BIO 234 Final
You may have to do a little research for this question. Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?
Candida albicans, a fungus, specifically a yeast organism
Your cells can perform the the reaction termed glycolysis. What type of biological molecule are you and those microorganisms processing when you do this? And is this anabolic or catabolic?
Carbohydrate and Catabolic
What's the deal with NAD+ anyway? What is it needed for?
NAD+ is needed for glycolysis to occur
Brucella, Clostridioides difficile, and Staphylococcus aureus are all zoonotic. T/F
True
If a microorganism is put in an environment that is too much hotter than its preferred temperature range, its cell membrane will basically melt away and all its insides will pour out.
True
Is E. Coli mesophile? T/F
True
You have a unicellular non-nucleated cell from a deep sea vent what is least likely?
You have found a yeast species
Of the bacterial infections we studied in more depth, match the following. demonstrate(s) antibiotic resistance can make endospores replicate(s) within white blood cells make(s) toxins
demonstrate(s) antibiotic resistance → Clostridoides difficile, MRSA, can make endospores → Clostridoides difficile, replicate(s) within white blood cells → Brucella, make(s) toxins → Clostridoides difficile, MRSA
Where can lipopolysaccharide be found?
in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cells
Which of the following is NOT a zoonosis?
people need to be conscious of and protect themselves from HIV infection by understanding that the virus can spread between people engaging in vaginal sex, anal sex, oral sex, sharing of needles, and even kissing (assuming open wounds in mouth)
Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following?
peptidoglycan
Devices like catheters and prostheses have helped to advance the field of medicine. Patients who use these, however, are at risk of infections. Which conditions favor the formation of biofilms on these devices that remain in a patient for prolonged periods?
presence of a surface to grow on presence of water presence of other microbes
The image below shows ___________ cells magnified 1000 times, using staining procedure therefore the cells are _______
prokaryotic ------- dead
Which of the following components is involved in the initiation of transcription?
promoter
Which of the following can result in genetic mutations?
radiation (X-rays, UV light) completely random (as far as we know) some chemicals
Which of the following has the most diverse array of strategies to get to a host?
roundworms
What is the bacterial cell wall made of?
sugars (NAG and NAM) and peptide chains
What would happen if E. coli did not have any tryptophan around?
the repressor protein would not be bound to the operator since there is no tryptophan to help bind it there; this means the operon would be turned on
Why do many parasites get transmitted via ingestion (a predator eating its prey)?
this strategy takes advantage of an event that will already likely occur (food web dynamics)
What is/are the goal(s) of virulence factors?
to avoid phagocytosis to reach nutrients in host cells to hide from the host's immune response to avoid phagocytosis and hide from the host's immune response
What is iodine for in the starch agar test?
to bind to any starch present
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?(fermenting pyruvate)
to make NAD+
Why do aerobic cells require O2?
to perform cellular respiration, to carry out the electron transport chain
Remember protozoans? Some of them are parasites! Of those parasitic ones, some can be transmitted from host to host using a vector (a good example is malaria). What is another strategy for some parasitic protozoans to get to their next host?
using an intermediate host water or soil transmission
Unicellular fungi are called ____________.
yeasts
In which of the following domains can you find microorganism species?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Immersion oil is not necessary when using the ______ objectives, but necessaary when using the ______, oil bends the light ______ the objective lens
10 40 ----------- 100 --------- into
If an organism has a generation time of 20 minutes and you started with 5 cells of that organism, then how many cells would you have in a 100 minutes?
160
A culture is inoculated at noon with 200 cells/ml. At 10 pm the population is determined to be 6,400 cells/ml. This population has a generation time of
2 hours
If it takes 2 hours for a population of bacteria to grow from 100 cells to 1600 cells, what is the generation time of this bacterial species?
30min
What is the total magnification when using the 4x objective? And is it more or less than Anton Van leewenhouks?
40x and less
Which objective should you start viewing a slide?
4x
Determine if the following is likely a prokaryote, eukaryote or virus based on their sizes.
95um micrometers is a eukaryote, 0.5mm is eukaryote, 120nm nanometers is a virus, 4um micrometers is a prokaryote
If a culture starts with 120 cells, then how many cells would there be by the fourth generation? Your answer should be numerical (no letters, just numbers).
960
ndicate whether each of the following is a true or false statement regarding ATP. ATP is commonly used by cells to lower the amount of energy needed for reactions to occur some ATP is required to break down glucose into pyruvic acid in cellular respiration, the most ATP is made by the Krebs cycle the energy from anabolic reactions can be used to make ATP a phosphate group is added to ADP to make ATP
ATP is commonly used by cells to lower the amount of energy needed for reactions to occur → false, some ATP is required to break down glucose into pyruvic acid → true, in cellular respiration, the most ATP is made by the Krebs cycle → false, the energy from anabolic reactions can be used to make ATP → false, a phosphate group is added to ADP to make ATP → true
What is this molecule and which part has the highest energy?
