PHARMACOLOGY

The urinary elimination of drugs is controlled by which of the following? Select all that apply. - glomerular filtration - microsomal enzyme induction - renal tubular reabsorption - active transport through renal tubular cells

- Glomerular filtration: all drugs are filtered through the glomerulus to enter the renal tubules. Amt of drug varies accdg to the degree of plasma protein binding, and bound drugs are not subjected to filtration. - Tubular reabsorption: once they enter the renal tubules, drugs may be reabsorbed back into the blood stream through the renal tubular cells. Reabsorption favors the highly lipid soluble agents; the converse is that highly polar compounds are not effectively reabsorbed and are effectively excreted from the renal tubules - Active transport through renal tubular cells: the rate of renal elimination also depends on whether active transport into or out of the tubular fluid occurs

When two drugs having similar effects are administered in combination, and the resulting response is the sum of the individual actions of each drug when given alone, then this result is referred to as: - an additive effect - a synergistic response - an antagonistic effect - cumulative action

- an additive effect occurs when additive drugs are administered. The response is no greater than the sum of the individual actions of each drug when given alone. There is no enhancement of potential of the individual drugs as a result of being used in combination.

Amphetamines are sympathomimetic amines that cause rapid release of? Select all that apply - dopamine in the brain - serotonin in the brain - norepinephrine in the brain - acetylcholine in the brain

- dopamine in the brain - serotonin in the brain - norepinephrine in the brain

A teaspoon can hold what volume of liquid?

5 mL

Which term is a compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit or practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional, mental or physiological reactions? - habituation - tolerance - addiction - none of the above

Addiction

Factors influencing hepatic drug metabolism include which of the following? - microsomal enzyme inhibition - microsomal enzyme induction - plasma protein binding - genetic factors - liver disease - all of the above

All of the above

The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 uses which criteria for inclusion of a drug into one of the five schedules? - potential for abuse - medical usefulness - degree to which it produces physiological dependence - degree to which it produces physical dependence - all of the above

All of the above

When a drug is admnistered repeatedly, a higher concentration of the drug than is desired may be achieved. The effect of this excessive accumulation is known as: - additive effect - synergistic response - cumulative action - idiosyncrasy

Cumulative action

Enteral route of administration and examples.

Enteral - administration (by way of the intestine or GI tract) Examples: - buccal or sublingual - oral - rectal

Which route of drug administration will give the most rapid onset of pharmacological effect? - oral administration - subcutaneous injection - intravenous injection - IM injection

IV injection

The most important enzyme systems for the biotransformation of drug molecules are found in: - lungs - liver - brain - kidneys - GI tract

Liver Hepatic metabolism of drugs occurs in Phase I reactions catalyzed by a microsomal mixed-function oxidase system (P-450 system) and in Phase II reactions known as conjugation rxns

Which route of administration of a drug listed below is most known for its significant hepatic "first pass" metabolism? - intramuscular - inhalation - sublingual - oral

Oral

What is parenteral route of administration of drugs and provide examples:

Parenteral - administration (not by way of intestine or GI tract) Examples; - intravenous (IV) - intramuscular (IM) - subcutaenous

Pain that has no organic basis and is fixed upon some portion of the anatomy is referred to as: - intractable pain - referred pain - psychogenic pain - phantom pain

Phantom pain

Which term refers to a drug that binds to physiological receptors to result in specific cellular effects producing a predictable pharmacologic response? - pharmacologic agonist - phmaracologic antagonist

Pharmacologic agonist

Which of the following drugs are known to produce orthostatic hypotension as an adverse reaction. Select all that apply - levodopa (Larodopa, Dopar) - prazosin (Minipress) - Indomethacin (Indocin) - morphine

Postural hypotension - levodopa (larodopa, dopar) - prazosin (Minipress) - morphine Indomethacin (indocin) is an NSAID which may cause GI bleeding, ulcers and possible stomach perforation

Which schedule of drugs would include a drug that is considered to have a strong potential for abuse or addiction, but which has legitimate medical use? - Schedule I - Schedule II - Schedule III - Schedule IV - Schedule V

Schedule II - a category of drugs considered to have strong potential for abuse or addiction, but which have legitimate medical use. Among the substances so classified by the DEA are morphine, cocaine, pentobarbital, oxycodone, methadone, and straight codeine

The majority of drugs penetrate biomembranes by _____ through membrane phospholipids - active transport - facilitated diffusion - filtration - simple diffusion

Simple diffusion

Which of the following routes of drug administration is generally used for local drug effects? - topical administration - oral ingestion - subcutaneous injection - intravenous injection

Topical administration

All of the following sites are generally accepted for IM injections EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? - the buttocks - the biceps muscle - the deltoid muscle - the anterior thigh

biceps

Implicit in the interaction of a drug with its physiological receptor is that the drug _____ create effects, but rather, modulates _____ physiological cell functions. - does; extrinsic - does not; extrinsic - does; intrinsic - does not; intrinsic

does not; intrinsic

A drug with a high LD 50 and low ED50 has a: - (high/low) therapeutic index and is therefore (dangerous/safe)

high therapeutic index and relatively safe ED50 - effective dose at which 50% of the people will respond LD50- lethal dose at which, in theory 50% of people will die

The safest and easiest route for drug administration is: - oral - IV - rectal - inhalation

oral - (PO)

Which of the following refers to the efficacy of a drug? - relative concentrations of two or more drugs that produce the same drug effect - the ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect regardless of dosage - the dose of a drug that will kill a patient

the ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect regardless of dosage

The term bioavailability of a drug refers to: - the movement of a drug into the body tissues over time - the dissolution of a drug in the GI tract - the measurement of the rate and amount of hterapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation - the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of a drug and the systemic absorption of the drug - the amount of drug destroyed by the liver prior to the systemic absorption from the GI tract

the measurement of the rate and amount of therapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation