PH 161 Final Exam
MACT standards pertain to
Control of hazardous air pollutants
The purpose of metaphylaxis is to
Cure disease among an entire population of animals, Prevent disease among an entire population of animals
Affluent Romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning from lead pipes used to carry the water supply
True
In the Jungle (1960) Upton Sinclair described the deplorable conditions in the meat processing industry
True
In the real world of environmental exposures, most exposures are due to multiple chemicals rather than a single chemical
True
Rachel Carlson published the Silent Spring to highlight dangers of pesticides
True
materials that are most amenable to recycling include auto batteries, paper, and landscaping materials
True
synthetic chemicals used on farms, not only help feed US cheaply but also the rest of the world too
True
the term cap & trade is used to describe a method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from facilities such as generating plants
True
the US agency that is tasked with assuring the safety of meat, poultry, and dry / liquid eggs is
US dept of Ag
which of the following agencies is responsible for environmental regulation at the international level
WHO
The effects of ionizing radiation include:
all of the above (damage to bodily tissues, damage to DNA, formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms, removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms)
when __________ is applied as a weed killer on field crops such as corn, runoff from irrigation and rainfall may carry this herbicide into waterways
carbamate
which of the following is an interpretation of the Delany clause
carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts
malaria has its greatest effect on
children
Lindane, mirex, and DDT all belong to a group of pesticides called
chlorinated hydrocarbons
which of the following is an unclassified pesticide used as a soil fumigant
chloropicrin
symptoms of long term exposure to lower levels of toxic metal include which of the following
chronic illness effect
What type of interaction among several agents that have no known toxic effects produces a toxic effect
coalitive
Which of the following OBSERVATIONAL DESIGNS is used for hypothesis testing?
cohort studies
________ occurs when worker bees abandon their hive leaving behind the queen and young bees resulting in death of the beehive
colony collapse disorder
according to EPA which has potential for greatly reducing amount of materials that must be disposed in landfills as 1/4 household water consists of clippings from gardens & food waste
composting
what piece of legislation gave the EPA the power to seek those parties responsible for any release and assure their cooperation in the cleanup
comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act
One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it:
contained small amounts of dioxin
Environmental risk transition is most likely to be characterized by:
control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems
Sources of extraterrestrial radiation include:
cosmic radiation
_____________ is the term used to describe a group of very common air pollutants regulated by the epa on basis of info on health and or environment effects of pollution
criteria air pollutants
a microbial agent that can survive processing by water treatment plant is
cryptosporidium parrum
according to 2005 epa report levels of what organochlorine pesticide are low in US population which reflects progress in control of toxic chemicals
dieldrin
The term 'recycling' usually applies to all the following except:
discarding materials in landfills
term zoonosis is most closely associated with
disease transmitted from vertebrates to humans
Normally which of the following refers to a beneficial effect of a substance, such as relief of pain or may stand for a harmful effect like paralysis
effective dose
On Airs Waters and Places was significant because it:
emphasized the role of the environment in people's health
an example of a malicious food additive is
endrin
microbial agent Giardia Intestinalis is an example of
enteric protozoal parasite
several factors contribute to the resurgence or reemerging of infectious diseases including all but:
expanded use of plastic
the examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include:
experimental studies
the quality of data from what type of assessment determines the accuracy of risk assessments & therefore is a limiting factor in the risk process
exposure assessment
which of the following is the measurement of the relationship between the amount of exposure & the occurrences of the unwanted health effects
exposure assessment
Erin Brockovich called attention to the potential hazards associated with groundwater pollution from arsenic
false
about 90% of the world lacks safe drinking water
false
although may be placed in landfills, waste from construction sites, black sludge, and industry wastes that are nonhazardous are all municipal solid waste
false
amastigotes are an extracellular form of the organism that has flagella whereas promastigotes are non-flagella
false
foodborne intoxications are induced by infections agents such as some bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses
false
humans are not believed to be at risk by eating meat products arising from cattle with BSE (mad cow disease)
false
in the US the average person uses about 400 gallons of water per day
false
salmonella infections have been associated with many foods but does not rank among the most frequent foodborne illness in the US
false
the chain of transmission of infectious disease agents does not include both various arthropod and rodents
false
when the medical waste tracking act of 1988 ended, EPA decided risk of medical waste was far greater to general public than medical workers
false
which is inappropriate for composting
fats, oils, and grease
one of the main concerns regarding the detonation of a radiological dispersal device is
fear and panic
which of the following indicates the occurrence of a similar illness among 2 or more people that an investigation linked to consumption of a common food
foodborne outbreak
which of the following forms of radiation can penetrate up to a 2 cm layer of skin tissue
gamma rays ?
