PHI 205 UNIT 1-5 QUIZES
Match the view of primary & secondary qualities (PQs and SQs) to the philosopher. Argues that the PQ number is subjective (that is, relative to how one measures something). Argues that objects have PQs, which are more fundamental than SQs. Argues that there is no real distinction between PQs and SQs.
Berkely, Locke, Berkely
What fallacy does the following passage commit? "Each musical note in this composition is boring, which makes the whole song boring." Select one: a. Appeal to popularity b. Composition c. Hasty generalization d. Begging the question e. Division
Composition
Suppose the following is true: If a boxer, Rocky, has free will over his purchase of performance-enhancing drugs, then he is morally responsible for his purchase of those drugs. Which of the following theories holds that Rocky does in fact have free will regarding his purchase? Select one: A. Libertarianism. B. Compatibilism. C. Hard determinism. D. Both A and B.
D. Both A and B.
According to Aristotle's virtue theory, the highest function of a human being is seeking pleasure. Select one: True False
False
Aristotle thinks that an animal's soul can potentially exist apart from its material body. Select one: True False
False
Berkeley, in his book On the Principles of Human Knowledge, states that "I do not argue against the existence of any one thing that we can apprehend, either by sense or reflexion. That the things I see with mine eyes and touch with my hands do exist, really exist, I make not the least question. The only thing whose existence we deny, is that which philosophers call matter or corporeal substance." True or False: In the above passage, Berkeley is saying that material objects really exist. Select one: True False
False
Descartes' theory of the mind maintains that the mind is a thinking, spatially extended substance. Select one: True False
False
Paley argues, by analogy, that just as a watch has a watch-maker, the universe has a universe-maker. Is the following statement true or false? The strength of Paley's argument goes up if the conclusion is more specific, but the strength of Paley's argument goes down if the conclusion is more general. Select one: True False
False
Pascal's Wager is designed to prove the existence of God. Select one: True False
False
The difference between the evidential and logical problems of evil is this: the logical problem can possibly be solved with a theodicy, whereas the evidential problem cannot possibly be solved with a theodicy. Select one: True False
False
True or False: The following argument is valid. If dolphins have souls, then dolphins are persons. But dolphins do not have souls. So, dolphins are not persons. Select one: True False
False
Match the theory or idea to a thinker Original position Autonomy Teleology Intellectual & bodily pleasures are distinct Virtue Only one kind of pleasure
Rawls, Kant, Aristotle, Mill, Aristotle, Bentham
A deductive argument is a kind of argument designed to, or intended to, definitively prove its conclusion. Select one: True False
True
A religion is, roughly, a system of beliefs or practices, typically shared by a community, about the divine (god or gods) and human beings' relation to it. Select one: True False
True
A technique for analyzing arguments is to diagram the relationship between premises and conclusions using numerals to represent the various statements, the + sign and underlining to indicate conjoint premises if necessary, and arrows showing how the premises support the conclusion. Select one: True False
True
According to Aristotle, a virtue is a psychological disposition involving a mean between two extremes, one of excess and one of deficiency. Select one: True False
True
According to one criticism of Pascal's wager, the "many gods" problem, the wager makes assumptions about how God would treat believers and non-believers. Select one: True False
True
An argument must have at least two statements, although these two statements may be part of one sentence. Select one: True False
True
Berkeley's theory of perception maintains that just as our ideas of secondary qualities do not resemble any qualities of objects themselves, so our ideas of primary qualities do not resemble any qualities of objects themselves. Select one: True False
True
Descartes' theory of mind-body dualism claims that the mind is a thinking, spatially unextended substance. Select one: True False
True
If we suppose that the parts of the watch had to have some form, and that the watch was just one possible combination of those parts, Paley argues that, still, the fact that the watch is here and has the particular structure and function it has readily indicates that it was designed, even though it is true that the parts could have been combined differently. Select one: True False
True
In arguing that primary and secondary qualities are different, Locke explains that the former kinds of qualities are "real" or "original". Select one: True False
True
Kant's moral theory maintains that humans have moral duties to not lie, not commit suicide, do charitable actions, and seek self-improvement. Select one: True False
True
One problem with the Same Immaterial Soul Theory of personal identity is that you would psychologically feel as if you were the same person as you were yesterday, even if your immaterial soul was replaced by another one. Select one: True False
True
What is the best way to diagram the argument consisting of statements (1) through (3) below? (1) Lacy is a two-time award winner for best actor in a motion picture. So, (2) Lacy is a good actor and (3) she will win another award for best actor. Select one: a. (1) is the only premise, with one arrow going to (2) and one going to (3). b. (2) is the conclusion, with (1) and (3) conjointly supporting (2). c. (2) is the conclusion, with (1) and (3) independently supporting (2). d. (3) is the conclusion, and (1) and (2) conjointly support (3). e. None of the above.
a. (1) is the only premise, with one arrow going to (2) and one going to (3).
