PHIL1301 TEST 3

Several philosophers have argued that the notion of a God assigning a purpose to humans should be objectionable to believers and nonbelievers alike. Among them are __________. a. Julian Baggini b. Leo Tolstoy c. Arthur Schopenhauer d. Paul Edwards

a. Julian Baggini

According to __________, the wretchedness of existence is proof life has no meaning. a. Schopenhauer b. Tolstoy c. Baggini d. Edwards

a. Schopenhauer

Heidegger asserts Dasein "is __________." a. a being for whom being is an issue b. synonymous with the individual c. humanity d. the explanation of being

a. a being for whom being is an issue

As things get worse, the workers become __________. a. alienated b. disgusted c. disillusioned d. preoccupied

a. alienated

According to Sartre, the existentialist "thinks it very distressing that God __________." a. exists b. does not exist c. creates morality d. does not create morality

a. exists

According to Hegel, a historical starting point is the__________ stage of the repeating pattern of development that history embodies. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth

a. first

Both master and slave moralists define themselves as __________. a. good b. evil c. true d. religious

a. good

Contemporary philosopher Julian Baggini claims that pessimists are guilty of __________. a. mixing up the two senses of meaning, internal and external b. not realizing that God does not exist c. failing to see the value in life generated by God's love d. thinking that meaning is internally generated

a. mixing up the two senses of meaning, internal and external

The means of production include __________. a. property b. religious iconography c. assembly lines d. attitudes

a. property

Rawls's second principle of justice concerns __________. a. social and economic goods such as income, wealth, opportunities, and positions of authority b. political goods such as redistricting, campaign finance, and multiple political parties c. moral goods, such as justice and virtue d. educational goods, such as free public education

a. social and economic goods such as income, wealth, opportunities, and positions of authority

Rawls's view is a kind of __________. a. social contract theory b. socialism c. libertarianism d. polytheism

a. social contract theory

Kierkegaard claims that __________ is the truth. a. subjectivity b. objectivity c. relativism d. absolutism

a. subjectivity

Rawls's hypothetical starting point is the __________. a. "veil of ignorance" b. "original position" c. "principles of justice" d. "principles of self-interest

b. "original position"

__________ idea is called cosmopolitanism. a. Rawls's b. Appiah's c. Nussbaum's d. Wittgenstein's

b. Appiah's

__________ is the political and economic doctrine that the means of production should be owned or controlled by the people, either communally or through the state. a. Communism b. Socialism c. Capitalism d. Despotism

b. Socialism

__________ once thought, "My life is a stupid, mean trick played on me by somebody." a. Schopenhauer b. Tolstoy c. Baggini d. Edwards

b. Tolstoy

Sartre asserts, "We are condemned to __________." a. believe b. be free c. our fate d. die

b. be free

Rawls's first principle of justice is known as the __________ principle. a. liberty b. equal liberty c. welfare d. veil of ignorance

b. equal liberty

Rawls thinks that __________ persons would accept the principles of justice. a. coerced but self-interested b. free and rational c. rational d. selfish and rational

b. free and rational

The meaning or purpose that humans give to themselves is called __________ meaning. a. external b. internal c. religious d. biological

b. internal

Albert Camus declared, "Judging whether __________ amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy." a. there is a God b. life is or is not worth living c. knowledge is possible d. morality is real

b. life is or is not worth living

The will to power is, according to Nietzsche, the fundamental __________. a. drive to succeed in life b. nature of existence as a drive to control and dominate c. nature of the animal world d. principle of divinity

b. nature of existence as a drive to control and dominate

According to Derrida, meaning is __________. a. fixed b. not fixed c. subjective d. objective

b. not fixed

Marx divides society into those who __________ property, and those who __________. a. lease; sell it b. own; do not c. want; buy it d. sell; buy it

b. own; do not

The __________ theory of meaning is the view that the logical structures of language mirror the structures of the world. a. image b. picture c. scientific d. religious

b. picture

According to Hegel, history reflects increasing __________. a. perception b. rationality c. empirical accomplishments d. political unrest

b. rationality

In existentialism, absurdity is a sense of meaningless and irrationality in the world arising from __________. a. our freedom b. the conflict between our need for meaning and an indifferent universe c. abandonment by God d. secularism

b. the conflict between our need for meaning and an indifferent universe

According to __________, it does not follow from the rejection of an externalist view of meaning that life has no meaning at all. a. Schopenhauer b. Tolstoy c. Baggini d. Edwards

c. Baggini

__________ is Heidegger's central concept in the discussion of being. a. Projection b. Fallenness c. Dasein d. Authenticity

c. Dasein

__________ consists of three stages. a. Panthetism b. Panentheism c. Dialectic d. Epistemology

c. Dialectic

__________ is what Hegel calls the repeating pattern of development that history embodies. a. Panthetism b. Panentheism c. Dialectic d. Epistemology

c. Dialectic

For __________, the question of being is a question of existence itself. a. Kierkegaard b. Nietzsche c. Heidegger d. Sartre

c. Heidegger

__________ is the doctrine that emphasizes personal freedoms and the right to pursue one's own social and economic well-being in a free market without interference from others. a. Liberalism b. Socialism c. Libertarianism d. Marxism

c. Libertarianism

__________ is one way Hegel defines "individual, finite consciousness." a. Consciousness b. Perception c. Spirit d. Matter

c. Spirit

Edwards proposes two ways to think about meaning: someone having __________. a. a fervent religious faith and a place in a religious community to support it b. an atheistic view of life and the concomitant belief that one is entirely alone in the universe c. an overall goal or goals, and a passion in pursuing that goal that would not be present without it d. a stoical outlook on life and a firm grasp of scientific knowledge

c. an overall goal or goals, and a passion in pursuing that goal that would not be present without it

