PHARM CH 39 PREPU
After teaching a group of students about female reproductive hormones, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which hormone as being primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy? a. Progesterone b. Estrogen c. Luteinizing hormone d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
Progesterone
When stimulation levels off during the human sexual response, the person is said to be in which of the following phases? a. Plateau b. Climax c. Stimulation d. Resolution
a. Plateau The plateau stage is the second phase of the human sexual response. During this stage, stimulation, which is the first phase of the response, levels off. The plateau is followed by climax and then resolution.
Which hormone serves to stimulate the development of female characteristics and prepares the body for pregnancy? a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) b. Estrogen c. Progesterone d. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
b. Estrogen Estrogen stimulates development of female characteristics and prepares the body for pregnancy. Progesterone promotes maintenance of pregnancy once it occurs. Neither of the remaining options are associated with the development of female characteristics.
By about which day in the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur? a. 28 b. 21 c. 14 d. 5
c. 14
The nurse should education a client prescribed which classification of medication about its affect on sexual function? a. Antibiotics b. Muscle relaxants c. Proton Pump Inhibitors d. Beta-blockers
d. Beta-blockers Beta-blockers, which block the sympathetic nervous system, often cause loss of sexual function. Sexual dysfunction is not generally associated with any of the other options.
The release of gonadotropin releasing hormone by the hypothalamus signals the onset of: a. menstruation. b. menarche. c. menopause. d. puberty.
d. puberty.
What would castration prior to puberty result in? (Select all that apply.) a. Increased testosterone production b. Sterility c. Viable sperm production d. Failure to develop normal male characteristics d. All the above
b. Sterilityd. Failure to develop normal male characteristics Castration, or removal of the testes, before puberty results in lack of development of the normal male characteristics, as well as sterility. There will be no development of the secondary male sex characteristics or the other effects seen when testosterone is released. The castrated individual would require testosterone replacement therapy to develop these characteristics.
A client's sex glands have responded to stimulation from follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). What endocrine activity has directly preceded the release of FSH and LH? a. The client's hypothalamus detected a deficiency in both hormones and released them. b. The client's anterior pituitary gland was stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). c. The client's hypothalamus responded to stimulation from prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH). d. Chemoreceptors detected a deficiency in growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
b. The client's anterior pituitary gland was stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The male and female glands respond to luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH, which are released from the anterior pituitary in response to stimulation from GnRH that is released from the hypothalamus. GHRH stimulates the release of the growth hormone, which targets cell growth; this hormone is uninvolved in FSH and LH synthesis or release. LH and FSH are released by the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus. PRH does not act on the hypothalamus, which initiates its synthesis.
The nurse is assessing a client who has recently become pregnant. What hormone activity is most likely to maintain the pregnancy until birth of the fetus? a. high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) b. high levels of estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy c. temporary cessation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) d. high levels of estrogen for the first trimester, gradually declining throughout pregnancy
b. high levels of estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy In a pregnant woman, both estrogen and progesterone hormones have specific functions. High levels of both hormones are needed for the maintenance of pregnancy. Pregnancy is not maintained through the actions of GnRH, FSH, or LH.
A 16-year-old client presents to the clinic reporting severe menstrual cramps. The client is concerned about the pain and worried that "something is wrong." The nurse explains to the client that she has cramping during her menstrual period because of what? a. an increase in the levels of estrogen and progesterone, which cause uterine contractions b. prostaglandins in the uterus, which stimulate uterine contractions, clamp off vessels as the lining of her uterus sheds c. low levels of plasminogen in the uterus that cause the shedding of the lining of the uterus d. an increase in progesterone and a decrease of estrogen causing the lining of the uterus to slough away
b. prostaglandins in the uterus, which stimulate uterine contractions, clamp off vessels as the lining of her uterus sheds Prostaglandins in the uterus stimulate uterine contractions to clamp off vessels in the lining of the uterus, which is the cause of the cramping. The decrease of estrogen and progesterone after the involution of the corpus luteum triggers the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The decreased levels of FSH and LH cause the inner lining of the uterus to slough off because the vascular system is no longer being stimulated. High, not low, levels of plasminogen in the uterus prevent clotting of the lining as the vessels shear off.
The nurse is caring for a client scheduled for removal of both testes secondary to cancer. The client voices concern that he will look like a woman if he doesn't take testosterone supplementation, which is contraindicated by testicular cancer. The nurse explains that he will maintain his masculine traits as the result of what action? a. supplemental medications taken daily b. hormones secreted by the penis during arousal c. androgens secreted by the adrenal glands d. residual testosterone found in muscle cells
c. androgens secreted by the adrenal glands The androgens released by the adrenal glands are sufficient to sustain male sexual characteristics. Androgens are very similar in structure to testosterone and are able to influence cells to maintain the changes caused by testosterone. No residual testosterone is found in muscle cells, the penis does not secrete hormones, and supplemental medications are not required.