Suppose action A is an act of charity, giving 1 healthy, balanced meal to 1 starving, malnourished child. The meal itself consists of 200 total units of pleasure. Furthermore, after the eating is over, suppose that as a long-term effect (due to increased strength, restored hope, etc.), A produces an additional 500 units of pleasure over the life of the child, and an additional 20 units of pleasure for family members who see the child thrive. What is the total utility of action A, on Bentham's utilitarian theory? Select one: a. 720 units of pleasure. b. 520 units of pleasure. c. 700 units of pleasure. d. It is incalculable because charity is a mean between two extremes. e. Charity presents no contradictions, therefore the action has high utility.
a. 720 units of pleasure.
What is the 'systems objection' to the Chinese room argument? Select one: a. Although Searle does not understand Chinese in the 'Chinese room', the whole system (of which he is a part) does understand. b. It's not individuals that understand language, but entire communities ('systems of people'). c. While computers don't understand, robots do understand. d. Although single computers cannot understand, the internet can understand.
a. Although Searle does not understand Chinese in the 'Chinese room', the whole system (of which he is a part) does understand.
"The move towards a clean energy economy is a social and economic mistake. Why? During the last 150 years fossil fuels have been the bedrock of the American economy." Which fallacy does the passage above commit? (Choose the clearest answer.) Select one: a. Bandwagon b. Black-or-White c. Division d. Fake news e. Slippery slope
a. Bandwagon
"Many citizens believe their vote doesn't matter, and since voting is the only way to affect the direction of the nation, they conclude that they cannot do anything to affect the direction of the nation." Which fallacy does the above passage commit? (Choose the clearest answer.) Select one: a. Black-or-white b. Composition c. False cause d. Begging the question e. Equivocation (ambiguity)
a. Black-or-white
In the video on the philosophy of virtual reality (interviewing David Chalmers), virtual reality is compared to the ideas of which philosopher? Select one: a. Descartes. b. Locke. c. Berkeley. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
a. Descartes.
In his dreaming argument, Descartes claims which of the following? Select one: a. He thinks it is possible that he is dreaming that he is sitting by the fire. b. He wishes he were sitting by the fire, but alas he's only dreaming of it. c. He knows that he is awake sitting by the fire. d. He knows that he is dreaming that he is sitting by the fire.
a. He thinks it is possible that he is dreaming that he is sitting by the fire.
Which premise should be filled in for (P3) in the anti-skeptical argument below to make the argument valid? (P1) If Jacque knows that he is in his biology classroom, then knowledge of the external world is possible. (P2) Jacque knows that he is in his biology classroom. (C1) Thus, knowledge of the external world is possible. (P3) _____________________. (C2) Cartesian skepticism is false. Select one: a. If knowledge of the external world is possible, this is sufficient for Cartesian skepticism to be false. b. Descartes is the "father of modern philosophy." c. Knowledge of the external world is possible, assuming that objects exist independently of the mind. d. Cartesian skepticism might be false if knowledge of the external world is possible for Jacque. e. If knowledge of the external world is possible, then, in his dreaming argument, Descartes was wrong to assert that we don't know anything about the external world.
a. If knowledge of the external world is possible, this is sufficient for Cartesian skepticism to be false.
Which of the following best represents Mill's response to the objection that Utilitarianism is "too degrading" to human beings? Select one: a. Mill makes a distinction involving the qualities of different kinds of pleasures. b. Mill says humans are capable of following secondary rules, but pigs are not. c. Mill says that, unlike pigs, humans can formulate universal laws. d. Mill says that all pleasures count toward the total happiness in the world.
a. Mill makes a distinction involving the qualities of different kinds of pleasures.
Why does Kant disagree that consequences determine the rightness of actions? Select one: a. Sometimes the way that supposedly good consequences are obtained is actually immoral. b. Consequences are almost always painful. c. Kant had a vendetta against consequentialists. d. Consequences are always pleasurable.
a. Sometimes the way that supposedly good consequences are obtained is actually immoral.
