Nutrition
0.6 g protein/kg body weight/day is needed to prevent deficiencies but 0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day is needed for health benefits.
-0.8 G protein/kg body weight/day -1.2-1.6g protein/kg body weight/day
Triglycerides are made up of: (Select all that apply)
-3 fatty acids -glycerol
Which of the following are known cause(s) of peptic ulcers (select all that apply)?
-Bacterial infection -Overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
Which of the following physical, mental, and/or social changes occur in older adults that hinder the ability to meet dietary needs and recommendations? (select all that apply)
-Difficult chewing -Loneliness and isolation -Depression -Impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients
Which of the following factors significantly impact basal metabolic rate (BMR)? (select all that apply)
-Energy status -Age -Muscle mass -gender
Which of the following is true of sodium?
-Excess can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease. -Regulator of fluid volume -Most Americans consume sodium in quantities above the UL. -Maintains acid-base balance in body. -Essential to nerve impulse transmission.
Which of the following are key factors that have been reported to lead to successful weight loss maintenance? (select all that apply)
-Exercising about 1 hour per day -eating breakfast every day -watching less than 10 hours of TV per week -weighting at least once a week
Under which circumstances does pyruvate become Acetyl CoA (select all that apply)?
-In aerobic conditions -when the ETC can accept H -when energy needs to be sustained -During a long, slow race
Which of the following statements are true about saturated fats? (Select all that apply)
-More resistant to oxidation -solid at room temperature -contributes to elevated LDL blood cholesterol
Which of the following individuals have the training, expertise, and education necessary to provide accurate nutrition information and recommendations?
-PhD-level Nutritionist -Registered Dietitian
Which of the following life stages have specific nutrition needs? (select all that apply)
-Pregnancy -Adolescents -Lactations -Older Adults -Infants
Which of the following are NOT true about maternal weight during and after pregnancy? (Select all that apply)
-Rapid weight gain of 10 or more lbs in the mom is appropriate during the first trimester and is healthy for the growing fetus. -Between 25-35 lbs of weight gain is recommended for all women, regardless of pre-pregnancy weight
What are the 3 types of Lipids? (Select all that apply)
-Triglycerides -sterols -Phospholipids
Older adults are typically deficient in which of the following nutrients (select all that apply)?
-Vitamin B12 -Water -Zinc -Vitamin D
Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways (select all that apply):
-enter the TCA cycle directly -convert to pyruvate -converted to acetyl CoA
When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select all that apply)
-fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel) -protein gets broken down to from glucose
Select all of the following that are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids?
-flaxseed oil -salmon -olive oil
Select all of the following that would be considered a polysaccharide?
-glycogen -starch -fiber
Select all of the following that provide an example of a structure-function claim on a nutrition label.
-improves mood -builds strong bones -regulates digestion
Which of the following statements are true about polyunsaturated fats? (Select all that apply)
-lowers LDL blood cholesterol -liquid at room temperature -spoils readily
Check all of the following locations where enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates takes place.
-mouth and small intestine
The AMDR for protein is between
10-35% of total energy intake
The AMDR for fat is between
20-35%
What is the BMI of a 19 year old female that is 5'4" tall and weighs 140 pounds?
24
The recommended fiber intake in adults is 25 g/day for women and 38 g/day for men.
25, 38
A half-cup of vanilla ice cream contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein and 17 grams of fat. How many total kilocalories does this ice cream contain?
265 kcal
A veggie burger patty is 136 kilocalories and contains 15 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of protein and 4 grams of fat. What percentage of the energy in the burger comes from protein?
29%
How far away is the first double bond from the methyl group (aka omega carbon) in linolenic acid?
3
Tony is a 5'8", 180 lb, active 26 year old male. What is the Total Estimated Energy Requirements? (rounded to the nearest hundredth)
3200
What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?
50%
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming__________ of daily intake from saturated fats?
<10%
What is an essential nutrient?
A nutrient that us needed but must be obtained from food (because the body can not make it).
The standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs when an RDA cannot be determined is the _________________
AI
The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to break energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?
ATP
Moves smaller molecules out of the GI tract and into the blood
Absorption
Check all of the following that are new features of the recently updated nutrition facts panel.
Added sugars included, trans fat included, (shortfall Nutrients) Vitamin D and Potassium included.
Folate activation requires what vitamin?
B12
Which of the following B vitamins does NOT function as coenzymes in energy metabolism?
B12
Which of the following macronutrient should be consumed in greater amounts during the 1st trimester (compared to pre-pregnancy)?
Carbohydrates
Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body (select all that apply)?
Carotenoids and Retinoids.
Which of the following statements is true about polysaccharides?
Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth
Diets almost exclusively of ________ can lead to niacin deficiencies due to the lack of protein (and amino acid tryptophan)
Corn
Breaks ingested foods into smaller molecules
Digestion
The standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs of half of all healthy individuals is the _______________
EAR
Which of the following is NOT considered a factor for 'high-risk' pregnancies?
