PH 161 Final Exam

MACT standards pertain to

Control of hazardous air pollutants

The purpose of metaphylaxis is to

Cure disease among an entire population of animals, Prevent disease among an entire population of animals

Affluent Romans may have suffered from chronic lead poisoning from lead pipes used to carry the water supply

True

In the Jungle (1960) Upton Sinclair described the deplorable conditions in the meat processing industry

True

In the real world of environmental exposures, most exposures are due to multiple chemicals rather than a single chemical

True

Rachel Carlson published the Silent Spring to highlight dangers of pesticides

True

materials that are most amenable to recycling include auto batteries, paper, and landscaping materials

True

synthetic chemicals used on farms, not only help feed US cheaply but also the rest of the world too

True

the term cap & trade is used to describe a method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from facilities such as generating plants

True

the US agency that is tasked with assuring the safety of meat, poultry, and dry / liquid eggs is

US dept of Ag

which of the following agencies is responsible for environmental regulation at the international level

WHO

The effects of ionizing radiation include:

all of the above (damage to bodily tissues, damage to DNA, formation of ion pairs in exposed atoms, removal of orbital electrons from neutral atoms)

when __________ is applied as a weed killer on field crops such as corn, runoff from irrigation and rainfall may carry this herbicide into waterways

carbamate

which of the following is an interpretation of the Delany clause

carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

malaria has its greatest effect on

children

Lindane, mirex, and DDT all belong to a group of pesticides called

chlorinated hydrocarbons

which of the following is an unclassified pesticide used as a soil fumigant

chloropicrin

symptoms of long term exposure to lower levels of toxic metal include which of the following

chronic illness effect

What type of interaction among several agents that have no known toxic effects produces a toxic effect

coalitive

Which of the following OBSERVATIONAL DESIGNS is used for hypothesis testing?

cohort studies

________ occurs when worker bees abandon their hive leaving behind the queen and young bees resulting in death of the beehive

colony collapse disorder

according to EPA which has potential for greatly reducing amount of materials that must be disposed in landfills as 1/4 household water consists of clippings from gardens & food waste

composting

what piece of legislation gave the EPA the power to seek those parties responsible for any release and assure their cooperation in the cleanup

comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act

One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it:

contained small amounts of dioxin

Environmental risk transition is most likely to be characterized by:

control of household risks and creation of a new set of problems

Sources of extraterrestrial radiation include:

cosmic radiation

_____________ is the term used to describe a group of very common air pollutants regulated by the epa on basis of info on health and or environment effects of pollution

criteria air pollutants

a microbial agent that can survive processing by water treatment plant is

cryptosporidium parrum

according to 2005 epa report levels of what organochlorine pesticide are low in US population which reflects progress in control of toxic chemicals

dieldrin

The term 'recycling' usually applies to all the following except:

discarding materials in landfills

term zoonosis is most closely associated with

disease transmitted from vertebrates to humans

Normally which of the following refers to a beneficial effect of a substance, such as relief of pain or may stand for a harmful effect like paralysis

effective dose

On Airs Waters and Places was significant because it:

emphasized the role of the environment in people's health

an example of a malicious food additive is

endrin

microbial agent Giardia Intestinalis is an example of

enteric protozoal parasite

several factors contribute to the resurgence or reemerging of infectious diseases including all but:

expanded use of plastic

the examples of purely observational epidemiologic studies do not usually include:

experimental studies

the quality of data from what type of assessment determines the accuracy of risk assessments & therefore is a limiting factor in the risk process

exposure assessment

which of the following is the measurement of the relationship between the amount of exposure & the occurrences of the unwanted health effects

exposure assessment

Erin Brockovich called attention to the potential hazards associated with groundwater pollution from arsenic

false

about 90% of the world lacks safe drinking water

false

although may be placed in landfills, waste from construction sites, black sludge, and industry wastes that are nonhazardous are all municipal solid waste

