PHILOSOPHY

Appeal to ignorance

whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa

principle of identity

whatever it is, it is, and whatever is not is not,

Hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence.

Anthropocentrism

A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment.

first cause or higher principle

A principle is that form in which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever.

Plato

A student of Socrates, he wrote down his teacher's writings and incorporated some of his own ideas into them and lasting contribution to learning was his founding of the Academy,

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Hominem

Appealing to one's prejudices, emotion or special interests rather than to one's intellect or reason.

Appeal to the people

Claiming that a viewpoint is correct just because many other people agree with it

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Deep ecology

For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature.

Social ecology

For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest.

Aristotle

He attended the Academy, and was a prominent student of Plato. His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which gave rise to deductive reasoning.

Anaximander

He claimed that the universe was formed from boundlessness.

Socrates

He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times and he was credited with formulating the Socratic Method.

The Body as Intermediary

Intermediary means acting as a mediator

Transdence

Is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining oneself

science

It is called ________ because the investigation is systematic. It follows certain steps

Partial point of view

Method how one sees or perceives the reality, based on a single factor or generalizing the thing itself.

natural light of reason

Philosophy investigates things, not by using other laboratory instruments or investigate tools neither on the basis of supernatural revelation,

Biocentrism

The belief that all creatures have rights and values; being centered on nature rather than humans.

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Pragmatic Theory

There are things that are false that it may be useful to accept, and conversely there are things that are true that it may be damaging to accept.

Against the person

This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise.

study of all things

This sets the distinction between philosophy from other sciences. All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation.

Doing a philosophy

To ask questions, to reflects and to formulate and evaluate arguments. Involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of previous philosophers.

Spatial-temporal beings

We are limited by space and time

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Ecofeminism

a philosophical and political movement that combines ecological concerns with feminist ones, regarding both as resulting from male domination of society.

Prudence

ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason

Preservation

act of preserving; care to preserve; act of keeping from destruction

Conservation

act of protecting Earth's natural resources for current and future generations.

Argumentatum

an argument, demonstration or appeal to reason.

Objective Information

analysis based on facts, measurable and observable

Anaximenes

argued that air was the fundamental element through the process of refraction

Misericordiam

based on strong appeal to the emotion

Coherence Theory

bases the truth of a belief on the degree to which it coheres or "hang together"

Phythagoras

believes that the cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. Believe that nature can be quantified.

Ignorantiam

by use of unanswerable challenge to disprove

Ecocentrism

central and most significant part of the earth and thus promotes a nature-based system of values and believes that man is the most advanced species with the brain and ability to take care of all other species on earth.

Xenophanes

claimed that there is a single God

Heraclitus

claimed the Unity of Opposites in characterizing the cosmos. "No man cannot step on thesame river twice".

philosophy

comes from the Greek word, PHILO meaning to love and SOPHIA meaning wisdom. Philosophy originally means ''love of wisdom''

Populum

concludes that proposition must be true because many or most people believe it,

logic

considered as a tool and therefore does not contribute directly to the content of our thoughts

Fallacy

defect in an argument other than it's having false premises

Socratic Method

examining a topic by devising a series of questions

Opinion

expresses a personal belief, idea or feeling that is not provable

Philosophical Reflection

giving time to think about meaning and purpose of life

Holistic point of view

having a view where we understand both the whole and the parts

Erich Fromm

his theory centered around the need to belong and the loneliness that freedom can bring

Composition

infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true some part of the whole

Subjective Information

information is based on personal opinions, interpretations, points of view,

Secondary Reflection

integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a coherent whole

Equivocation

is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time.

Appeal to force

is an argument where force, coercion or the threat of force is given as a justification for a conclusion.

ethics

is derived from the Greek term ethos, meaning "moral philosophy".

Objective Perspective

is not influenced by emotions, opinions or personal feelings-it is a perspective based in fact, in things quantifiable and measurable

Begging the question

is the type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.

Correspondence Theory

is the view that truth is correspondence to, or with, a fact

principle of noncontradiction

it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time and at the same respect

Thales

known as the first Greek philosopher and the father of philosophy.

metaphysics

literally means "after physics". Drive in every human being to know what is real.

Embodied Spirit

living animating core within each of us, the driving force behind all that we think, say and do.

Petitio

logical fallacy in which a premise is assumed to be true without warrant

principle of sufficient reason

nothing exists without sufficient reason

Division

one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts

Subjective Perspective

open to greater interpretation based on personal feeling, emotion and aesthetics.

Fact

provable statement.

Frugalilty

quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent or economical in the consumption of consumable resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance.

Facticity

refers to the things in our life that are already given

Primary reflection

selfish way of thinking

Appeal to pity

someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt

aesthethics

study of beauty

epistemology

study of knowledge

Holism

the anthropological commitment to look at the whole picture of human life - culture, biology, history, and language - across space and time

Pathocentrism

the philosophical position regarding the difference or similarities in the reaction to pain in humans and animals

principle of excluded middle

there is no middle possible ground