Exercise Amount
Acetyl CoA can be used to make glucose.
False
Alcohol is safe to consume in moderation during pregnancy and has no negative impact on the infant.
False
Exercise during pregnancy should only occur in moms who were already physically active before becoming pregnant.
False
In older adults, supplements should be recommended to replace foods.
False
Macronutrients are far more important for health than micronutrients.
False
Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on 1 thing (and 1 thing only): To examine the nutrients that are in foods.
False
The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.
False
The majority of American moms gain the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy.
False
Which energy-yielding nutrient supplies about 60% of the body's energy needs during rest?
Fat
Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, consumed in excess, can get stored directly and efficiently as body fat.
Fat
What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?
Fiber
Vitamin K can be synthesized from_______.
GI bacteria
Which of the following factors significantly decrease the bioavailability of most vitamins?
Getting the vitamins from supplements or processed foods
Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates through the splitting of glucose molecules to form pyruvate?
Glycolysis
Which of the following foods do NOT stimulate satiety?
High fat foods
A waist circumference of 37 on a 23 year old female is considered
Higher than recommended, indicating increased risk for chronic disease.
Which of the following goals is not a SMART goal?
I will eat healthier this week
Which of the following statements are NOT true of lactation/breast-feeding?
Infant formula is healthier for infants than human milk.
Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid/water balance?
Kidneys
Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to be toxic compared to fat-soluble vitamins?
Kidneys can remove excess farily easily
Which organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients from the GI tract and prepares them for use in the body?
Liver
Which of the following is the key feature of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hyertension) diet?
Low sodium
What part of the GI tract is responsible for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), otherwise known as 'heartburn', which causes stomach acid to back up into the esophagus?
Lower esophageal sphincter
Which factor below does NOT help increase life expectancy (i.e. help a person live longer)?
Malnutrition
Which of the following dietary patterns is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines and has been shown to reduce inflammation and potentially slow aging?
Mediterranean diet
The cluster of symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood glucose, abnormal blood lipids, and high blood pressure is called _______________________.
Metabolic syndrome
Biochemical processes that provide energy to living cells
Metabolism
The hormone, CCK, is secreted into the blood in response to fat entering into the small intestine. CCK then simulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzymes. It also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. All of these processes begin to break down the fat in the small intestine. The partially digeseted fat no longer stimulates CCK release. If there is no CCK, then the pancreas and gallbladder on no longer stimulate. What type of homeostatic feedback loop is this situation describing?
Negative Feedback
What is the process that uses circular and longitudinal muscle contractions to move broken down foods (i.e., chyme) through the GI Tract.
Peristalsis
Which of the following minerals does NOT help establish and/or maintain bone health?
Potassium
What compounds are considered the building blocks of the body and are primarily responsible for growth and maintenance?
Proteins
Milk is stored in opaque containers in order to protect _________ from __________.
Riboflavin, UV light
Over the past 5 years, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?
Stayed the same
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
Stores microntrients.
Best 'free & non-food' sources of Vitamin D is_______.
Sun
Which pathway is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of 8 hydrogens (electrons) per turn which are needed for ATP synthesis?
TCA cycle
Where are proteins stored in the body (to use when needed)?
They are not stored anywhere
Why do fat-soluble vitamins need to be consumed less frequently than water-soluble vitamins?
They are stored in cells and get reabsorbed easily.
A large proportion of people who are homeless, malnourished, or suffer from alcoholism are________deficient.
Thiamin
Caffeine should be signficantly reduced from the diet during pregnancy and during lactation.
True
During times of starvation or insufficient carbohydrate intake, the body will break down its tissue proteins to make amino acids available for energy or glucose production.
True
In older adults, preserving muscle mass is highly important in order to maintain functionality and independence.
True
Medications can alter food intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients, which is particuarly common in older adults.
True
Protein is made in the body using encoded information within the DNA of our cells.
True
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide food-based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.
True
The majority of vitamins and minerals have ULs (Tolerable Upper Intake Level), Whereas macronutrients do not have ULs.
True
The primary reason why a diet high in added sugars is 'harmful' is because the foods/beverages containing the added sugar are nutrient poor but energy dense and displace the consumption of nutrient dense foods.
True
There are specific critical periods during fetal development in which any damage caused to the fetus from malnutrition or exposure to toxins is irreversable.
True
To reduce the risk factor of neural tube defects in the fetus, 400 micrograms of folate supplementation is recommended.
True
Which of the following is not a risk factor of obesity?
Type 1 Diabetes
The maximum amount of a nutrient that seems to be safe but beyond that might be 'toxic' or increase the risk of adverse health effects is the ______________
UL
Malnutrition applies to which of the following: (select all that apply)
Undernutrition and overnutrition
Which type of body fat storage contributes to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?
