PHI 240 Final
The principle of universalizability states that you should
act only according to maxims that are universalizable
The Greatest Happiness Principle holds that
actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
Mill claims that the corollaries of the principle of utility
admit of indefinite improvement
Which of the following actions would Mill categorize as right?
all of the above
Which of the following does Appiah cite as a problematic feature of feedlots in the United States?
all of the above overcrowding antibiotic use accumulation of animal waste
According to Hobbes, what is the principal cause of conflict in the state of nature?
all of the above competition, diffidence, glory
Appiah cites which of the following problematic environmental practices?
all of the above; deforestation, wetland destruction, overfishing
How do virtuous people differ from vicious people? a. In their thoughts b. In their perceptions c. In their behavior d. All of these
all of these
One common objection to virtue ethics is that: a. it is too demanding. b. it does not give adequate guidance about what we should do. c. all of these. d. it does not provide a way of determining who our role models should be.
all of these
Marquis thinks that abortion is
almost always impermissible
Hobbes thinks that people's voluntary actions are
always done out of self-interest
A categorical imperative is a requirement of reason that
applies to us regardless of our desires
According to Kant, actions have moral worth only if they
are done from duty
How does Mill understand "happiness"?
as pleasure and the absence of pain
Why does Hobbes think that we should seek peace?
because it is in our own self-interest
What is Hobbes's definition of injustice?
breaking a contract
According to utilitarian Jeremy Bentham, what is the relevant question for determining membership in the moral community?
can they suffer?
According to Hobbes, moral obligations arise from
contracts
According to Aristotle, the ultimate good is
eudaimonia
According to the UNC Writing Center's Handout on Plagiarism, there is no need to cite your source if you changed the words used by the author into synonyms.
false
According to the UNC Writing Center's Handout on Plagiarism, you do not need to cite your source if you mention the author's name in the sentence.
false
In the Crash Course Philosophy Video, "Utilitarianism", Hank Green states that the theory originated with Jeremy Bentham
false
In the Crash Course Video Hank Green discusses Bernard Williams' thought experiment about killing one to save 19. The conclusion is, sometimes you need to get your hands dirty and do what needs to be done even if it involves killing an innocent person.
false
In the Crash Course video, "Utilitarianism", Hank Green confirms that Utilitarianism is a form of egoism.
false
According to Chris Surprenant, Immanuel Kant states that the worst punishment a person would receive is
feeling worthless and contemptible in their own eyes
Kant claims that while we have a duty to preserve our own lives most people don't act
from this duty
According to Kant's theory, non-human animals
have no moral rights
In the Michael Sandel "Justice" Video, Professor Sandel relates a story about a study done by Phillip Morris in the Czech Republic. The study
here was a net benefit not only from sales, but from premature deaths due to smoking
According to Hobbes, life in the absence of a government would be
horrible
Dann Ariely, in the Hidden Brain piece, said he was grateful to the doctor who lied to him because
if he had known how painful the removal of the pins had been, it would have been worse
Mill argues that utilitarianism __________ the existence of God.
is consistent with
An optimific social rule is a rule which
is optimific when nearly everyone follows it
Marquis claims that killing is wrong primarily because
it deprives the victim of a future of value
In Michael Sandel Justice video, he points to the two main objections to utilitarianism. These are:
it doesn't respect the rights of the minority and it isn't possible to calculate what's valuable into monetary terms
The fool is someone who claims that
it is sometimes rational to break our covenants
Consequentialism states that an action is right if and only if
it maximizes the amount of goodness in the world
In the Michael Sandel "Justice" Video, Professor Sandel relates a story about a cost-benefit analysis done by Ford on the Pinto. The analysis showed
it was cheaper not to repair the defect in the cars, so they didn't
In the case of the violinist, Thomson thinks
it would be nice of you to remain attached, but you are not obligated to do so.
What does appiah cite as the main challenge for keeping aging parents closer to their children?
jobs outside the home
Paternalism is
limiting the liberty of others for their own good
Appiah points out that more than half of prisoners in the United States are
non-violent offenders
According to Mill, to be virtuous, a person must always
none of the above
According to mill, to be virtuous, a person must always
none of the above
Under what circumstances does Hobbes think that people act for reasons other than self-interest?
none of the above
Utilitarianism allows that we may count one person's interests as more important than the interests of others if
none of the above
According to Kant, virtuous character traits are
none of the above intrinsically good, always good and desirable, not good at all
Mill maintains that, in the long run, the best proof of a good character is
performing good actions
According to Mill, which of the following are desirable as ends?
pleasure, freedom from pain
Hobbes claims that nature has made people roughly equal in all of the following except
scientific knowledge
Mill claims that secondary moral principles
sometimes conflict
Mill maintains that the business of ethics is to
tell us what our duties are
A "transgenerational obligation" is an obligation
that one generation has to another
According to Hobbes, what is needed to ensure that a contract is followed?
that there be some power to force contracting parties to follow it
According to Appiah, defenders of the U.S. prison system usually cite which of the following considerations in their defense?
the administrative difficulty of reform
According to utilitarianism, the motive behind an action is relevant to
the agent who performs the action
According to Kant, the only thing that is valuable in all circumstances is
the good will
On Mill's view, whose happiness is relevant for determining right conduct?
