Philosophy - Chapter 3

Subject Consciousness or nonphysical attributes Surpass nothingness through choices and reached the level of transcendence

. BEING-FOR-ITSELF

Object Identify "what is in a person" Superficial aspect of a person

. BEING-IN-ITSELF

we establish identity through our encounters. We are influenced by others, and we influence others

. being in the world means to be with other people

-search for answer in an answerless world

ABSURDITY

man is a rational animal

Aristotle De Anima (1968)

condition or event has an effect on behavior, thus, human behavior may be manipulated or controlled.

B.F. Skinner

refusal to accept the absurd, follow a path that someone else's made -pretending that something out there has meaning

BAD FAITH

-philosophers use to refer to the Greek ousia or entity

Being

Sartre's two types of being

Being-in-itself and being-for-itself

2 Limitations

Bodily Limitations and Social and Environmental Limitations

-"every I find itself as an organic lived body. The body, for its part is not an I, but rather a spatiotemporal "thing," around which is arranged a surrounding of things that reaches outward without limits

EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938)

-Consciousness is consciousness of something. believes that the essence of every object can be thought of, investigated, and understood, more than the usual way of understanding it.

EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938)

BODY (purely physical being) + SPIRIT (mind, will and emotions) =

EMBODIED SPIRIT

philosophical tradition that focuses on the centrality of the human person's existence.

EXISTENTIALISM

Enables us to do and experience all the things that make us human persons.

Embodiment

The human body stands as the mediator between the material world and the spiritual world.

Embodiment

said to be directed toward the goal of understanding the human condition through these themes: existence, authenticity, anxiety, freedom, life's absurdity, and man's situatedness.

Existentialist

-choice of autonomy

FREEDOM

defined as the inevitable positive or negative events of existence as a human being.

HUMAN CONDITION

Allows the person to attach certain feelings or ideas not only to people but also to objects

Human Embodiment

Classical conditioning tells us that our behavior is shaped by the different stimuli in our environment.

Ivan Pavlov

MAN AS FREEDOM

JEAN PAUL SARTRE

Does not come at a specified period

Limitations and Possibilities

May not occur to everyone

Limitations and Possibilities

Varies across all people

Limitations and Possibilities

dasein which means being there

MARTIN HEIDEGGER'S BEING IN THE WORLD

the general term used to refer to the entire human race

Man

It is the body's moving principle The soul moves the body and movement happens through contact; hence, the soul must be a body because contact happens between bodies

NATURE OF THE SOUL AS A BODY:

absence or the power of negation is an intrinsic feature of the intentionality of consciousness

NOTHINGNESS

more complex term which generally refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity, above all.

Person

study of experience and how we experience.

Phenomenology

How are the body and spirit related?

Philosophers consider the human person as defined by the union of the body and the spirit.

Developing a positive outlook in life

Possibilities

Learning from experience

Possibilities

Working towards reaching a goal

Possibilities

"Man is composed of spiritual and corporeal substance" SUMMA THEOLOGICA

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS PHILOSOPHY

asserts that, human nature has no fixed nature- that his or her reality is his or her freedom.

Sartre

Abusive relationship

Social and Environmental Limitations

Location of neighborhood

Social and Environmental Limitations

Negative influences

Social and Environmental Limitations

Socioeconomic status

Social and Environmental Limitations

Three aspects of human nature

Somatic, Behavioral, Attitudinal

Mind is a thinking thing- distinct and unextended; and that the body is a nonthinking thingdistinct and extended; and that his reality is how distinct he is from the body, and he can exist without it

THE HUMAN PERSON AS A "THINKING THING"

Rene Descartes

THE HUMAN PERSON AS A "THINKING THING"

relation between psyche (soul) and the body

THE HUMAN PERSON AS A COMPOSITE OF BODY AND SOUL

human person has a soul

THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

The body and the spirit are not only united, but they are integrated with each other.

THE HUMAN PERSON IS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT

"Existence above and beyond the limits of material experience"

TRANSCENDENCE

3 theories on human nature

The human person as an immortal soul The human person as a composite of body and soul The human person as a thinking thing

: The soul causes the body to live; he believes that the soul is in the form of the body, while the body is the matter to the soul.

The principle of life

How does my human nature enable me to explore my limits?

Through transcendence, the ability to surpass limitations.

define a person's future actions and what he or she values as right or wrong.

attitude

refers to the human person's inclinations, feelings, ideas, convictions, and prejudices or biases.

attitudinal

refers to the human person's acting.

behavioral

(we are immersed in a particular culture, language and social structures. We always operate in a particular place. We will always look at the world according to our place and time.

being in the world means that we are situated in place and time

we are naturally related to the things around us,

being in the world means to be with things

material - destructible

body

state of unity, they are inseparable.

body and soul

it means being there

dasein

man, woman, or child of the species homo sapiens distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance.

human being

the mediator between the material world and the spiritual world.

human body

refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures (thinking, feeling, and acting), without them individual may not be considered human person.

human nature

"Every soul is immortal, for that which moves itself is immortal, while what moves, and is moved by something else stops living when it stops moving... this is very essence and principle of a soul, for every bodily object that is moved from outside has no soul, while a body whose motion comes from within, from itself does have a soul."

in "Phaedrus" one of the dialogues of Plato, Socrates asserts"

general term used to refer to the entire human race

man

natural body is

matter

3 kinds of substances in aristotle's theory

matter, shape or form, product of both

Existence

precedes essence

body cannot be separated from the soul, because the soul is the form of natural body. Without the soul, the body does not have life.

product of both

climb

scandare

It is not the body but the form of a natural body that has life potentially within it.

shape or form

refers to the body, material composition, or substance of a human person.

somatic

immaterial - indestructible

soul

Intangible element which enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, and the capacity to reach out to the outside world and other persons.

spirit

- go beyond

trans

the ability to suprass limits

transcendence