Why is the principle of rectification necessary for Nozick's entitlement theory? Select one: a. Sometimes people voluntarily use their talents and labor to help others. b. Sometimes the self-ownership of individuals is violated. c. Sometimes people voluntarily give away all of their property. d. All of the above.
b. Sometimes the self-ownership of individuals is violated.
Which of these thinkers argues for pantheism? Select one: a. Pascal b. Spinoza c. Paley d. St. Anselm e. Rowe
b. Spinoza
Which of the following arguments both concludes that God exists and is based entirely on rational principles with no reference to empirical experience? Select one: a. The argument that compares God to a watchmaker. b. The argument that assumes that God is 'that than which none greater can be conceived'. c. The argument that says it's in your best interest to believe in God. d. None of the above.
b. The argument that assumes that God is 'that than which none greater can be conceived'.
What is the deductive problem of evil? Select one: a. The existence of evil in the world can be explained because all the pain and suffering will eventually generate an eternal harmony. b. The existence of evil in the world is logically incompatible with the existence of God. c. The existence of evil in the world is explained by humans being free to choose their actions. d. The existence of any evil in the world makes the existence of God unlikely.
b. The existence of evil in the world is logically incompatible with the existence of God.
According to Gould, why is Darwin's theory more important than Copernicus' theory? (Choose the most accurate answer.) Select one: a. The former is about our home, where we live. b. The former is about what and who we are; it's about human nature. c. The former is about biology, whereas the latter is about astronomy. d. The former involves more complicated facts.
b. The former is about what and who we are; it's about human nature.
The overall conclusion of Descartes' dreaming argument is that: Select one: a. We don't know anything about the dream world. b. We don't know anything about the external world. c. We are all dreaming right now. d. We live in a virtual reality. e. Both B and D.
b. We don't know anything about the external world.
Suppose Jane argues that because presidential candidate Y has a similar educational background as former president X, Y belongs to the same political party as X, and X was a good president, therefore Y will also be a good president. Which of the following claims would make this argument a stronger analogy? Select one: a. It is shown that whether X and Y have the same educational background is irrelevant. b. X and Y both voted against going to war in Iraq in 2003. c. X and Y are shown to have some dissimilarities. d. The conclusion is changed to be that Y will be one of the top 5 presidents of all time.
b. X and Y both voted against going to war in Iraq in 2003.
Plato's account of knowledge includes what conditions? Select one: a. facts, beliefs, and perceptions b. justification, truth, and belief c. evidence and truth d. virtual justification, truth, and belief e. belief and truth
b. justification, truth, and belief
What is the best way to diagram the argument consisting of statements (1) through (4) below? (1) Did you know that several states in the U.S. (such as Oregon and Washington) allow physician-assisted suicide (PAS)? (2) Laws allowing PAS represent an increase in the freedom of citizens. (3) PAS laws also represent a weakening of government control. Therefore, (4) these laws are good for society. Select one: a. (2) independently supports (3), and (3) independently supports (4). [Statement (1) is not part of the argument.] b. (3) independently supports (2), and (2) independently supports (4). [Statement (1) is not part of the argument.] c. (2) and (3) independently support (4). [Statement (1) is not part of the argument.] d. (2) and (3) conjointly support (4). [Statement (1) is not part of the argument.]
c. (2) and (3) independently support (4). [Statement (1) is not part of the argument.]
What image best captures the essence of evolution, according to "Big Thinkers on Evolution"? Select one: a. The image of earth from space. b. An image of a virus. c. The image of creatures transitioning from walking on four legs to walking upright on two legs. d. The DNA molecule. e. An image of young Darwin compared to a picture of old Darwin.
a. The image of earth from space.
Why does Berkeley conclude that there must be an Author of Nature? Select one: a. The master argument. b. The dreaming argument. c. An inference to the best explanation. d. Something must oppose the Evil Genius. e. A revelation from the Author of Nature.
a. The master argument.