When teaching an adolescent about ovulation, the nurse would include that ovulation is initiated by a surge in: a. progesterone. b. follicle-stimulating hormone. c. luteinizing hormone. d. estrogen.
c. luteinizing hormone. Luteinizing hormone is released from the pituitary gland to stimulate ovulation on approximately the 14th day of a typical cycle.
After teaching a group of students about hormonal secretion of the reproductive system, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify what as initiating hormone secretion from the ovaries and testes? a. Luteinizing hormone b. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone c. Follicle stimulating hormone d. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
d. Gonadotropin releasing hormone The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the hormone responsible for the sequence of events that eventually leads to hormonal secretion from the ovaries and testes. GnRH released from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormones (sometimes called interstitial cell stimulating hormones in males) from the anterior pituitary gland. These in turn stimulate the male and female glands to secrete their hormones.
When describing the menstrual cycle to a group of young women, the nurse explains that estrogen levels are highest during which phase of the endometrial cycle? a. Proliferative b. Menstrual c. Secretory d. Ischemic
a. Proliferative Estrogen levels are the highest during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, when the endometrial glands enlarge in response to increasing amounts of estrogen. Progesterone is the predominant hormone of the secretory phase. Levels of estrogen and progesterone drop sharply during the ischemic phase and fall during the menstrual phase.
A nurse is teaching a sex education course in a local high school. What statement, made by the nurse, would be accurate regarding the human sexual response? a. Sexual climax occurs from massive sympathetic stimulation. b. Humans require endocrine stimuli during a time period called estrus for a sexual response to occur. c. The period of recovery is initiated with parasympathetic stimulation. d. Stimulation occurs with large increases in sensitivity.
a. Sexual climax occurs from massive sympathetic stimulation. Stimulation in humans occurs with mild increases of sensitivity and the climax occurs from massive sympathetic stimulation. Many animals require an estrous cycle to become stimulated but that is not true of humans. The period of recovery occurs when the sympathetic stimulation is resolved.
The nurse is discussing infertility issues with a couple. What information should the nurse provide the couple concerning the effect of Sertoli cells of male sperm? a. They produce inhibin a substance that in turn affects sperm production b. These cells are responsible for inhibiting the anterior pituitary release of inhibin c. They produce a natural spermicide called inhibin d. These cells affect the hypothalamus' ability to trigger spermatogenesis
a. They produce inhibin a substance that in turn affects sperm production The Sertoli cells produce a substance called inhibin that triggers the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to initiate a negative feedback response that prevents the overproduction of sperm in the testes. None of the other explanations accurately describe the function of Sertoli cells.
A patient reports menstrual cramps. The nurse understands that this is due to: a. prostaglandins. b. follicle-stimulating hormone. c. lowered estrogen levels. high levels of plasminogen.
a. prostaglandins. Prostaglandins in the uterus stimulate uterine contraction to clamp off vessels as the lining sheds away during menstruation. This causes menstrual cramps. High levels of plasminogen in the uterus prevent clotting of the lining as the vessels shear off. Lowered estrogen and progesterone levels trigger the release of FSH and LH and cause the inner lining of the uterus to slough off because it is no longer stimulated by the hormones.
Which characteristic puts a male client at greatest risk for gonadal dysfunction? a. A cancer diagnosis b. An older adult c. A newborn d. An extreme athlete
b. An older adult A decrease in gonadal function in males is primarily associated with advancing age. None of the other options present a risk to the gonadal functioning of the male client.
What hormone is the first to be produced when the ovum is fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. prolactin c. human chorionic gonadotropin d. growth hormone (GH)
c. human chorionic gonadotropin After the ovum is fertilized and implants itself in the uterine wall, human chorionic gonadotropin is produced by the junction of the fertilized embryo with the uterine wall. ACTH and GH are not involved with this process. The release of prolactin helps with milk production for the delivered fetus.
Which of these terms describes changes in the uterus between days 15-28 of an ideal menstrual cycle? a. proliferative phase b. menstrual phase c. follicular phase d. secretory phase e. luteal phase
d. secretory phase The secretory phase describes changes in the uterus between days 15-28 of an ideal menstrual cycle. The luteal phase describes changes in the ovary over the same time period.