PH exam 2

What is the relationship between learning and recollecting, according to Plato?

Learning is understood in terms of our recollecting knowledge which was once ours before we were born

What enables us to recognize imperfectly equal things in the world?

a recollection of something that is perfectly equal

What is the distinction between semantics and syntax in Searle's paper?

stynax is code. schematics is the reasoning behind the code

What is the experience machine meant to show?

support the idea that happiness requires pleasurable experiences that are "in contact with reality.

What are the aims of the argument from recollection?

that souls existed before birth and that they are eternal and have existed in other lives

What does Descartes attempt to show with the example of the wax?

that we have greater knowledge of minds than we do of bodies

What reason does Smith have for thinking that Jones will get the job?

the president of the company assured him that Jones would in the end be selected

What are the overall, non-allegorical lessons of the cave allegory?

the prisoners unwillingness to change kept him from living a full life

Why does the freed prisoner need to be compelled to leave the cave?

they do not wish to leave that which they know

How do the freed prisoner's fellow cave-dwellers regard him after he has returned?

they resent his opinions

What does Sextus think will happen (psychologically) to those who hold uncertain theses or doctrines?

they will become free

What is the aim of skepticism?

to avoid the acceptance of falsehoods

What does the Skeptic's skill or ability consist in?

to doubt

Why is 'can machines think?' the wrong sort of question for Turing's purposes?

too meaningless

According to Nozick, what matters beyond how our experiences feel from the inside?

we care about things besides how our lives feel from the inside

According to Plato, what happens when we see imperfectly equal things in the world?

we recall them

Before Plato explains the distinction between knowledge and true belief/correct opinion, what idea does the road to Larissa example try to motivate?

why is knowledge prized far more highly than right opinion, and why are they different?"

What happens when the freed prisoner returns to the cave?

would be blind when he re-enters the cave,

According to Gettier, can one be justified in believing something that is false?

yes

Does Sextus think that truth is attainable?

yes

When S is justified in believing P, if P entails Q and S is aware of this entailment, is S justified in believing Q?

yes

When a computer plays the imitation game against a human, and there is another human playing the role of the interrogator, does Turing think that the computer will be able to trick the human interrogator?

yes

What is the allegory of the cave meant to illuminate?

you have to desire to learn new things; if people do not desire to learn what is true, then you cannot force them to learn

How many players are there in the Imitation Game?

3

If so, how frequently?

30 percent of the time

What goals does each player have?

A's role is to trick the interrogator into making the wrong decision B attempts to assist the interrogator in making the right one C interigator

What is the example of Apelles meant to show?

Apelles succeeds by giving up

What is the Dreaming Argument meant to show (or cast doubt on)?

Descartes argues that he often dreams of things that seem real to him while he is asleep

How does the Cogito Argument work against the Evil Demon Argument?

Descartes claims that even in optimal viewing conditions (i.e. close by, no intervening water, etc.) we cannot trust our senses.

What is the Evil Demon argument meant to show (or cast doubt on)?

Descartes proposes an entity who is capable of deceiving us to such a degree that we have reason to doubt the totality of what our senses tell us.

What is Gettier ultimately led to conclude from the Smith and Jones case?

Gettier's conclusion is that justified true belief is insufficient for knowledge.

What is the one, foundational belief that Descartes thinks can be absolutely certain of?

I exist

What is the difference between apparently equal things and 'The Equal Itself'?

If the equal things are different from Equality and yet can bring Equality into our minds, they must somehow remind us of the Form of Equality

According to Nozick, why is entering the machine a sort of suicide?

Once we plug in, we will never see those we care about again.

What do the prisoners in the cave think is real?

shadows

What makes the statues of Daedalus an appropriate example for distinguishing knowledge from true belief/correct opinion?

While the statue may be beautiful, it isn't worth a great deal because it isn't bound to its owner and could disappear

What reason does Smith have for thinking that Jones has 10 coins in his pocket?

Smith, had counted the coins in Jones's pocket ten minutes ago.

In what sense is Descartes' project foundational or 'First Philosophy'?

The first was his rejection of substantial forms as explanatory principles in physics

Nozick provides no less than three reasons against plugging in. What are these reasons?

We want to do certain things, and not just have the experience of doing them We want to be a certain sort of person. lugging into an experience machine limits us to a man-made reality

• Describe the scenario in the Chinese Room argument - the elements, the process, and the result.

an english teacher is put in a room with different documents of chinese writing. Using each of the documents he is eventually able to answer questions the same way as a chinese person. since the computer is following instructions to output the values it doesnt really understand anything. therefore, strong AI is false

What does Sextus think will happen when the Skeptic considers competing theories on some topic?

assert that no discovery can be made

The experience machine is sometimes thought to support an anti-hedonistic conclusion. Why is that?

because he says you shouldnt plug into the machine

Why is Smith justified in believing the proposition 'the person who will get the job has 10 coins in their pocket'?

because jones is getting the job and he has 10 coins in his pocket

Gettier's target is common conception of knowledge that has three conditions. What are these conditions?

belief truth justification

What does Turing replace this question with?

can machines do well at a certain type of game

What is the overall aim of Searle's argument?

computer simulation is useful for studying the mind

According to Descartes, how reliable are our senses?

did not believe that the information we receive through our senses is necessarily accurate

What does the argument from consciousness claim?

emotions or intentions but could not actually feel them

Descartes employs a skeptical method - what does that method entail?

enlisted to achieve certainty — "certain and indubitable" knowledge.

Describe the prisoner's experience on the ascent out of the cave.

first they will suffer from sharp pains

Who actually ends up getting the job?

smith

According to Plato, what is the wrong view of education?

grade school system

What is 'Strong AI,' according to Searle?

have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds.

After the freed prisoner adjusts to life outside the cave, how does he view life in the cave?

he remembers his friends in the cave who still in the dark and do not know the truth.

How does the Cogito Argument work against the Dreaming Argument?

if you know you exist then you are not dreaming

What is the suspension of judgment, and when does it occur?

involves waiting for all the facts before making a decision.

According to Sextus, there are three likely results to any inquiry. What are these, and what has been the result of the Skeptic's inquiries (so far)?

is discovered, cannot be discovered investigation continues

What distinguishes knowledge from true belief/correct opinion?

it can be defended by a logo

What is the experience machine capable of providing those who plug in?

it enables people to have the experiences they want

When the soul and body are united at birth, what happens to all the information that our soul acquired pre-embodiment?

it is forgotten

Is our knowledge of 'The Equal Itself' innate, or is it acquired on the basis of experience?

it is inate

What does Plato mean by 'tying down' true beliefs/correct opinions?

it is tied down because it is only connected with the owner

How does Turing reply to the argument from consciousness?

it only matters if it seems conscious

What can the person with knowledge do that the person with true belief/correct opinion cannot?

justify their beliefs with logic

According to Plato, what is the right view of education?

life long learning

Does Searle think that the person in the room knows Chinese? Why or why not?

no because he is following instructions to answer the questions

'Giving an account of the reason why' - what does that mean?

providing reasons why the belief is true

What are the steps that ultimately lead to tranquility, according to Sextus?

putting forth equipollent arguments, which in turn causes suspension of belief, upon which tranquility follows

What is skepticism, according to Sextus?

set out oppositions among things which appear and are thought of in any way at all