what does GRAS stand for
generally recognized as safe chemical additives
what infectious agent produces cysts that transmit via contaminated food and water and have the ability to survive in cold water for long periods of time
giardia lamblia
Acute chemical toxicity transmitted by food still exists for all the reasons listed below except
government laws have not been developed to control toxic additives
a temperature inversion causes which of the following
greater concentration of pollutants close to earth's surface
in the western US the natural reservoir for plague is
ground squirrels
two main sources of drinking water by the human population are surface water and ________
groundwater
The epidemiological risk transition is characterized by:
growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases
a justification for the hazard analysis of critical control points is that
health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption
Agent Orange is an example of
herbicide
term that refers to some scientists beliefs that low levels of radiation are beneficial to ones health
hormesis
which of the following is untrue about ecosystems?
human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems
which of the following is true about rabies
human cases of rabies occur frequently in the US
one top risk of food borne illness is
inadequate cooling and cold holding
according to healthy people 2020 which of the following is not an environmental objective for outdoor air quality
increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source
All of the following about 2009 SWINE FLU are true except:
initial causes showed no evidence of contact with pigs
THE TERM VECTOR REFERS TO...
insects or any living carrier that can transmit disease
Reasons for potential spread of avian flu include:
intensive animal husbandry practices
Direct adverse effects of xenobiotics do not include
interference with nutrition
Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect?
intravenous
hemochromatosis is associated with excessive build up of
iron
west nile virus disease:
is found exclusively along Nile River Valley
which of the following refers to each of two ore more forms of same element equal number protons but different neutrons in nuclei and differ in atomic mass but not chemical properties
isotope
food additives are used to achieve all of the following except
keep food free from rodent filth
what problems may be encountered in policy implementation stage
lack of government support
with respect to the policy cycle what problems may be encountered in the agenda setting stage
lack of information on risk, lack of coordination
which of the following is most frequently employed method for disposal of hazard wastes
land disposal unit
In dry climates in the western U.S., the major use of water is for
landscapes
_________ refers to water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides, or fetilizers
leachate
cutaneous _______ is a concern of US military personnel stationed in endemic areas such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kuwait
leishmaniasis
A major concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been:
leukemia risk
one of the differences between lyme disease & rocky mountain spotted fever is that:
lyme disease is caused by bacteria & RMSF
When used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites
may react with other substances to form carcinogens
Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of seafoods tainted with:
mercury
bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of heavy metals is a particular hazard associated with which of the following
mercury
risk management refers to which question
none are correct
which of the following are not considered food additives
none are correct
which of the following is one of the most common agents responsible for many publicized outbreaks of gas illness on cruise ships
norovirus
subacute exposures are those that last for
one month or less
what type of pesticides are persistent in environment and bioaccumulate in food chain
organochlorines
which of the following pesticides are associated with the Golden Age of Discovery
organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons
coagulation during water treatment is designed to move
particles suspended in the water
rodents are known to be the vector of many diseases including
plague & hantavirus
what type of chemical hazard results from incomplete combustion of petroleum based chemicals and other substances
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
with respect to the policy cycle, what problems may be encouraged in the problem definition stage?
poorly defined problems
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:
population at risk
what type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is not toxic to become more toxic
potentiation
which of the following describes the precautionary principle
preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to environment
Which of the following outcomes is not usually associated with world population growth
prosperity
the causative agent for leishmaniasis is a type of
protozoa
______ based insecticides having low concentrations of active ingredient, used in household items like arsenals cans, insect bombs, pet shampoo, etc...
pyrethins
which of the following is not classified as an aborviral disease
rabies
Sources of nonionizing radiation include:
radiation from power lines, radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light radiation all of the above
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei and is radioactive is called
radioisotope
environmental _______ produces one of the largest sources of human exposure to ionizing radiation and is thought to be one of the leading causes of lung cancer in the US
radon
the term abortive human rabies refers to a case that
recovered without receiving intensive care
drinking water treatment involves all of the following except
removal of all dissolved chemicals
The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is:
rodents
which of the following has not been identified by government agency as having dangerously high levels of mercury
salmon
mechanical devices for the control of industrial emissions of particulate matter do not include
scrubbers, filters, and electrostatic precipitators
which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic metal with multiple effects
silver
The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by
size or weight of radioactive source
which of the following pollutants is not listed by epa as a criteria air pollutant
smog
the potential water hazards that may infiltrate underground aquifers located near industrial plants include
solvents
two important components of ___________ are waste reduction and waste recycling
source reduction
which of the following is most favored method for waste management
source reduction
which of the following is the most favored method for waste management
source reduction
why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? Which is not the correct answer?