Viceral Fat
Blidness
Vitamin A
Select the 2 vitamins that require bile for digestion and absorption, and that travel through the lymphatic system.
Vitamin A and Vitamin E
Scurvy(i.e., bleeding gums, joint pain, pinpoint hemorrhages)
Vitamin C
__________________ is an antioxidant that protects tissues from oxidizing LDL and developing heart (artery) disease. This vitamin also helps with iron absorption.
Vitamin C
Rickets in children; osteomalacia/osteoporsis in adults (i.e., weak bones)
Vitamin D
bleeding/hemorrhage (i.e., inability to clot blood)
Vitamin K
Which does not provide energy?
Vitamins
Which provide carbohydrates in the diet? -grains -vegetables -fruit -beans
all of these foods are sources of carbohydrates
Protein quality is based on digestibility and amino acid composition. Thus, based on these factors which protein sources generally have the highest protein quality?
animal sources
Vitamin B12 has the greatest availability in_________.
animal sources
Health is compromised and chronic disease risk is increased in people with a BMI of
below 18.5 or above 24.9
What substance is released from the gall bladder and binds to the large fat globules in the lumen of the small intestine, breaking them into smaller "emulsified fat" droplets?
bile
What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?
brain
Provide an acid or basic environment to optimize digestion
chemicals
Which of the following is NOT true of high density lipoprotein (HDL)?
deliver triglycerides to cells
Break down food into smaller molecules through hydrolysis
enzymes
protects airway during swallowing
epiglottis
All cholesterol, including dietary and internally-made, is harmful to the body and is not a vital compound.
false
All research studies published on-line are accurate and valid.
false
During times of starvation or extreme fasting, fatty acids can be converted to glucose to feed the brain, nerves, and red blood cells.
false
Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.
false
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects are lowered by fortification of grain products with ___________.
folate
Which monosaccharide has the sweetest taste?
fructose
When triglycerides are metabolized, glycerol is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas fatty acids is/are converted to acetyl CoA.
glycerol, fatty acids
Life saving source of Beta-carotene is_______.
golden rice
signals to the gallbladder to release bile
hormones
What is the Central Control Center for energy balance and weight management?
hypothalamus
allows passage of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine
illeocecal valve
When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes glucagonto promote glucose update into the cells. However, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes insulin to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use.
insulin, glucagon
Which trace mineral, when deficient, reduces the ability of the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones which then negatively impacts growth and metabolism.
iodine
A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 20 g of carbohydrates/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?
is below the AMDR
When trying to become pregnant, all of the following practices are important to implement EXCEPT
limiting physical activity
When creating a weight loss plan, which of the following should NOT be included?
list of 'off limits' foods
continuous space that carries nutrients through the GI tract that are waiting to be absorbed
lumen
Who has the highest recommendation for Vitamin C?
men who smoke
Which is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + galactose?
milk sugar
protect the cells of the GI tract
mucus
Which of the following elements are unique to protein-containing molecules? (Select all that apply)
nitrogen
In the United States, who is the most succeptable to iron deficiency anemia?
overweight young women consuming a vegan diet.
The majority of Americans are considered to be______________?
overweight/obese
If you have a fasting blood glucose of 115 mg/dL, what range are you in?
prediabetes
Which types of enzymes assist with catabolizing proteins into amino acids? (Select all that apply)
proteases and peptidases
releases small portions of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?
removes cholesterol from cells
Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable foods stimulate which type of eating behavior?
reward (hedonic) eating
Select two foods that can be combined to make a complete protein.
rice and beans
Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?
small intestine
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern limits saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, and what other nutrient?
sodium
Which of the following is Not a function of water in the body?
source of energy
what is the most common sign of protein deficiency?
stunting
The disaccharide molecule containing glucose + fructose can be digested by which enzyme?
sucrase
What single factor has the greatest influence on food choice?
taste
essential amino acids are those which:
the body needs but cannot synthesize
Although energy balance is tightly regulated (through increases and decreases in energy intake and expenditure), it his highly variable and changes on a day-to-day basis.
true
An experimental study examines the effects of an intervention on a health outcome.
true
Infant birthweight is the most reliable indicator of infant health and development.
true
Which type of fatty acids have double bonds (and thus less hydrogens on their chemical backbone) which contribute to their protective nature in reducing the risk of chronic disease?
unsaturated fatty acids
The most effective way to ensure adequate but not excessive vitamin and mineral intake is _______________.
variety and moderation in the diet.
A food rich in vitamin E is _____________
vegetable oil
What absorptive structures of the GI tract are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that select and regulate absorption of nutrients?
villi
What essential nutrient is involved in nearly all body processes (like metabolic reactions, fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and nutrient transport)?
water
Which are inorganic?
water and minerals