Philosophy 110 Ch. 3, intro to phil hales bloomu final review
Teleological argument (a.k.a. the argument from design)
One of the traditional arguments for God's existence. According to this argument, God exists because his existence best explains the complexity and order of the universe.
Divine foreknowledge argument
The argument that there is no free will because God's infallible knowledge of the future precludes free choice.
According to Descartes, the mind is
A mental substance. It doesn't occupy a portion of space and it's also unphysical. Since you are your mind, according to Descartes, you aren't a physical thing either.
Ethical Egoism
Everyone should always act in his or her own self-interest. -own code or behavior
Moral Relativism
The truth of moral claims and which values people should adopt vary across cultures divided by times and places. What is morally permissible in one culture may be morally wrong in another culture.
Objection 3: Alternative scientific explanations
there is legit science supporting the big bang theroy (on a side note, personally i do not support the big bang theory, but thats just my opinion
principals of equal treatment
two people should be treated in the same way unless there is a relevant difference between them.
According to Simpson's Paradox,
utilitarians may be morally obligated to make everyone alive less happy
Agnostics
withheld judgment about the existence of God
In the Cosmological Argument
-Everything is caused by something prior in the casual chain-There is a first cause
According to behaviorism, the mind is
Observable public property.
Agent Causation is an attempt to
Show that we have free will because our choices are free
A defender of the problem of evil argument can concede that moral evils are the result of people freely choosing to act immorally but still ask
why didn't God intervene to prevent the Holocaust anyway?
The main problem with the view that morality is just acting on your principles is
you could have wicked principles
Paley argues that if you found a watch in the woods
you could tell that the watch, unlike the rocks, was designed and made
Paley argues that if you found a watch in the woods
According to Paley
Explaination for believe, or confidence
Faith
Plato argued that
The gods love all good things because those things are good
If compatibilist freedom requires the ability to act on yourdesires, then anobjection
There's too little freedom because you can't have most of the things you desire
object one to divine foreknowledge -atheism and agnosticism
god is not omisent bc he punished people for doing wrong If he knew before why would he punish them?
Bentham thought that
push-pin is as good as poetry, provided the quantity of pleasure is the same
Edwin Hubble
research proved universe still expanding; proved galaxies exist outside of the milky way; classification system for galaxies; hubble telescope named after him
In Paley's presentation of the Argument from Design, he argued that the universe is analogous to a
watch
Phycological Egoism
everyone ALWAYS acts in his or her own self-interests
objection 2 to divine foreknowledge Aristotle answer
- Aristotle insisted that there are no facts about the future -makes divine knowledge false -God does know everything knowable, but there are no truths to the future
One reason to suppose that even moral evils are really GOd's fault is
God irresponsibly created and set loose violent people, knowing the damage they would probably cause
Cosmological argument for the existence of God
There must be a god bc of what we observe and the existence around us
One formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative is
Treat others as ends in themselves and never merely as means to your own ends
Descriptive relativism is the view that
beliefs about morality and the values people possess vary across cultures
descriptive relatiivism
beliefs about morality and the values people possess vary across cultures divided by times and places
Another objection to utilitarianism is
for utilitarians, we have no stronger duties to friends and family than we do to strangers
According to hedonism
happiness is the highest good
According to Pascal
if god exists and you wager that he does, then you win big
According to Kant, the principle of action "promise to achieve your own advantage even when you know you cannot keep the promise" violates the Categorical Imperative because
if the principle were a universal law of nature, promising would become impossible
Objection 2: Problem of the Attributes
if there is a random cause it dont mean its god.
An example of a hypothetical imperative is
if you are planning to pass the test, then you should study if you're going to drink, then don't drive if you can't make our meeting, be sure to call if you're planning to read Kant, then drink lots of coffee first
Objection 3: Existence is not a property
if you have a girlfriend but she doesnt accually existence you dont really have a girlfriend, do you?