spend more time indoors
what organism can thrive in an environment that has a heavy concentration of salt or sugar in which most bacteria can't tolerate
staphylococcus aureus
since 1991 WHO has assumed the primary role of regulating medical wastes by applying guidance acquired from MWTA
state regulators
term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of occurrence of an adverse health effect: stochastic effect
stochastic effect
__________ legislation mandates the cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the US
superfund
the ___________ program remains responsible for finding & cleaning up the most dangerous hazards waste sites in the country
superfund
to ensure the safety of all drinking water from the public water supply in the US, standards are set by
the EPA
clean air act of 1990 required
the EPA to set up air quality standards
which of the following is an example of a vector borne disease
the black death
which of the following statements about anthrax is false
the inhalational form is untreatable
Leishmaniasis is endemic to
the middle east
the hydrological cycle is defined as
the natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies
which of the following is a measure of the absorbed dose of radiation
the rad or gray
which of the following is a measure of radiation dose related to biological effect
the rem or Sievert
which of the following statements about heavy metal is true
their specific gravity exceeds that of water by 5 or more times
which statement about dioxins is not true
they are never produced in a natural environment
which of the following refers to toxic substances that are man-made or result from human activity
toxicant
which of the following is the most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use
traffic crashes
Bubonic Plague is endemic in the sierra nevada foothills
true
Cholera Outbreak occurred in NYC in the mid 1800s
true
DDT is not regulated as a highly toxic pesticide
true
EEA monitors the state of environment in Europe
true
NIOSH conduct research to reduce work related injuries and illnesses
true
contact with HIGH concentrations of toxic metals most likely to occur in occuptational setting
true
during the transmission cycle the malaria parasite is transferred to the human host
true
food additives as defined as substances that becomes part of food product when added intentionally or unintentionally during processing or production of that food
true
when the nature of risks associated with an environmental hazard or toxin is uncertain, planners left.....
true
which of the following is most frequently recycled material
used auto batteries
which of the following is not an example of incidental additive
vitamins to improve nutrition
which of the following statements is false
washing contaminated skin can reduce radiation exposure
hazard identification refers to which question
what are the health effects that this agent can cause
one of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium:
workers inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industry
National survey of asthma .... x is the number with asthma y is the number in the population of Oklahoma state. z is the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012
x/y
what metal is believed to play a role in reducing occurrence of common infections and theorized as good for kids and pregnant women
zinc
infection taenia saginata is associated with eating raw
beef
how can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles
by encouraging people to walk more, encouraging use of public transportation, and collocating businesses and residences
biopesticides include
canola oil
which of the following statements about incineration is false
combustion removes all carcinogens and heavy metals
the term _______ refers to belief that some non nutritional toxic substances also may impart beneficial or stimulating effects at low doses, but at higher doses they produce adverse effects
dose response
stage 2 of demographic transition demonstrates
drop in mortality rates and high fertility rates
e coli symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever are associated with all but which
dry cured salami
Bodily injury from radiation depends on
exposure dose
the causative agent for malaria is a type of
protozoa
advantages of GMOs do not include
reduction in genetic diversity
which of the following is a measure used to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material
the curie or becquerel
Which of the following statements is not true about case-control studies
they are a type of longitudinal design
which of the following is not a disadvantage of hazardous chemicals
they are essential to the functioning of modern society
in the US CDC maintains responsibility at federal level
true
less developed countries increasingly are being selected as the dumping grounds for electronic waste which....
true
mosquito species are the principal vectors for a number of diseases that pose serious threats to public health as well as a global impact
true
production of one barrel of beer requires 1500 gallons of water
true
the development of antimicrobial salmonella has been tied to the admin of antibiotics to animals consumed for food
true
two main sources of drinking water are surface water and groundwater
true
which of following aspects is not included in the built environment
undeveloped land
despite medical advantages infectious diseases are taking an increasing toll in the developed world
False
legal profession has virtually no relevance to the environment health field
False
hazards associated with sanitary landfill operations include
all are correct
human actions that lead to coastal degradation include
all are correct
lead exposures can arise from
all are correct
methods for control of mosquito borne diseases include:
all are correct
naturally occurring sources of air pollution include
all are correct
the growing solid waste problem is characterized by which of the following
all are correct
the limitations of the environment epidemiology include the fact that:
all are correct
the potential impacts of global warming include
all are correct
infectious agent for a plague is:
bacterium
e coli has gained notoriety because of its association with
all are correct
examples of disease vectors are:
all are correct
which of the following is not covered under the endangered species act
all are correct
which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?