Which of the following actions would a utilitarian recommend as morally right? Select one: a. Action 1, which creates 200 units of pleasure and 100 units of pain b. Action 2, which creates 300 units of pleasure and 150 units of pain c. Action 3, which creates 100 units of pleasure and 50 units of pain d. Action 4, which creates 500 units of pleasure and 500 units of pain e. Action 5, which creates 500 units of pleasure and 499 units of pain
b. Action 2, which creates 300 units of pleasure and 150 units of pain
What reasoning does Berkeley give that external, substantial objects do not exist? Select one: a. He claims that any perception you have of what appears to be an external object must be placed in you by an all-powerful mind. b. He claims that your idea of an external object must be an idea of an object that is not being perceived by anyone, which is contradictory given that you perceive it when you bring the image to mind. c. He claims that your mind is the creator of all things; therefore all things must be ideas, not external objects. d. Both a. and b.
b. He claims that your idea of an external object must be an idea of an object that is not being perceived by anyone, which is contradictory given that you perceive it when you bring the image to mind.
According to Mill's Utilitarian moral theory, which of the following most accurately and precisely characterizes what is intrinsically valuable? Select one: a. Good consequences. b. Intellectual pleasure. c. Intentions that tend to lead to maximum happiness. d. Fulfillment of the financial desires of the greatest number of people.
b. Intellectual pleasure.
Suppose a human being lacks episodic memory. This kind of case presents a problem for which thesis below? Select one: a. Parfit's bundle theory. b. Locke's theory of personal identity. c. Searle's 'Chinese Room' case. d. Aristotle's theory of the soul.
b. Locke's theory of personal identity.
Which of the following concepts constitutes the theoretical foundation of Nozick's entitlement theory? Select one: a. Fairness. b. Self-ownership. c. Virtue. d. Rectification. e. The Categorical Imperative.
b. Self-ownership.
Identify the name of the view stated. There is insufficient evidence concerning God's existence to draw a conclusion either way God is an all-powerful, all-knowing, all-good being. Multiple gods exist No god(s) exist(s) God is the entire universe.
Agnosticism, Classical Theism, Polytheism, Atheism, Pantheism
Philosophy can be plausibly described as: Select one: a. The attempt to understand reality, knowledge, value, and the like. b. The "mother ship" of all academic disciplines. c. The love of wisdom. d. All of the above. e. None of the above
All of the above.
Which of the following is not a conclusion indicator? Select one: a. Given that b. Accordingly c. Hence d. As a result e. Therefore
Given that
Recall that Paley supposes that, if the watch can replicate, this would surely increase our wonder and admiration for its design. This raises the idea that the present watch was made by a previous watch, and that one by a previous watch, and so on. Paley argues that if the present watch (call it W) was made by a previous watch (call it W2), then although W was not made directly by the watchmaker, we should still infer that a watchmaker was employed in the production at some point. Select one: True False
True
The No Choice Principle is used to argue against Compatibilism (i.e., the claim that free will and determinism can co-exist). Select one: True False
True
True or False: The following argument is valid. If it is possible that I am dreaming, then I do not know that the chair I am sitting on exists in the external world. It is possible that I am dreaming. Therefore, I do not know that the chair I am sitting on exists in the external world.
True
What is the best way to diagrammatically represent the argument consisting of statements (1) through (3) below? (1) Validity is an important principle of logic that everyone who cares about reasoning should understand, because (2) validity is crucial to forming reasonable arguments, and the reason for that is that (3) validity has to do with the structure of reasons within arguments. (You may want to draw the diagrams to better see all the different options.) Select one: a. (2) and (3) are conjoint premises supporting (1), the conclusion. b. (1) is a premise for (2), which is a premise for (3), the conclusion. c. (3) is an independent premise for (2), and (2) is an independent premise for (1), the conclusion. d. (2) and (3) are independent premises supporting (1), the conclusion. e. (3) is an independent premise for (1), and (1) is an independent premise for (2), the conclusion.
c. (3) is an independent premise for (2), and (2) is an independent premise for (1), the conclusion.
Suppose action A1 is the act of a starving, malnourished child eating a nutritious, filling meal. Suppose action A2 is the act of planning how to get the meal to the starving child identified above. According to Mill's intellectualized utilitarianism, which of the following statements is most accurate? Select one: a. A2 is ten times as valuable as A1. b. A1 and A2 are equally valuable. c. A1 and A2 are incomparable in value. d. A2 is twice as valuable as A1.
c. A1 and A2 are incomparable in value.