An objection to virtue ethics is
if you have to look at the consequences of action to see which treats are virtuous, then virtue ethics is just a disguised form of utilitarianism
There is no way to prove the religious part is true just because the historical part is true
problem with da above argument
Mill argued that in addition to maximizing the quantity of pleasures, utilitarians should also be concerned with
promoting higher quality pleasures
the case of private ross mcginnis demonstrates that
psychological egoism is false genuine altruism is possible people can act so that the benefits they receive are less than the value of their action for others jumping on grenades is unhealthy
The stock market prediction scam
s and example of an unintelligent process that gives rise to order
Divine command theory
says that morality is essentially connected to religion
ccording to Kant, the principle of action "act selfishly" violates the Categorical Imperative because
you couldn't consistently will it to be a universal law of nature -- you would want help in time of need
According to experimental psychology,
situations are more predictive of behavior than character "character" is just a story we tell about people after they act in certain ways appeal to character does not adequately explain people's actions
According to Kant, the principle of action "act selfishly" violates the Categorical Imperative because
you couldn't consistently will it to be a universal law of nature -- you would want help in time of need
92%
What percent of Americans believe in the existence of God
According to Plato,
morality is logically separate from religion
There are two notions of free will discussed in the text. They are
Libertarian free will vs compatibilist free will
What percent of Americans believe in the existence of God
92%
Assume they are divinely inspired
one way to treat scripture
Another objection to virtue ethics is
the virtues can conflict with each other
according to ethical egoism,
your only moral duties are to advance your own interests
Atheists
judge that there is no God
omnipotence
all-powerful
Ontological Argument version
1. God either exists in the mind alone or in both reality and the mind 2. God is the greatest possible being 3. It's greater to exist in reality than in the mind 4. So God exists in reality and not just the mind
Searle's Chinese Room argument is designed to show that
A computer might run a program so that, from outside, it looks as if it understands questions and it can give correct and cogent answer, but it does not show that it has any awareness of what it is doing.
Cosmological Argument
An argument for the existence of a First Cause (or instead, an Uncaused cause) to the universe.
Teleological Arugment
Design or Intelligent Design. A creation must have a creator.
Compatibilism is the thesis that
Determinism and free will are compatible
Ontological argument
One of the traditional arguments for God's existence. It relies on the idea that since God is the most perfect being imaginable, and it is more perfect to exist than not exist, to imagine God at all is to concede his existence.
The Magic Objection to the agent causation theory of free will claims that
Our actions are caused by outside forces
Another objection to Pascal's Wager is that the argument
Pascal assumes loads of Christian theology without arguing for it
Descartes argued that reality had two kinds of substances in it. They are
Physical Substances: they are regular physical, material, the domain of scientific investigation. Your body is an example. Mental substances are ideas, thoughts and sensation. Your mind is a mental substance.
The digger wasp
Psychologically behaves the same way so no free will
A reason to reject global determinism is
Quantum physics is random
Natural Theology
The knowledge we can have about God and his attributes simply through using reason, apart from revelation.
According to the regress of reasons for acting argument,
There is no free will because your desires and beliefs are formed out of your control
The other minds objection to substance dualism is
We don't know anything about the minds of other people. We know about common mental states by observing other's behaviors. However, since you don't know how minds of other people work, the behavior can not serve as a proof for mental states.
The stock market prediction scam
is and example of an unintelligent process that gives rise to order
If you assume that a religious scripture is divinely inspired, then
it cannot serve as evidence of God's existence, since you have already presupposed that God exists
omnipresent
present everywhere at the same time
The subjectivity of experience objection to the mind-brain identity theory
tells us that experience are subjective. This theory fails to capture the most essential fact about our mental lives, namely that they have a feeling to them, a quality that brain events do not.
In the Felicific Calculus, the fecundity of a pleasure or pain is
the chance it has to be followed by the same type of sensation
nonexistence
the greatest possible handicap ( playing tennis with that dude)
Golden Rule
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
Faith again (lol sorry i repeated it)
Evidence without reason
Aristotle's way out of the divine foreknowledge problem is
God doesn't know the future because it hasn't happened
According to the argument from religious pluralism
-if you had been born and raised in a different culture, you would believe in different gods than what you currently believe in -you have no more reason to prefer your god over those other gods -it is inconsistent to believe that thousands of other gods are fake and your alone is real when you have no reason for the preference -you should believe that all gods are phony
St. Anselm of Canterbury argued that
-a read God is more perfect than an imaginary God-the concept of God is that of the most perfect being imaginable
In the Cosmological Argument
-Everything is caused by something prior in the casual chain -There is a first cause
St. Anselm of Canterbury argued that
-a read God is more perfect than an imaginary God -the concept of God is that of the most perfect being imaginable
An objection to the Design Argument is
-that we have no reason to believe that the designer is omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent -there might be more that one designer -God is supposed to be the source of all order, but then nothing explains the orderliness and complexity of God -There are competing scientific theories, like evolution through natural selection, that explains how order can arise without appealing to a designer
Argument Supporting the Exsitence of God
1 . Most of the claims in the bible can be proven true by historical study. 2. If historical claims are true, religious claims must be true 3. Therefore religious claims are probably true
One objection to mind/body dualism is
A key premise of an argument for dualism is that if you can conceive something, that thing is possible. However, you can be conceive impossible things, conceivability is not a good guid for probability.