all are correct
The term mrad stands for:
1/1000 of a rad
the EPA standard for the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water is
10 uq per liter
the natural population replacement fertility rate is estimated to be
2.1 births per women
The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is:
25%-35%
Currently, the number of years required for the world's population to double is approximately
43 years
During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was A. 13/97 times 100 B. 4/9 times 100 C. 9/87 times 100 D. 13/87 times 100 E. 4/87 times 100
9/87 x 100
An aquifer is defined as:
A layer or section of earth that contains freshwater
the vector for dengue fever is
Aedes aegypti mosquito
Aluminum has been studied as a factor that may be linked to
Alzheimer's
water stress is defined as
An annual supply of renewable freshwater between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person
Water scarcity is defined as:
An annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person
Irradiation as a method of food preservation is
Best for many types of meat and some fruit
the definition of emerging zoonoses covers:
Both new and previously known agents Appearance of agents in regions not usually affected
just one case of what food borne illness is considered an outbreak
Botulism
The U.S. agency tasked generally with providing leadership in control of foodborne illness is the:
CDC
The Superfund was provided for by which of the following acts:
CERCLA
cohort study is to risk ratio as
Case-control study is to odds ratio
malaria was endemic in the US until the late 1940s when pesticide ______ was introduced
DDT
perhaps most important major regulation for protecting food from carcinogens was
Delaney Clause
Resurgence of malaria has been attributed to
Discontinuance of DDT spraying and mosquitoes' development of resistance.
The creation of aerosol particles denotes
Dust, soot, and other finely divided solid and liquid particles
factors contributing to the increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include:
all are correct
the specific examples of xenobiotic are
all are correct
In the US what agency is responsible for protecting human health & safeguarding the natural environment including air, land, and water
EPA
which of the following effects has been associated with air pollution
all are correct
ATSDR develops and enforces regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by congress
F
when highly controlled & sanitized conditions are desired, human subjects are used in toxicology testing
F
The U.S. agency tasked generally with assuring the safety of all domestic and imported food with the exception of meat, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the
FDA
Van Leeuwenhoek identified the yellow fever virus during the 1900s
False
stage 1 of demographic transition demonstrates
Fertility and mortality rates are high
the agency tasked with regulation of food safety at international level is the
Food and Ag organization
The author of On Airs, Waters, and Places was
Hippocrates
In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease?
It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.
Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe the toxic effects of chemicals
LD50
Source reduction involves the following activities
Less wasteful package designs
the transmission of _________ to humans is associated with infected black legged ticks
Lyme disease
most deadly form of malaria is caused by
P. falciparum
One of the founders of toxicology was:
Paracelsus
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:
Persistent in the environment
what is the main difference between SBS and BRI is that
SBS has no identified specific illness or cause BRI has symptoms of diagnosable illnesses and can be attributed to airborne building contaminants
advantages of recycling include
all are correct
arboviral diseases
all are correct
finished water is defined as
The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment
Dose-response assessment refers to which of the following questions
What are the health effects this agent can cause
Risk characterization refers to the question of
What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?
Lyme disease was named because of the association of the disease with
a cluster of cases from Lyme, Connecticut
which of the following describes smog complex
a condition associated with smog that causes eye irritation, irritation of respiratory tract, and chest pains
which of the following describes smog
a mixture of pollutants and other finely divided solid and liquid particles
which of the following describes the principle of environmental sustainability
a strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment
Hot foods must be kept at
above 140
clostridium is a genus of bacteria that include botulinum and per fringes that grow best in
absence of oxygen
DDT has been found to
accumulate in the tissues of many animals and persist in the environment
The Environment plays a role in human health through associations with:
acute conditions
what type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together
additive
The effects of rapid growth of the world's population include:
all answers are correct
Chemical hazards that may be present in food include:
all are correct
Hill's criteria of causality include:
all are correct
Lemel Shattucks proposal set fourth in the report of sanitary conditions of MA:
all are correct
Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include:
all are correct
The methods for investigating a foodborne outbreak include
all are correct
advantages of GMO foods include
all are correct
which of the following statements regarding diesel exhaust is false?
all researchers agree that it poses a risk to human health
________ is an ingredient in various medicines and cosmetics as a result of widespread use, human exposure is universal
aluminum
which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true
an animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms
a disease that causes the conjunction to appear white
anemia
which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease
anthrax
what percent of total municipal solid waste stream is contributed by paper
approximately 25%
Diffuse and spotted melanosis are associated with ingestion of:
arsenic
in comparison with general population workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are:
at higher concentrations for much longer time periods
The research of Muzaffer Aksoy showed an association between leukemia and
benzene
process of _______ causes mercury levels to increase as the metal mores up food chain and becomes more concentrated in aquatic vertebrates
bioaccumulation
Itai-Itai disease resulted from contamination of the Zintzu River basin as early as 1912... is one of the conditions attributed to which toxic metal
cadmium