Existentialism is a term __________. a. applied to a movement in philosophy that began with Kierkegaard and ended with Sartre b. applied to a school of thought started by Jean-Paul Sartre c. applied to different philosophies that share themes about the individual d. that expresses a uniquely German philosophy

c. applied to different philosophies that share themes about the individual

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argues that life is __________. a. meaningful, even if it is hard, and so is worth living b. meaningful because God exists, and so is worth living c. bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence d. bereft of meaning, and so God is not all good

c. bereft of meaning, and so nonexistence would be better than existence

Derrida is credited with developing the philosophical method known as __________. a. functionalism b. language-games c. deconstruction d. phenomenology

c. deconstruction

All but __________ are main existentialist themes. a. individualism and subjectivity b. freedom and responsibility c. epistemology and metaphysics d. anguish and absurdity

c. epistemology and metaphysics

Nussbaum's argument for tolerance rests on the __________ principle. a. tolerance b. equity c. equal-respect d. obligation

c. equal-respect

Rawls asserts that, although economic inequalities are allowed, __________. a. they are not optimal in an ideal society b. people must be careful in determining when and how these inequalities occur c. everyone should at least have an equal opportunity to acquire them d. at least some people should at least have an equal opportunity to acquire them

c. everyone should at least have an equal opportunity to acquire them

A __________ is a pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity. a. language-setup b. language-investigation c. language-game d. riddle

c. language-game

For the atheistic internalist, meaning is found in __________. a. the varieties of religious experience b. the structure of the universe c. life (i.e., one's goals, purposes, and concerns) d. biology

c. life (i.e., one's goals, purposes, and concerns)

According to Derrida, __________ is the preoccupation with truth, logic, and rationality that characterizes the Western tradition. a. religion b. sociology c. logocentrism d. psychology

c. logocentrism

Kierkegaard laments that society has replaced individuals with __________. a. religious devotion b. workers c. people who have "forgotten what it means to exist" d. "automatons"

c. people who have "forgotten what it means to exist"

Nietzsche thinks that all human struggle is a reflection of __________. a. master morality b. slave morality c. the will to power d. the overman

c. the will to power

According to Hegel, a new situation is the __________ stage of the repeating pattern of development that history embodies. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth

c. third

Nussbaum's proposed approach combines all but __________ as an ingredient. a. "a systematic cultivation of the ʻinner eyes,' the imaginative capacity that makes it possible for us to see how the world looks from the point of view of a person different in religion or ethnicity" b. "rigorous critical thinking that ferrets out and criticizes inconsistencies" c. "political principles expressing equal respect for all citizens" d. "a specific religious view that underpins one's approach to dialogue"

d. "a specific religious view that underpins one's approach to dialogue"

The core of Hegel's system is a kind of __________. a. relative realism b. relative idealism c. absolute realism d. absolute idealism

d. absolute idealism

According to Marx, three features of workers' lives in capitalist societies are __________. a. alienation, depression, and obscurity b. oppression, depression, and exploitation c. obscurity, oppression, and exploitation d. alienation, oppression, and exploitation

d. alienation, oppression, and exploitation

Marx calls the pattern of opposition the __________. a. capitalists b. bourgeoisie c. proletariat d. class struggle

d. class struggle

Marx applied Hegel's __________ to the material conditions of society. a. metaphysics b. pantineism c. panantheism d. dialectic

d. dialectic

Sartre thinks our freedom means we have no __________. a. knowledge b. Direction c. happiness d. excuses

d. excuses

Optimists agree that __________. a. life is not meaningful b. only humans can make life meaningful c. only God can make life meaningful d. life is meaningful

d. life is meaningful

A pessimist is also called a(n)__________. a. fundamentalist b. extremist c. conformist d. nihilist

d. nihilist

Religious optimists think that people have a purpose __________. a. generated by following religious practices b. preordained by empirical facts c. generated by their own freedom d. preordained by God

d. preordained by God

Members of the __________ serve as workers in the capitalist system. a. elitist class b. bourgeoisie c. superior class d. proletariat

d. proletariat

Sartre claims that human beings are __________. a. superficially free b. at least sometimes free c. nominally free d. radically free

d. radically free

All but __________ are instances of the pattern of social activity in which words play a crucial role and derive their meaning from how they are used in the activity. a. making up a story b. making a joke c. reporting an event d. stream of consciousness

d. stream of consciousness

Perhaps the main impediment to clear thinking about life's meaning is confusion about __________. a. which religious belief has the most accurate presentation of meaning b. what style of philosophy best answers the question about life's meaning c. how to ask the correct question concerning life's meaning d. what meaning refers to

d. what meaning refers to