Objection 1: Inconsistency
A random begining does not demand there is a God
According to the functionalism, your mind is like
A software.
Kant's other formulation of the Categorical Imperative is
Act only according to those principles that you can will to be a universal law
According to contemporary neuroscientists and psychologists like Libet and Wegner,
All our actions are subconscious
Divine Command Theory
An act is morally required just because it is commanded by God, and immoral just because God forbids it. two options, -God made things good and bad or -God loves and hates things because they were already bad or good and acts as a perfect ethical thermometer(plato supported this) correct one
The Problem of the Attributes for the Cosmological Argument is
Aquinas gives no reasons to believe that the first cause i.e. omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent
Omnibenevolence
Being morally perfect or perfectly good
I'm a piece of garbage and i really have to do laundry and I have to go to choir and i really dont want to go but i need to study for this quiz tomarrow
Bonus: Why do i have so many grammer and spelling errors in this quizlet>
If Sue Barry is right
Experiencing mental states are the only way to know what they are.
Faith
Explaination for believe, or confidence
Objection 5: explaining the complexity of God
GOD IS COMPLEX MAN!
Determinism is the thesis that
Given the laws of nature and physics there's only one possible physical future
The idea that suffering is part of God's greater plan is often taken to refute the logical problem of evil, by showing that
God might have some good reason as to why suffering is necessary and instrumental to our greater happiness
Ontological Argument
God's existence can be demonstrated by pure abstract reason alone
If behaviorism is right, then it is impossible for
Having an anobservable behavior, since behaviorism claims that behavior are indentical to mental states.
The problem of divine foreknowledge is
If god is omniscient there's no free will
The contention that either we have no free will or determinism is false is
Incompatibilism
Wittgenstein's beetle is
Is an example and an anology to mental states to shows how a something can seems to be a common sense, but actually have a completely different meaning to you when for other people.
Pascal argued that
It is in your rational self-interest to believe that God exists
One objection to the Turing Test is that no matter what their conversational abilities, computers cannot have emotions or feelings, and therefore do not have minds. A reply to this objection is
Lack of emotions doesn't mean a lack of mind. Besides that, some people suffer from certain mental conditions which make them emotionally blind.
Lady Lovelace objected to the possibility of machine intelligence on the grounds that
Machine cannot learn, or do anything truly original.
Roger Penrose
Math dude would calculated that if the features in our universe were created by chance, it would be a very high probablilty
If meaning is use, the
Mental states are publicly observable facts. We not only learn meanings through the verbal behavior of others, but there is nothing more to meaning than that behavior.
If determinism is true, then
No one ha free will
According to Paley
Nothing explains the complexity of the universe except intelligent design
Objection 1: the fools responce
ONLY A FOOL WOULD DOUBT GOD'S EXSITANCE, idk there is something about an island too but i dnt feel like typing it out srry
In the classical tradition of natural theology, God is a being who is
Omniscient, Omnipotent, and Ombivenevolent
Cosmological argument
One of the traditional arguments for God's existence. According to this argument, God exists because there had to be a first cause, or prime mover, that started the causal chain of physical events.
If determinism is false, then
There is still no free will
An objection to behaviorism is that it is unable to distinguish between
Saying and asserting.
The Turing Test is
Tests computer's abuiluty to chat like a human being.
Problem of evil
The argument that there is no God because worldly suffering is incompatible with the attributes of God.
Deontology
The moral theory proposed by Immanuel Kant, according to which there is an absolute moral law expressed by the categorical imperative. Deontology is the basis for the theory of rights.
Virtue ethics
The moral theory that the good life consists in cultivating and having a virtuous character
Natural theology
The philosophical tradition of using reason to evaluate claims of the divine.
Behaviorists think that we often use sentences that seem to be about mental states but really aren't. This is analogous to the fact that
The sun seems to be rising in the sky, but we all know that the sun isn't really moving relative to a stable Earth, we are the ones moving. Sun rising is an illusion.
To answer the too much freedom objection,compatibilists need to explain
What is not freedom since technically everything you do is free in jail or being robbed
St Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion
Who devised the ontological argument?
Kurt Godel
Who did math problems beyond the power of logic to establish as either true or false idk
Libertarian free will is defined as
You are free to choose one action over another
The point of the multiple realizability argument is to show that
You don't need anything particular physical in order to have thought and sensations.
