Philosophy - Chapter 3
Subject Consciousness or nonphysical attributes Surpass nothingness through choices and reached the level of transcendence
. BEING-FOR-ITSELF
Object Identify "what is in a person" Superficial aspect of a person
. BEING-IN-ITSELF
we establish identity through our encounters. We are influenced by others, and we influence others
. being in the world means to be with other people
-search for answer in an answerless world
ABSURDITY
man is a rational animal
Aristotle De Anima (1968)
condition or event has an effect on behavior, thus, human behavior may be manipulated or controlled.
B.F. Skinner
refusal to accept the absurd, follow a path that someone else's made -pretending that something out there has meaning
BAD FAITH
-philosophers use to refer to the Greek ousia or entity
Being
Sartre's two types of being
Being-in-itself and being-for-itself
2 Limitations
Bodily Limitations and Social and Environmental Limitations
-"every I find itself as an organic lived body. The body, for its part is not an I, but rather a spatiotemporal "thing," around which is arranged a surrounding of things that reaches outward without limits
EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938)
-Consciousness is consciousness of something. believes that the essence of every object can be thought of, investigated, and understood, more than the usual way of understanding it.
EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938)
BODY (purely physical being) + SPIRIT (mind, will and emotions) =
EMBODIED SPIRIT
philosophical tradition that focuses on the centrality of the human person's existence.
EXISTENTIALISM
Enables us to do and experience all the things that make us human persons.
Embodiment
The human body stands as the mediator between the material world and the spiritual world.
Embodiment
said to be directed toward the goal of understanding the human condition through these themes: existence, authenticity, anxiety, freedom, life's absurdity, and man's situatedness.
Existentialist
-choice of autonomy
FREEDOM
defined as the inevitable positive or negative events of existence as a human being.
HUMAN CONDITION
Allows the person to attach certain feelings or ideas not only to people but also to objects
Human Embodiment
Classical conditioning tells us that our behavior is shaped by the different stimuli in our environment.
Ivan Pavlov
MAN AS FREEDOM
JEAN PAUL SARTRE
Does not come at a specified period
Limitations and Possibilities
May not occur to everyone
Limitations and Possibilities
Varies across all people
Limitations and Possibilities
dasein which means being there
MARTIN HEIDEGGER'S BEING IN THE WORLD
the general term used to refer to the entire human race
Man
It is the body's moving principle The soul moves the body and movement happens through contact; hence, the soul must be a body because contact happens between bodies
NATURE OF THE SOUL AS A BODY:
absence or the power of negation is an intrinsic feature of the intentionality of consciousness
NOTHINGNESS
more complex term which generally refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity, above all.
Person
study of experience and how we experience.
Phenomenology
How are the body and spirit related?
Philosophers consider the human person as defined by the union of the body and the spirit.
Developing a positive outlook in life
Possibilities
Learning from experience
Possibilities
Working towards reaching a goal
Possibilities
"Man is composed of spiritual and corporeal substance" SUMMA THEOLOGICA
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS PHILOSOPHY
asserts that, human nature has no fixed nature- that his or her reality is his or her freedom.
Sartre
Abusive relationship
Social and Environmental Limitations
Location of neighborhood
Social and Environmental Limitations
Negative influences
Social and Environmental Limitations
Socioeconomic status
Social and Environmental Limitations
Three aspects of human nature
Somatic, Behavioral, Attitudinal
Mind is a thinking thing- distinct and unextended; and that the body is a nonthinking thingdistinct and extended; and that his reality is how distinct he is from the body, and he can exist without it
THE HUMAN PERSON AS A "THINKING THING"
Rene Descartes
THE HUMAN PERSON AS A "THINKING THING"
relation between psyche (soul) and the body
THE HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND SOUL
human person has a soul
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
The body and the spirit are not only united, but they are integrated with each other.
THE HUMAN PERSON IS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
"Existence above and beyond the limits of material experience"
TRANSCENDENCE
3 theories on human nature
The human person as an immortal soul The human person as a composite of body and soul The human person as a thinking thing
: The soul causes the body to live; he believes that the soul is in the form of the body, while the body is the matter to the soul.
The principle of life
How does my human nature enable me to explore my limits?
Through transcendence, the ability to surpass limitations.
define a person's future actions and what he or she values as right or wrong.
attitude
refers to the human person's inclinations, feelings, ideas, convictions, and prejudices or biases.
attitudinal
refers to the human person's acting.
behavioral
(we are immersed in a particular culture, language and social structures. We always operate in a particular place. We will always look at the world according to our place and time.
being in the world means that we are situated in place and time
we are naturally related to the things around us,
being in the world means to be with things
material - destructible
body
state of unity, they are inseparable.
body and soul
it means being there
dasein
man, woman, or child of the species homo sapiens distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance.
human being
the mediator between the material world and the spiritual world.
human body
refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures (thinking, feeling, and acting), without them individual may not be considered human person.
human nature
"Every soul is immortal, for that which moves itself is immortal, while what moves, and is moved by something else stops living when it stops moving... this is very essence and principle of a soul, for every bodily object that is moved from outside has no soul, while a body whose motion comes from within, from itself does have a soul."
in "Phaedrus" one of the dialogues of Plato, Socrates asserts"
general term used to refer to the entire human race
man
natural body is
matter
3 kinds of substances in aristotle's theory
matter, shape or form, product of both
Existence
precedes essence
body cannot be separated from the soul, because the soul is the form of natural body. Without the soul, the body does not have life.
product of both
climb
scandare
It is not the body but the form of a natural body that has life potentially within it.
shape or form
refers to the body, material composition, or substance of a human person.
somatic
immaterial - indestructible
soul
Intangible element which enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, and the capacity to reach out to the outside world and other persons.
spirit
- go beyond
trans
the ability to suprass limits
transcendence