ATP look for phosphate and Oxygen bonds
Who was the first person to see bacteria?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Prokaryotes are classified into which domain(s)?
Archaea and Bacteria
Why would and organism perform respiration instead of fermentation?
Because respiration is a more efficient set of reactions to make energy
Some organisms are able to move themselves throughout their environment. Other organisms that cannot do this may still seem to be moving, this type of movement is called?
Brownian motion
Which of the following is NOT part of some people's normal microbiota?
Brucella species
Determine if the following are prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Cat Archaea Tapeworm Virus Protozoa Yeast
Cat - Eukaryote Archaea - Prokaryote Tapeworm- Eukaryote Virus - Neither Protozoa- Eukaryote Yeast- Eukaryote
What type of microscope did Robert Hooke use? And who was the likely designer?
Compound microscope similar to the one used by Jansenns
All bacteria cause some form of disease in one or more animal species.
False
In the water that Anton Van Leeuwenhoek examined with his hand held microscope, he likely saw bacteria and individual water molecules
False
Prokaryotes cannot perform photosynthesis as they do not have organelles.
False
Protozoans cannot reproduce sexually but fungi can? T/F
False
Fermenting organisms make ATP through the process of ______?
Glycolysis
A bacterium comes across a bunch of glucose. It is capable of anaerobic respiration, in which steps is ATP made?
Glycolysis, Krebs, Electron transport chain
What is one difference and one similarity between gram positive and gram negative cell walls?
Gram positive have thin walls and gram negative have thick walls, they both have cell walls
A healthcare provider is teaching a student about the disease process of HIV. Which of the following should be included to convey an accurate description of this disease?
HIV RNA is transcribed into DNA
What is an advantage of a bacterium having a cell wall?
It helps the cell deal with osmotic pressure
Match the following to the route of infection MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A person can become infected through contact with an infected wound on a person who has MRSA or by handling items that touched that wound influenza viruses can be spread via droplets from an infected person's sneeze or cough and (less often) via objects they've touched and left virus on you can get Zika virus from an infected mosquito's bite, an infected mother can pass it along to her child, and sexual partners can pass it to each other rabies virus is transmitted through the saliva (via bite) of an infected animal Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus, usually gets into a host through injuries caused by contaminated objects
MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A person can become infected through contact with an infected wound on a person who has MRSA or by handling items that touched that wound → skin-to-skin, body fluids & fomites, influenza viruses can be spread via droplets from an infected person's sneeze or cough and (less often) via objects they've touched and left virus on → airborne & fomites, you can get Zika virus from an infected mosquito's bite, an infected mother can pass it along to her child, and sexual partners can pass it to each other → vertical transmission, body fluids, vector, rabies virus is transmitted through the saliva (via bite) of an infected animal → body fluids, zoonotic, Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus, usually gets into a host through injuries caused by contaminated objects → fomites
Match the following Only be used by 100x objective Can be used with any objective lens Not to be used with lower power objectives Not to be used with 100x objective
Only be used by 100x objective - immersion oil Can be used with any objective lens - fine focus Not to be used with lower power objectives - immersion oil Not to be used with 100x objective - coarse
Transcription produces _________.
RNA molecules
Match the following concerning the viruses we covered in more detail (influenza, HIV, varicella zoster, SARS-CoV-2). use(s) RNA has/have an envelope can be transmitted vertically is/are zoonotic
RNA → influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, has/have an envelope → influenza, HIV, varicella zoster, SARS-CoV-2, can be transmitted vertically → HIV, is/are zoonotic → influenza, SARS-CoV-2
Which of the following is/are common to all cells?
Ribosomes and Cell membrane
What parts of the compound microscope magnifies the specimen you look at?
The ocular and objective lens
What does it mean for an organism to be an autotroph?
The organism gets carbon from an inorganic substance(CO2)
What does it mean when a bacterial species can photoreactivate?
The species has an enzyme that fix/repair mutations that resulted from UV exposure
Which of the follow is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
To make NAD+
Identify which microbes have the following characteristics? Unicellular, have a nucleus, motile only made of protein, infect some animals made of protein and genetic material, require a host to replicate can be motile, some are extremophiles
Unicellular, have a nucleus, motile - protozoans only made of protein, infect some animals - prions made of protein and genetic material, require a host to replicate - viruses can be motile, some are extremophiles - archaea
What would be most effected by Brownian motion?
Virus
Which of the following regulations should be observed in order to avoid injury and infection?
