PHILOSOPHY
Appeal to ignorance
whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa
principle of identity
whatever it is, it is, and whatever is not is not,
Hasty generalization
A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence.
Anthropocentrism
A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment.
first cause or higher principle
A principle is that form in which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever.
Plato
A student of Socrates, he wrote down his teacher's writings and incorporated some of his own ideas into them and lasting contribution to learning was his founding of the Academy,
Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
Hominem
Appealing to one's prejudices, emotion or special interests rather than to one's intellect or reason.
Appeal to the people
Claiming that a viewpoint is correct just because many other people agree with it
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Deep ecology
For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature.
Social ecology
For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest.
Aristotle
He attended the Academy, and was a prominent student of Plato. His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which gave rise to deductive reasoning.
Anaximander
He claimed that the universe was formed from boundlessness.
Socrates
He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times and he was credited with formulating the Socratic Method.
The Body as Intermediary
Intermediary means acting as a mediator
Transdence
Is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining oneself
science
It is called ________ because the investigation is systematic. It follows certain steps
Partial point of view
Method how one sees or perceives the reality, based on a single factor or generalizing the thing itself.
natural light of reason
Philosophy investigates things, not by using other laboratory instruments or investigate tools neither on the basis of supernatural revelation,
Biocentrism
The belief that all creatures have rights and values; being centered on nature rather than humans.
Ecology
The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Pragmatic Theory
There are things that are false that it may be useful to accept, and conversely there are things that are true that it may be damaging to accept.
Against the person
This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise.
study of all things
This sets the distinction between philosophy from other sciences. All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation.
Doing a philosophy
To ask questions, to reflects and to formulate and evaluate arguments. Involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of previous philosophers.
Spatial-temporal beings
We are limited by space and time
False Cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
Ecofeminism
a philosophical and political movement that combines ecological concerns with feminist ones, regarding both as resulting from male domination of society.
Prudence
ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason
Preservation
act of preserving; care to preserve; act of keeping from destruction
Conservation
act of protecting Earth's natural resources for current and future generations.
Argumentatum
an argument, demonstration or appeal to reason.
Objective Information
analysis based on facts, measurable and observable
Anaximenes
argued that air was the fundamental element through the process of refraction
Misericordiam
based on strong appeal to the emotion
Coherence Theory
bases the truth of a belief on the degree to which it coheres or "hang together"
Phythagoras
believes that the cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. Believe that nature can be quantified.
Ignorantiam
by use of unanswerable challenge to disprove
Ecocentrism
central and most significant part of the earth and thus promotes a nature-based system of values and believes that man is the most advanced species with the brain and ability to take care of all other species on earth.
Xenophanes
claimed that there is a single God
Heraclitus
claimed the Unity of Opposites in characterizing the cosmos. "No man cannot step on thesame river twice".
philosophy
comes from the Greek word, PHILO meaning to love and SOPHIA meaning wisdom. Philosophy originally means ''love of wisdom''
Populum
concludes that proposition must be true because many or most people believe it,
logic
considered as a tool and therefore does not contribute directly to the content of our thoughts
Fallacy
defect in an argument other than it's having false premises
Socratic Method
examining a topic by devising a series of questions
Opinion
expresses a personal belief, idea or feeling that is not provable
Philosophical Reflection
giving time to think about meaning and purpose of life
Holistic point of view
having a view where we understand both the whole and the parts
Erich Fromm
his theory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring
Composition
infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true some part of the whole
Subjective Information
information is based on personal opinions, interpretations, points of view,
Secondary Reflection
integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a coherent whole
Equivocation
is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.
Appeal to force
is an argument where force, coercion or the threat of force is given as a justification for a conclusion.
ethics
is derived from the Greek term ethos, meaning "moral philosophy".
Objective Perspective
is not influenced by emotions, opinions or personal feelings-it is a perspective based in fact, in things quantifiable and measurable
Begging the question
is the type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.
Correspondence Theory
is the view that truth is correspondence to, or with, a fact
principle of noncontradiction
it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time and at the same respect
Thales
known as the first Greek philosopher and the father of philosophy.
metaphysics
literally means "after physics". Drive in every human being to know what is real.
Embodied Spirit
living animating core within each of us, the driving force behind all that we think, say and do.
Petitio
logical fallacy in which a premise is assumed to be true without warrant
principle of sufficient reason
nothing exists without sufficient reason
Division
one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts
Subjective Perspective
open to greater interpretation based on personal feeling, emotion and aesthetics.
Fact
provable statement.
Frugalilty
quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent or economical in the consumption of consumable resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance.
Facticity
refers to the things in our life that are already given
Primary reflection
selfish way of thinking
Appeal to pity
someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt
aesthethics
study of beauty
epistemology
study of knowledge
Holism
the anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life - culture, biology, history, and language - across space and time
Pathocentrism
the philosophical position regarding the difference or similarities in the reaction to pain in humans and animals
principle of excluded middle
there is no middle possible ground