false

amastigotes are an extracellular form of the organism that has flagella whereas promastigotes are non-flagella

false

foodborne intoxications are induced by infections agents such as some bacteria that cause foodborne illnesses

false

humans are not believed to be at risk by eating meat products arising from cattle with BSE (mad cow disease)

false

in the US the average person uses about 400 gallons of water per day

false

salmonella infections have been associated with many foods but does not rank among the most frequent foodborne illness in the US

false

the chain of transmission of infectious disease agents does not include both various arthropod and rodents

false

when the medical waste tracking act of 1988 ended, EPA decided risk of medical waste was far greater to general public than medical workers

false

which is inappropriate for composting

fats, oils, and grease

one of the main concerns regarding the detonation of a radiological dispersal device is

fear and panic

which of the following indicates the occurrence of a similar illness among 2 or more people that an investigation linked to consumption of a common food

foodborne outbreak

which of the following forms of radiation can penetrate up to a 2 cm layer of skin tissue

gamma rays ?

what does GRAS stand for

generally recognized as safe chemical additives

what infectious agent produces cysts that transmit via contaminated food and water and have the ability to survive in cold water for long periods of time

giardia lamblia

Acute chemical toxicity transmitted by food still exists for all the reasons listed below except

government laws have not been developed to control toxic additives

a temperature inversion causes which of the following

greater concentration of pollutants close to earth's surface

in the western US the natural reservoir for plague is

ground squirrels

two main sources of drinking water by the human population are surface water and ________

groundwater

The epidemiological risk transition is characterized by:

growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases

a justification for the hazard analysis of critical control points is that

health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

Agent Orange is an example of

herbicide

term that refers to some scientists beliefs that low levels of radiation are beneficial to ones health

hormesis

which of the following is untrue about ecosystems?

human beings are not considered to be a part of ecosystems

which of the following is true about rabies

human cases of rabies occur frequently in the US

one top risk of food borne illness is

inadequate cooling and cold holding

according to healthy people 2020 which of the following is not an environmental objective for outdoor air quality

increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

All of the following about 2009 SWINE FLU are true except:

initial causes showed no evidence of contact with pigs

THE TERM VECTOR REFERS TO...

insects or any living carrier that can transmit disease

Reasons for potential spread of avian flu include:

intensive animal husbandry practices

Direct adverse effects of xenobiotics do not include

interference with nutrition

Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect?

intravenous

hemochromatosis is associated with excessive build up of

iron

west nile virus disease:

is found exclusively along Nile River Valley

which of the following refers to each of two ore more forms of same element equal number protons but different neutrons in nuclei and differ in atomic mass but not chemical properties

isotope

food additives are used to achieve all of the following except

keep food free from rodent filth

what problems may be encountered in policy implementation stage

lack of government support

with respect to the policy cycle what problems may be encountered in the agenda setting stage

lack of information on risk, lack of coordination

which of the following is most frequently employed method for disposal of hazard wastes

land disposal unit

In dry climates in the western U.S., the major use of water is for

landscapes

_________ refers to water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes, pesticides, or fetilizers

leachate

cutaneous _______ is a concern of US military personnel stationed in endemic areas such as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kuwait

leishmaniasis

A major concern of exposure to extremely low frequency radiation has been:

leukemia risk

one of the differences between lyme disease & rocky mountain spotted fever is that:

lyme disease is caused by bacteria & RMSF

When used as a food additive, nitrates and nitrites

may react with other substances to form carcinogens

Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of seafoods tainted with:

mercury

bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of heavy metals is a particular hazard associated with which of the following

mercury

risk management refers to which question

none are correct

which of the following are not considered food additives

none are correct

which of the following is one of the most common agents responsible for many publicized outbreaks of gas illness on cruise ships

norovirus

subacute exposures are those that last for

one month or less

what type of pesticides are persistent in environment and bioaccumulate in food chain

organochlorines

which of the following pesticides are associated with the Golden Age of Discovery

organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons

coagulation during water treatment is designed to move

particles suspended in the water

rodents are known to be the vector of many diseases including

plague & hantavirus

what type of chemical hazard results from incomplete combustion of petroleum based chemicals and other substances