Which of the following kinds of things is most plausibly a socially constructed kind? Select one: a. DNA b. Fear c. Football games d. Hurricanes e. Solar flares
c. Football games
Is being 35 years old a necessary or a sufficient condition for being president of the United States? [Note: The U.S. Constitution does in fact state 35 years of age as a condition for the presidency.] Select one: a. Sufficient. b. Necessary and sufficient. c. Necessary. d. Neither necessary nor sufficient.
c. Necessary.
Which of the following is not a theodicy? Select one: a. Free will. b. Soul-building. c. Pascal's wager. d. Best possible world. e. Punishment.
c. Pascal's wager.
The point of Locke's Prince and the Cobbler thought experiment is to show that: Select one: a. Personal identity consists of the numerical identity of one's immaterial soul over time. b. Personal identity consists of the numerical identity of one's living brain over time. c. Personal identity consists of the continuity of one's consciousness, with memories to link conscious states at different times. d. Personal identity consists of the numerical identity of one's living body over time.
c. Personal identity consists of the continuity of one's consciousness, with memories to link conscious states at different times.
What is Bishop Berkeley trying to prove in the passage below? "We say one book, one page, one line; all these are equally units, though some contain several of the others. And in each instance it is plain, the unit relates to some particular combination of ideas arbitrarily put together by the mind" (G. Berkeley, Of the Principles of Human Knowledge). Select one: a. That shape is relative to the perceiver. b. That mathematics is created, not discovered. c. That number is relative to the perceiver. d. That the interpretation of books and their contents is relative to the perceiver.
c. That number is relative to the perceiver.
Consider this passage from Berkeley: "Suppose, what no one can deny possible, an intelligence, without the help of external bodies, to be affected with the same train of sensations or ideas that you are, imprinted in the same order and with the same vividness in his mind." Berkeley uses this thought experiment to specifically support which of the following claims? Select one: a. That our imaginations our very powerful and can deceive us. b. That we must be dreaming whatever sensations or ideas we currently have. c. That you don't know whether objects exist external to the mind, since this 'intelligence' has the very same reasons you have for believing that external objects exists. d. That it is impossible that external objects exist.
c. That you don't know whether objects exist external to the mind, since this 'intelligence' has the very same reasons you have for believing that external objects exists.
As a problem for the consciousness or memory theory of personal identity, the case of Susie McKinnon (described in the article by Erika Hayasaki) is most similar to which of these problems? Select one: a. The mind-body problem b. The Ship of Theseus c. The breakfast problem d. The split-brain scenario e. The branching problem
c. The breakfast problem
What is the difference principle, according to Rawls? Select one: a. The difference principle says that in any group of people, some of them will have higher moral worth. b. The difference principle says that individuals in society should have different constitutional rights. c. The difference principle says that any inequalities in society must be maximally beneficial to the least advantaged. d. The difference principle says that goods must be distributed randomly.
c. The difference principle says that any inequalities in society must be maximally beneficial to the least advantaged.
Suppose Samantha claims that "capital punishment is morally impermissible." According to the moral theory of Cultural Relativism, what makes Samantha's statement true? (Choose the answer that best characterizes Cultural Relativism.) Select one: a. The fact that capital punishment follows a divine command. b. The fact that capital punishment respects the humanity of the victim of the criminal who receives capital punishment. c. The fact that people in Samantha's culture sincerely believe her claim. d. The fact that capital punishment maximizes happiness.
c. The fact that people in Samantha's culture sincerely believe her claim.
How does Paley respond to the possibility that the watch arose because all its parts exemplify an inherent, natural principle of order, which disposes the parts "into their present form and situation"? Select one: a. We've known watch to be made this way. b. It is possible that an inherent, natural principle of order brought the watch into existence, but this is improbable. c. We don't know what a principle of order is other than one assigned by an intelligent designer. d. It is not possible that an inherent, natural principle of order brought the watch into existence.
c. We don't know what a principle of order is other than one assigned by an intelligent designer.
"Given that we want our society to make progress, we should seek both knowledge and wisdom." Assuming this conditional as the first premise of an argument, adding which of the following statements as a second premise would help form a valid argument? Select one: a. We do not want society to make progress. b. We should seek both knowledge and wisdom. c. We should not seek either knowledge or wisdom. d. Either a. or c. would help form a valid argument.
c. We should not seek either knowledge or wisdom.