Categorical imperative (version 1)
You should act only according to those principles of action that you could will to be a universal law of natur
Categorical imperative (version 2)
You should treat other people as ends in themselves and never merely as means to your own ends.
According to the Principle of Alternate Possibilities
You're morally responsible if you choose to do something wrong when there was another option
According to the mind-brain identity theory
Your mental states are coming from the complicated process in your brain.
The free will defense against the problem of evil maintains that
all suffering in the world is our fault because we freely choose to sin
According to consequentialism,
all that morally matters is the consequences of action
According to Kant, the problem with the Ontological Argument is that it treats existence as a property. This is a mistake because
an object cannot have a bunch of properties except existence; a thing must exist to have any properties at all
The mind/body problem is
an objection to Descartes dualism. Since physical events cause other physical events to occure. Neurons in your brain send out signals which allows you to control your body, but it's a completely physical process.
Paley's Watch
analogy between the world and a watch the watch would be out of place in a forest
hold them to the same standard as other holy books, old books, and old documents
another way to treat scripture
In Euthyphro, Plato asked
are things good because God loves them, or does he love them because they are good?
An objection to the Design Argument is
at we have no reason to believe that the designer is omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent-there might be more that one designer-God is supposed to be the source of all order, but then nothing explains the orderliness and complexity of God-There are competing scientific theories, like evolution through natural selection, that explains how order can arise without appealing to a designer
Very little in the universe is
conscious. Even among living thing, consciousness and mentality are quit rare.
Classical utilitarianism is
consequentialism + hedonism
The Principle of Equal Treatment implies that
ethical egoism is just a form of prejudicial discrimination
The distinction between moral and natural evils is designed to show that
even if human free will is to blame for moral evils, God is still to blame for natural evils
The normative universe is populated by
every sort of duty, right, obligation and permissibility, moral and otherwise
Psychological egoism is the view that
everyone always acts in his or her own self-interest
Utilitarianism is an agent-neutral moral theory, which means that
everyone has the same duties and aims, no matter what their personal interests or interpersonal relationships
Another objection to Pascal's Wager is that the argument
fails to single out any particular deity as the one deserving of your bet
Pascal recognizes that it is difficult to voluntarily start believing in something merely because it is in your self-interest. SO he recommends that you
fake it until you make it
One objection to the Cosmological Argument is that
it is arbitrary to insist infinite chain of causes in an eternally existing universe is ridiculous, but an eternally existing God is not
If faith is no more than belief without evidence or reasons, then
it is not really within the domain of philosophy, which promotes having good reasons for belief
One objection to utilitarianism is that
it isn't practical, since we can't predict all the outcomes of our actions it is too invasive, since it means that every minor action has moral weight the rare no supererogatory actions, since there is no good action that is greater that what duty requires
Another objection to ethical egoism is that
it makes cannibalism no more than a personal matter of taste
One objection to ethical egoism is that
it means that vicious psychopaths are performing their moral duty by only caring about themselves
A problem with the Golden Rule is that
it mistakenly presupposes that everyone has the same preferences
One objection to Kantian ethics is
lying is always immoral according to Kant, even when there are horrible consequences to telling the truth
Aristotle thought that
many virtues are the golden mean between related vices of deficiency or excess
According to the multiple realizability argument,
mental states are multiply realizable by different kinds of physical things.
According to virtue ethics,
moral virtues are those character traits that it is valuable for everyone to have
An objection to utilitarianism is that
no action, no matter how intuitively heinous, is absolutely forbidden
Examples of computers that are capable of unpredictable, apparently creative behavior are
our brains
According to the problem of evil,
the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God is incompatible with all the suffering in the world
Pascal claimed that
the odds for God's existence are 50-50
Objection 2: A Reverse Parody
the ontological argument can be flipped around. i dnt feel like typing it out but there is an example on pg 73 in the book....so yah
One objection to the Ontological Argument, that Gaunilo raised "on behalf of the fool" is that
the reasoning of the Ontological Argument apparently proves the existence of a perfect Lost Island just as well as it proves the existence of God
Another objection to the Cosmological Argument is that
there is a competing scientific explanation of the origin of the universe that does not require a creator God
According to Kant
there is a moral law universally binding on everyone
According to the criticism objection, if moral relativism is right, then
we can't coherently criticize the morality of other cultures we can't coherently criticize the morality of our own culture
If the historical claims in an ancient text are verified by modern archeology and historiography, then
we still have no reason to believe any religious or supernatural claims made in the text