the happiness of all concerned
Hobbes claims that the nature of war consists in
the lack of assurance of peace
According to the WiPhi video "The Utility Monster Objection", The Diminishing Marginal Utility of Wealth states that:
the more resources we have, the less impact resources have on us
In order to determine what people deserve, Kant recommended that we consult
the principle of lex talionis
What was Thomas Hobbes's term for a condition in which there is no government to maintain order?
the state of nature
Kant believed that humans have dignity by virtue of
their rationality and autonomy
According to Hobbes, in the state of nature
there is no justice or injustice
The purpose of Rawl's veil of ignorance is
to ensure that the choices of the contractors are fair
According to Mill, what is the function of secondary moral principles?
to guide decisions via intermediate generalizations
Rather than arguing in moral terms, defenders of the practices Appiah discusses appeal to what instead?
tradition or human nature
Treating someone as a means is to
treat her as a way to help you achieve your goal
Treating someone as an end is to
treat her with the respect she deserves
According to the UNC Writing Center Handout on Plagiarism, "Paraphrasing does NOT mean changing a word or two in someone else's sentence, changing the sentence structure while maintaining the original words, or changing a few words to synonyms."
true
According to the UNC Writing Center's Handout on Plagiarism, you need to cite your source even if you put all direct quotes in quotation marks.
true
In the Michael Sandel "Justice" Video, Professor Sandel explains Mill's test for how to determinine if an experience is a higher or lower pleasure. What is this test?
try both! you will always prefer the higher pleasure
According to Appiah, people who eat factory-farmed animals typically
try not to think too much about what they're doing
Mill argues that, according to the utilitarian doctrine, lying is
usually morally impermissible
According to Mill, when should the first principles of morality be appealed to in decision-making?
when secondary principles conflict
Thomson claims that no one has the right to the use of your body unless
you grant him the right to it
Why does Marquis reject the claim that one's future is valuable only if one values it?
Because this cannot account for the fact that a suicidal young person might have a valuable future
What is supererogation?
Doing something that is admirable and praiseworthy but not morally required
How does Kant describe the prudent shopkeeper?
He acts in accordance with duty but not necessarily from duty
Which of the following does Marquis think is a consequence of his theory?
If a nonhuman animal has a future like ours, then it is wrong to kill it.
Under these conditions will Ms. Hare accept late work.
The student notifies Ms. Hare that they will not be able to complete the assignment on time due to qualifying reason AND Ms. Hare and the student work to come to an agreed-upon deadline.
What did Hobbes think is the only way to escape from the condition in which there is no government to maintain order?
To mutually agree on a set of rules for social cooperation
According to the Wireless Philosophy Video, "Utilititarianism #1", the theory of Utilititarianism can be broken into two pieces. These two pieces are:
What is valuable + the theory of right action
Prisoner's dilemmas are
a kind of situation which occurs often in the real world
What is a molar exemplar?
a person who serves as a role model
What is the law of nature, according to Hobbes?
a rational principle that allows people to effectively pursue their own self-interest
According to Thomson, the right to life is
a right not to be killed unjustly
What is the state of nature?
a situation in which there are no laws of government
As of Appiah's writing, how many elderly people in the United States are housed in nursing homes?
2 million
What is a categorical imperative, according to Kant?
A command of reason that does not depend on our desires
What claim does Thomson assume for the sake of argument?
A fetus is a person from the moment of conception
What is a decision procedure in ethics?
A method for making moral decisions.
What is a tragic dilemma?
A situation in which a good person's life will be ruined, no matter what she does.
What is a slippery slope argument?
An argument that states that if we accept some particular behavior, we must accept another sort of behavior as well
What is Rawls's veil of ignorance?
An imaginary device for ensuring that contractors make fair choices
A classmate states something in a forum or in class that conflicts with one of your most deeply held beliefs. You actually feel a little angry reading/hearing the words your classmate have written. An appropriate response to your classmate is:
Any and all of these responses are appropriate responses
What is a maxim in Kant's terminology?
Any principle upon which one bases one's action
In the Michael Sandel "Justice" Video, Professor Sandel points to the two main objections to Utilitariainism. These are:
It doesn't respect the rights of the minority and it isn't possible to calculate what's valuable into monetary terms
What does it mean to say a policy is optimific?
It yields the greatest balance of benefits over drawbacks
Please match the terms and people associated with Utilitarianism with their definitions. There are two more definitions than terms.
Says that an act is morally right just because it produces the best actual or expected results. -act utilitarianism Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness -the greatest happiness principle An English philosopher and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. Body on display at the University College of London. -jeremy bentham Would you sacrifice one life to save five? -the trolley problem The normative ethical theory that says that actions are morally right just because they maximize self-interest. -ethical egoism The view that pleasure is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable, and pain (or unhappiness) is the only thing that is intrinsically bad. -hedonism Educated by his father and by Jeremy Bentham. Studied Greek, Latin, Economics and Logic. Suffered a nervous breakdown at 20. Wrote Utilitarianism. -J.S. Mill Says that actions are morally right just because they would be required by an optimific social rule. -rule utilitarianism Modern Utilitarianism can trace its roots back to this ancient Greek Philosopher -epicurus Relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. -egalitarian
What is the case of the burglar supposed to show?
That abortion is morally permissible only in the case of failed contraception