What is the best way to diagrammatically represent the argument consisting of statements (1) through (3) below? (1) In basketball, if your favorite team has a great point guard (and she stays healthy), your team will qualify for the postseason. But (2) your team didn't qualify for the postseason. That's why (3) your favorite team doesn't have a great point guard. (You may want to draw the diagrams to better see all the different options.) Select one: a. (1) independently supporting (2), and then (2) independently supporting (3). [Arrow from (1) to (2), then from (2) to (3).] b. (1) and (3) conjointly supporting (2). c. (1) supporting (3). [(2) is not part of the argument.] d. (1) and (2) conjointly supporting (3). e. (1) and (2) independently supporting (3).
d. (1) and (2) conjointly supporting (3).
Which of the following argument forms is valid? ("X" and "Y" stand for any statements.) Select one: a. (P1) If X, then Y. (P2) Y. (C) Therefore, X. b. (P1) If X, then Y. (P2) Not X. (C) Therefore, Y. c. (P1) If X, then Y. (P2) Not X. (C) Therefore, not Y. d. (P1) If X, then Y. (P2) Not Y. (C) Therefore, not X.
d. (P1) If X, then Y. (P2) Not Y. (C) Therefore, not X.
In the Trolley Problem, in which of these specific cases should the Utilitarian conclude that you should take the action that saves a net 4 lives? Select one: a. The platform (backpacker) case. b. The switch case. c. The loop case. d. All of the above. e. Only a. and b.
d. All of the above.
Suppose that Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities is correct. Which of the following accurately lists the primary and secondary qualities of an orange (the fruit)? (The lists might not be exhaustive.) Select one: a. Its primary qualities include taste, extension, and shape, and its secondary qualities include weight and color. b. Its primary qualities and secondary qualities are exactly the same. c. Its primary qualities include bulk, extension, and number, and its secondary qualities include shape and color. d. Its primary qualities include bulk, extension, and number, and its secondary qualities include color and taste.
d. Its primary qualities include bulk, extension, and number, and its secondary qualities include color and taste.
Which of these statements best describes Descartes' views about knowledge? Select one: a. Knowledge comes from the senses. b. Knowledge comes from faith. c. Knowledge comes from tradition. d. Knowledge comes from reason.
d. Knowledge comes from reason.
According to one philosopher we discussed in class (Bertrand Russell), philosophy is a Select one: a. No Man's Land between subjectivity and objectivity. b. wasteland of despair and uncertainty. c. No Man's Land between knowledge and opinion. d. No Man's Land between science and theology.
d. No Man's Land between science and theology.
What is the most general claim Locke is trying to prove in the passage below? "For, if we imagine warmth, as it is in our hands, to be nothing but a certain sort and degree of motion in the minute particles of our nerves or animal spirits, we may understand how it is possible that the same water may, at the same time, produce the sensations of heat in one hand and cold in the other; which yet figure never does, that never producing the idea of a square by one hand which has produced the idea of a globe by another. But if the sensation of heat and cold be nothing but the increase or diminution of the motion of the minute parts of our bodies, caused by the corpuscles of any other body, it is easy to be understood, that if that motion be greater in one hand than in the other; if a body be applied to the two hands, which has in its minute particles a greater motion than in those of one of the hands, and a less than in those of the other, it will increase the motion of the one hand and lessen it in the other; and so cause the different sensations of heat and cold that depend thereon" (J. Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding). Select one: a. That the sensation of heat and cold are primary qualities. b. That particles in our nerves respond to particles in bodies we touch. c. That water can be both hot and cold at the same time. d. That there is a distinction between primary and secondary qualities. e. That one of your hands can be cold at the same time that one of your hands can be hot.
d. That there is a distinction between primary and secondary qualities.
What should be the conclusion of this passage? "But though we might possibly have all our sensations without them, yet perhaps it may be thought easier to conceive and explain the manner of their production, by supposing external bodies in their likeness rather than otherwise; and so it might be at least probable there are such things as bodies that excite their ideas in our minds. But neither can this be said; for though we give the materialists their external bodies, they by their own confession are never the nearer knowing how our ideas are produced; since they own themselves unable to comprehend in what manner body can act upon spirit, or how it is possible it should imprint any idea in the mind" (G. Berkeley, On the Principles of Human Knowledge). Select one: a. That spirit receives ideas from impressions by material bodies. b. That spirit and material bodies cannot interact. c. That spirit contains ideas, and the external world contains bodies. d. That we don't know how spirit and material bodies interact.
d. That we don't know how spirit and material bodies interact.