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

with respect to the policy cycle, what problems may be encouraged in the problem definition stage?

poorly defined problems

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:

population at risk

what type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is not toxic to become more toxic

potentiation

which of the following describes the precautionary principle

preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to environment

Which of the following outcomes is not usually associated with world population growth

prosperity

the causative agent for leishmaniasis is a type of

protozoa

______ based insecticides having low concentrations of active ingredient, used in household items like arsenals cans, insect bombs, pet shampoo, etc...

pyrethins

which of the following is not classified as an aborviral disease

rabies

Sources of nonionizing radiation include:

radiation from power lines, radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light radiation all of the above

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei and is radioactive is called

radioisotope

environmental _______ produces one of the largest sources of human exposure to ionizing radiation and is thought to be one of the leading causes of lung cancer in the US

radon

the term abortive human rabies refers to a case that

recovered without receiving intensive care

drinking water treatment involves all of the following except

removal of all dissolved chemicals

The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is:

rodents

which of the following has not been identified by government agency as having dangerously high levels of mercury

salmon

mechanical devices for the control of industrial emissions of particulate matter do not include

scrubbers, filters, and electrostatic precipitators

which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic metal with multiple effects

silver

The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is not affected by

size or weight of radioactive source

which of the following pollutants is not listed by epa as a criteria air pollutant

smog

the potential water hazards that may infiltrate underground aquifers located near industrial plants include

solvents

two important components of ___________ are waste reduction and waste recycling

source reduction

which of the following is most favored method for waste management

source reduction

which of the following is the most favored method for waste management

source reduction

why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? Which is not the correct answer?

spend more time indoors

what organism can thrive in an environment that has a heavy concentration of salt or sugar in which most bacteria can't tolerate

staphylococcus aureus

since 1991 WHO has assumed the primary role of regulating medical wastes by applying guidance acquired from MWTA

state regulators

term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of occurrence of an adverse health effect: stochastic effect

stochastic effect

__________ legislation mandates the cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the US

superfund

the ___________ program remains responsible for finding & cleaning up the most dangerous hazards waste sites in the country

superfund

to ensure the safety of all drinking water from the public water supply in the US, standards are set by

the EPA

clean air act of 1990 required

the EPA to set up air quality standards

which of the following is an example of a vector borne disease

the black death

which of the following statements about anthrax is false

the inhalational form is untreatable

Leishmaniasis is endemic to

the middle east

the hydrological cycle is defined as

the natural cycle by which water evaporates from water bodies

which of the following is a measure of the absorbed dose of radiation

the rad or gray

which of the following is a measure of radiation dose related to biological effect

the rem or Sievert

which of the following statements about heavy metal is true

their specific gravity exceeds that of water by 5 or more times

which statement about dioxins is not true

they are never produced in a natural environment

which of the following refers to toxic substances that are man-made or result from human activity

toxicant

which of the following is the most dangerous health effect linked to cell phone use

traffic crashes

Bubonic Plague is endemic in the sierra nevada foothills

true

Cholera Outbreak occurred in NYC in the mid 1800s

true

DDT is not regulated as a highly toxic pesticide

true

EEA monitors the state of environment in Europe

true

NIOSH conduct research to reduce work related injuries and illnesses

true

contact with HIGH concentrations of toxic metals most likely to occur in occuptational setting

true

during the transmission cycle the malaria parasite is transferred to the human host

true

food additives as defined as substances that becomes part of food product when added intentionally or unintentionally during processing or production of that food

true

when the nature of risks associated with an environmental hazard or toxin is uncertain, planners left.....