Wash your hands before starting work in the lab, wear close toed shoes and tie long hair back
What are necessary components of a virus?
a capsid and nucleic acid
What is a spectrophotometer?
a device that measures the amount of light transmitted through a liquid culture
Which of the following is true of archaea?
although they now represent an entire domain of the tree of life, they were not recognized as separate from bacteria until fairly recently (1970s), they are physically similar to bacteria, but genetically more similar to eukarya
A plasmid is _________.
an extrachromosomal loop of DNA
Which of the following have histones associated with their genetic material?
archaea and eukarya
According to science and evolution, which of the following were likely the first life-forms on the planet Earth?
bacteria and archaea
How does UV light stop microbial growth?
causes DNA mutations that inhibit cell functioning
Match the following with the terms endoparasite, ectoparasite, or both. causes an infestation lives on or in another organism, at the expense of that organism causes an infection type of parasite that takes nutrients from the outside of its host type of parasite that takes nutrients from inside its host
causes an infestation → ectoparasite, lives on or in another organism, at the expense of that organism → ectoparasite and endoparasite, causes an infection → endoparasite, type of parasite that takes nutrients from the outside of its host → ectoparasite, type of parasite that takes nutrients from inside its host → endoparasite
Where is the electron transport chain in prokaryotes?
cell membrane
Microorganisms are very diverse! They can be photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, or chemoheterotrophs. Which of those four are you?
chemoheterotroph
Match the following to their energy sources. chemoheterotroph chemoautotroph photoautotroph photoheterotroph
chemoheterotroph → chemical, chemoautotroph → chemical, photoautotroph → light, photoheterotroph → light
You are told that the electric power company is what is able to create electricity to be used in homes. You know this is impossible because:
energy can't be created or destroyed, just converted from one form to another
Which of the following is the least efficient form of carbohydrate catabolism?
fermentation
You see a cell zooming across a slide, what are some ways it can propel itself through the water?
flagella and cilia
Determine whether each of the following can be found in/on prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.... or both!
flagella → both, DNA → both, ribosomes → both, fimbriae → prokaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum → eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm → both, mitochondria → eukaryotic cells, cell wall → both
What is the external structure that allows a bacterium to "run" and "tumble"?
flagellum
Which of the following genes would not likely be encoded on a plasmid?
gene encoding enzymes for glycolysis
Fermenting organisms can make ATP through the process of
glycolysis
Determine whether the following are infectious or noninfectious. heart disease diabetes tuberculosis hepatitis B
heart disease → noninfectious, diabetes → noninfectious, tuberculosis → infectious, hepatitis B → infectious
A bacterial cell, which has a cytoplasmic solute concentration equal to 0.85% NaCl, is placed into a solution that has a NaCl concentration of 0.2%. Into what type of solution has the cell been placed?
hypotonic
Match the following descriptions with different modes of entry or exit for viruses mode of exit for a virus that kills the host cell in the process mode(s) of entry for a virus in which the host cell mistakenly engulfs the virus mode(s) of exit for a virus in which it acquires an envelope mode(s) of entry for an enveloped virus
mode of exit for a virus that kills the host cell in the process → bursting out of the cell, mode(s) of entry for a virus in which the host cell mistakenly engulfs the virus → endocytosis, mode(s) of exit for a virus in which it acquires an envelope → budding, exocytosis, mode(s) of entry for an enveloped virus → fusing with host cell membrane, endocytosis
What are adhesins?
molecules on the outside of pathogens that bind to host cell receptors
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
movement
What type of microorganism must have enzymes that can deal with free radical oxygen?
obligate aerobe
Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?
one enzyme can function in several different types of chemical reactions
Based on what you've learned about fermentation, which of the following must be true?
organisms that survive using fermentation require an abundance of sugars
Cyanobacteria produce which of the following?
oxygen
What makes Cdiff tough to control in terms of transmission?
the agent is resistant to treatments like some antibiotics hand sanitizer does not kill the agent the agent can make endospores
The specific chemical reaction that an enzyme catalyzes depends upon which of the following?
the bonds holding the enzyme in a specific three dimensional shape
How would you interpret a milk agar plate without clearing around the colonies?
the cultured organism grew but did not use the casein in the milk
Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?
the density of the population
The earliest people to look through microscopes (that we know of) looked at which of the following to see microbes?
water
Which of the following are characteristics of fungi?
they have a cell wall, they have mitochondria
How do our normal microbiota help prevent pathogens from infecting us?
they take up space in/on our bodies so pathogens cannot claim that space, they use nutrients from our meals that the pathogens would need to survive in us
What is viral reassortment?
this is when two different strains of influenza A enter a host cell and reassort to make a new strain that exits the host cell
Identify the corresponding terms for each of the following definitions. transfer of genetic information via physical contact between two bacterial cells horizontal gene transfer transfer of genetic information via a virus a recipient cell takes up genetic information from its environment
transfer of genetic information via physical contact between two bacterial cells → conjugation horizontal gene transfer → transformation, transduction, and conjugation transfer of genetic information via a virus → transduction a recipient cell takes up genetic information from its environment → transformation