Given that we have involuntary ideas, that some objects cause pain or pleasure, and that our senses sometimes confirm each other's reports (e.g., the eyes see an object and the nose smells it too), Locke concludes which of the following? Select one: a. The best explanation of these phenomena is that they are caused by an all-powerful mind. b. The best explanation of these phenomena is that they are caused by our own minds. c. The best explanation of these phenomena is that they are caused by our dreams. d. The best explanation of these phenomena is that they are caused by external objects.
d. The best explanation of these phenomena is that they are caused by external objects.
According to Nozick's entitlement theory of justice, a situation is just if and only if everyone is entitled to their holdings through justified acquisition and justified transfer, plus Select one: a. all social and economic principles have been chosen from the original position b. all injustices have been deemed acceptable by people behind a veil of ignorance. c. any unjust acquisitions or transfers have been placed in their original positions. d. any injustices have been rectified.
d. any injustices have been rectified.
Suppose that a murderer, M, comes to the door of Jack's house. M asks Jack if Sasha (who fears M wants to kill her) is hiding in Jack's house. Suppose Sasha is, in fact, hiding in Jack's house. According to Aristotle's virtue theory of morality, Jack should Select one: a. do the action that will produce the most total happiness in the world. b. do the action that is most rational to do. c. do the action that Jack's culture approves of as virtuous. d. do the action that a virtuous agent is disposed to do.
d. do the action that a virtuous agent is disposed to do.
Identify the claim that most clearly represents a fundamental difference in the theories of Mill and Kant: Select one: a. whether charity is right. b. whether virtue is central to doing the right thing. c. whether you should pull the switch in the "switch case" of the trolley problem. d. whether consequences or intentions are most important in determining right actions. e. whether the focus of a moral theory should be on "right action" or "good character".
d. whether consequences or intentions are most important in determining right actions.
Which of the following statements best describes arguments by analogy? Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive c. Valid or invalid d. Strong or weak e. Both a. and d.
e. Both a. and d.
The split-brain cases support whose theory of personal identity? Select one: a. Descartes. b. Buddha. c. Parfit. d. Locke. e. Both b. and c.
e. Both b. and c.
Which of the following statements describe claims that Paley does NOT discuss in assessing the watch analogy? Select one: a. The watch is found to replicate itself. b. The watch might have come to exist because of an inherent principle of order in nature. c. The watch is found to operate via an internal power source. d. The watch is found to be qualitatively identical to another watch. e. Both c. and d.
e. Both c. and d.
What's wrong with the claim that evolution is "only a theory"? Select one: a. Evolutionary theory provides an alternative explanation to the argument from design (teleological argument). b. Evolution is a theory in a trivial sense. c. Evolutionary theory was proposed by Darwin over 150 years ago. d. Evolution is not a theory, but a hypothesis. e. Evolution is a very well-confirmed theory.
e. Evolution is a very well-confirmed theory.
Which premise should be filled in for (P3) in the argument below to make the argument valid? (P1) If Jacque knows that he is in his biology classroom, then knowledge of the external world is possible. (P2) Jacque knows that he is in his biology classroom. (C1) Thus, knowledge of the external world is possible. (P3) (C2) Cartesian skepticism is false. Select one: a. If knowledge of the external world is possible, but Jacque is not in his biology classroom, then Cartesian skepticism is false. b. Jacque's doubts about Cartesian skepticism give him good reason to believe that Cartesian skepticism his false. c. Cartesian skepticism is probably false, if knowledge of the external world is possible for Jacque. d. Knowledge of the external world is possible, assuming that objects exist independently of the mind. e. If knowledge of the external world is possible, then Cartesian skepticism is false.
e. If knowledge of the external world is possible, then Cartesian skepticism is false.
What is the best way to respond to a slippery slope? Select one: a. Show how the slippery slope commits a formal fallacy. b. Beg the question. c. Show how the supposed slippery slope is not actually slippery. d. Point out the false cause associated with the start of the slippery slope. e. Point out a weakness in the chain of hypothetical events leading from the initial action to the unacceptable concluding action.
e. Point out a weakness in the chain of hypothetical events leading from the initial action to the unacceptable concluding action.
Match the idea to the name of the theory. - All events are determined by prior events + laws. - Determinism and free will can go together. - Some human actions are not determined, but humans don't have free will. - Humans are agent-causes of some of their actions.
hard determinism, compatibilism, indeterminism, libertarianism