true

which of the following is most frequently recycled material

used auto batteries

which of the following is not an example of incidental additive

vitamins to improve nutrition

which of the following statements is false

washing contaminated skin can reduce radiation exposure

hazard identification refers to which question

what are the health effects that this agent can cause

one of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium:

workers inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industry

National survey of asthma .... x is the number with asthma y is the number in the population of Oklahoma state. z is the number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012

x/y

what metal is believed to play a role in reducing occurrence of common infections and theorized as good for kids and pregnant women

zinc

infection taenia saginata is associated with eating raw

beef

how can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles

by encouraging people to walk more, encouraging use of public transportation, and collocating businesses and residences

biopesticides include

canola oil

which of the following statements about incineration is false

combustion removes all carcinogens and heavy metals

the term _______ refers to belief that some non nutritional toxic substances also may impart beneficial or stimulating effects at low doses, but at higher doses they produce adverse effects

dose response

stage 2 of demographic transition demonstrates

drop in mortality rates and high fertility rates

e coli symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, fever are associated with all but which

dry cured salami

Bodily injury from radiation depends on

exposure dose

the causative agent for malaria is a type of

protozoa

advantages of GMOs do not include

reduction in genetic diversity

which of the following is a measure used to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material

the curie or becquerel

Which of the following statements is not true about case-control studies

they are a type of longitudinal design

which of the following is not a disadvantage of hazardous chemicals

they are essential to the functioning of modern society

in the US CDC maintains responsibility at federal level

true

less developed countries increasingly are being selected as the dumping grounds for electronic waste which....

true

mosquito species are the principal vectors for a number of diseases that pose serious threats to public health as well as a global impact

true

production of one barrel of beer requires 1500 gallons of water

true

the development of antimicrobial salmonella has been tied to the admin of antibiotics to animals consumed for food

true

two main sources of drinking water are surface water and groundwater

true

which of following aspects is not included in the built environment

undeveloped land

despite medical advantages infectious diseases are taking an increasing toll in the developed world

False

legal profession has virtually no relevance to the environment health field

False

hazards associated with sanitary landfill operations include

all are correct

human actions that lead to coastal degradation include

all are correct

lead exposures can arise from

all are correct

methods for control of mosquito borne diseases include:

all are correct

naturally occurring sources of air pollution include

all are correct

the growing solid waste problem is characterized by which of the following

all are correct

the limitations of the environment epidemiology include the fact that:

all are correct

the potential impacts of global warming include

all are correct

infectious agent for a plague is:

bacterium

e coli has gained notoriety because of its association with

all are correct

examples of disease vectors are:

all are correct

which of the following is not covered under the endangered species act

all are correct

which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?

all are correct

The term mrad stands for:

1/1000 of a rad

the EPA standard for the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water is

10 uq per liter

the natural population replacement fertility rate is estimated to be

2.1 births per women

The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is:

25%-35%

Currently, the number of years required for the world's population to double is approximately

43 years

During April, 2009, a Texas community reported 87 cases of H1N1 associated influenza. Ultimately, 9 fatal cases of H1N1 occurred during this same month. There were 4 other fatalities. The CFR associated with H1N1 during April was A. 13/97 times 100 B. 4/9 times 100 C. 9/87 times 100 D. 13/87 times 100 E. 4/87 times 100

9/87 x 100

An aquifer is defined as:

A layer or section of earth that contains freshwater

the vector for dengue fever is

Aedes aegypti mosquito

Aluminum has been studied as a factor that may be linked to

Alzheimer's

water stress is defined as

An annual supply of renewable freshwater between 1,000 and 1,700 cubic meters per person

Water scarcity is defined as:

An annual supply of renewable freshwater less than 1,000 cubic meters per person

Irradiation as a method of food preservation is

Best for many types of meat and some fruit

the definition of emerging zoonoses covers:

Both new and previously known agents Appearance of agents in regions not usually affected

just one case of what food borne illness is considered an outbreak

Botulism

The U.S. agency tasked generally with providing leadership in control of foodborne illness is the:

CDC

The Superfund was provided for by which of the following acts:

CERCLA

cohort study is to risk ratio as

Case-control study is to odds ratio

malaria was endemic in the US until the late 1940s when pesticide ______ was introduced

DDT

perhaps most important major regulation for protecting food from carcinogens was

Delaney Clause

Resurgence of malaria has been attributed to

Discontinuance of DDT spraying and mosquitoes' development of resistance.

