the problem in a way that makes finding a solution more likely. These kinds of problems require fluid and creative intelligence.

naturalistic intelligence (Gardner)

recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things

construct validity

refers to what we have just discussed: that a test measures the concept, or construct, it claims to measure.

Eureka insight or insight solutions

sudden solutions that come to mind in a flash

familial-cultural intellectual disability

tends to occur in more than one family member, and tends to be mild, due to environmental deprivation such as poor nutrition and neglect

flexibility of thought

the ability to come up with many different categories of ideas and think of other responses besides the obvious one

originality

the ability to come up with unusual and novel ideas

What is ideational fluency?

the ability to produce many ideas, which is central to creative thought

interpersonal intelligence (Gardner)

the ability to read, empathize, and understand others

quantitative intelligence

the ability to reason and solve problems by carrying out mathematical operations and by using logic

verbal intelligence

the ability to solve problems and analyze information using language-based reasoning

Practical Intelligence (Sternberg)

the ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently. Practical intelligence plays a role in knowing how to do one's job well and requires knowledge and skills that one learns "on the street" rather than in the classroom.

mental age

the age a child has reached, regardless of chronological age, based on his or her performance on an intelligence test relative to other children. (the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance) for example, a child solves problems that the average 12-year-old solves, regardless of how old the child actually is, then that child has a mental age of 12. Mental age is a norm, or average, because it is based on what most children at a particular age level can do.

Alfred Binet is credited for creating

the first true test of intelligence

multiple-factor theory of intelligence

the idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor

Fixation

the inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests for adults only

threshold

the point at which the relationship goes from being significant to not significant

When an individual is working on spatial tasks

the prefrontal cortexes of both the left and the right hemispheres, as well as the occipital cortex, are activated

visual imagery

when you cannot actually see a stimulus, but instead imagine it by picturing it in your "mind's eye"

intelligence ratio

which mental age (MA) is divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 to determine an intelligence score

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older