The creation of aerosol particles denotes

Dust, soot, and other finely divided solid and liquid particles

factors contributing to the increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include:

all are correct

the specific examples of xenobiotic are

all are correct

In the US what agency is responsible for protecting human health & safeguarding the natural environment including air, land, and water

EPA

which of the following effects has been associated with air pollution

all are correct

ATSDR develops and enforces regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by congress

F

when highly controlled & sanitized conditions are desired, human subjects are used in toxicology testing

F

The U.S. agency tasked generally with assuring the safety of all domestic and imported food with the exception of meat, poultry, and dried and liquid eggs is the

FDA

Van Leeuwenhoek identified the yellow fever virus during the 1900s

False

stage 1 of demographic transition demonstrates

Fertility and mortality rates are high

the agency tasked with regulation of food safety at international level is the

Food and Ag organization

The author of On Airs, Waters, and Places was

Hippocrates

In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease?

It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.

Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe the toxic effects of chemicals

LD50

Source reduction involves the following activities

Less wasteful package designs

the transmission of _________ to humans is associated with infected black legged ticks

Lyme disease

most deadly form of malaria is caused by

P. falciparum

One of the founders of toxicology was:

Paracelsus

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:

Persistent in the environment

what is the main difference between SBS and BRI is that

SBS has no identified specific illness or cause BRI has symptoms of diagnosable illnesses and can be attributed to airborne building contaminants

advantages of recycling include

all are correct

arboviral diseases

all are correct

finished water is defined as

The water that is delivered to the distribution system after treatment

Dose-response assessment refers to which of the following questions

What are the health effects this agent can cause

Risk characterization refers to the question of

What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?

Lyme disease was named because of the association of the disease with

a cluster of cases from Lyme, Connecticut

which of the following describes smog complex

a condition associated with smog that causes eye irritation, irritation of respiratory tract, and chest pains

which of the following describes smog

a mixture of pollutants and other finely divided solid and liquid particles

which of the following describes the principle of environmental sustainability

a strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

Hot foods must be kept at

above 140

clostridium is a genus of bacteria that include botulinum and per fringes that grow best in

absence of oxygen

DDT has been found to

accumulate in the tissues of many animals and persist in the environment

The Environment plays a role in human health through associations with:

acute conditions

what type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together

additive

The effects of rapid growth of the world's population include:

all answers are correct

Chemical hazards that may be present in food include:

all are correct

Hill's criteria of causality include:

all are correct

Lemel Shattucks proposal set fourth in the report of sanitary conditions of MA:

all are correct

Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include:

all are correct

The methods for investigating a foodborne outbreak include

all are correct

advantages of GMO foods include

all are correct

which of the following statements regarding diesel exhaust is false?

all researchers agree that it poses a risk to human health

________ is an ingredient in various medicines and cosmetics as a result of widespread use, human exposure is universal

aluminum

which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true

an animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms

a disease that causes the conjunction to appear white

anemia

which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease

anthrax

what percent of total municipal solid waste stream is contributed by paper

approximately 25%

Diffuse and spotted melanosis are associated with ingestion of:

arsenic

in comparison with general population workers may receive exposures to toxic chemicals that are:

at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

The research of Muzaffer Aksoy showed an association between leukemia and

benzene

process of _______ causes mercury levels to increase as the metal mores up food chain and becomes more concentrated in aquatic vertebrates

bioaccumulation

Itai-Itai disease resulted from contamination of the Zintzu River basin as early as 1912... is one of the conditions attributed to which toxic metal

cadmium