Nutrition

0.6 g protein/kg body weight/day is needed to prevent deficiencies but 0.8 g protein/kg body weight/day is needed for health benefits.

-0.8 G protein/kg body weight/day -1.2-1.6g protein/kg body weight/day

Triglycerides are made up of: (Select all that apply)

-3 fatty acids -glycerol

Which of the following are known cause(s) of peptic ulcers (select all that apply)?

-Bacterial infection -Overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.

Which of the following physical, mental, and/or social changes occur in older adults that hinder the ability to meet dietary needs and recommendations? (select all that apply)

-Difficult chewing -Loneliness and isolation -Depression -Impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients

Which of the following factors significantly impact basal metabolic rate (BMR)? (select all that apply)

-Energy status -Age -Muscle mass -gender

Which of the following is true of sodium?

-Excess can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease. -Regulator of fluid volume -Most Americans consume sodium in quantities above the UL. -Maintains acid-base balance in body. -Essential to nerve impulse transmission.

Which of the following are key factors that have been reported to lead to successful weight loss maintenance? (select all that apply)

-Exercising about 1 hour per day -eating breakfast every day -watching less than 10 hours of TV per week -weighting at least once a week

Under which circumstances does pyruvate become Acetyl CoA (select all that apply)?

-In aerobic conditions -when the ETC can accept H -when energy needs to be sustained -During a long, slow race

Which of the following statements are true about saturated fats? (Select all that apply)

-More resistant to oxidation -solid at room temperature -contributes to elevated LDL blood cholesterol

Which of the following individuals have the training, expertise, and education necessary to provide accurate nutrition information and recommendations?

-PhD-level Nutritionist -Registered Dietitian

Which of the following life stages have specific nutrition needs? (select all that apply)

-Pregnancy -Adolescents -Lactations -Older Adults -Infants

Which of the following are NOT true about maternal weight during and after pregnancy? (Select all that apply)

-Rapid weight gain of 10 or more lbs in the mom is appropriate during the first trimester and is healthy for the growing fetus. -Between 25-35 lbs of weight gain is recommended for all women, regardless of pre-pregnancy weight

What are the 3 types of Lipids? (Select all that apply)

-Triglycerides -sterols -Phospholipids

Older adults are typically deficient in which of the following nutrients (select all that apply)?

-Vitamin B12 -Water -Zinc -Vitamin D

Amino acids can be used in which of the following ways (select all that apply):

-enter the TCA cycle directly -convert to pyruvate -converted to acetyl CoA

When we consume inadequate amounts of carbohydrates (<50 g/d), how does the body respond? (Select all that apply)

-fat gets broken down to form ketone bodies (for fuel) -protein gets broken down to from glucose

Select all of the following that are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids?

-flaxseed oil -salmon -olive oil

Select all of the following that would be considered a polysaccharide?

-glycogen -starch -fiber

Select all of the following that provide an example of a structure-function claim on a nutrition label.

-improves mood -builds strong bones -regulates digestion

Which of the following statements are true about polyunsaturated fats? (Select all that apply)

-lowers LDL blood cholesterol -liquid at room temperature -spoils readily

Check all of the following locations where enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates takes place.

-mouth and small intestine

The AMDR for protein is between

10-35% of total energy intake

The AMDR for fat is between

20-35%

What is the BMI of a 19 year old female that is 5'4" tall and weighs 140 pounds?

24

The recommended fiber intake in adults is 25 g/day for women and 38 g/day for men.

25, 38

A half-cup of vanilla ice cream contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein and 17 grams of fat. How many total kilocalories does this ice cream contain?

265 kcal

A veggie burger patty is 136 kilocalories and contains 15 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of protein and 4 grams of fat. What percentage of the energy in the burger comes from protein?

29%

How far away is the first double bond from the methyl group (aka omega carbon) in linolenic acid?

3

Tony is a 5'8", 180 lb, active 26 year old male. What is the Total Estimated Energy Requirements? (rounded to the nearest hundredth)

3200

What percent of the grains that you consume should be whole grains?

50%

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming__________ of daily intake from saturated fats?

<10%

What is an essential nutrient?

A nutrient that us needed but must be obtained from food (because the body can not make it).

The standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs when an RDA cannot be determined is the _________________

AI

The ultimate goal of energy metabolism is to break energy-yielding nutrients into what compound?

ATP

Moves smaller molecules out of the GI tract and into the blood

Absorption

Check all of the following that are new features of the recently updated nutrition facts panel.

Added sugars included, trans fat included, (shortfall Nutrients) Vitamin D and Potassium included.

Folate activation requires what vitamin?

B12

Which of the following B vitamins does NOT function as coenzymes in energy metabolism?

B12

Which of the following macronutrient should be consumed in greater amounts during the 1st trimester (compared to pre-pregnancy)?

Carbohydrates

Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body (select all that apply)?

Carotenoids and Retinoids.

Which of the following statements is true about polysaccharides?

Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth

Diets almost exclusively of ________ can lead to niacin deficiencies due to the lack of protein (and amino acid tryptophan)

Corn

Breaks ingested foods into smaller molecules

Digestion

The standard used to estimate the daily nutrient needs of half of all healthy individuals is the _______________

EAR

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor for 'high-risk' pregnancies?

Exercise Amount

Acetyl CoA can be used to make glucose.

False

Alcohol is safe to consume in moderation during pregnancy and has no negative impact on the infant.

False

Exercise during pregnancy should only occur in moms who were already physically active before becoming pregnant.

False

In older adults, supplements should be recommended to replace foods.

False

Macronutrients are far more important for health than micronutrients.

False

Nutrition is the branch of science that focuses on 1 thing (and 1 thing only): To examine the nutrients that are in foods.

False

The health effects of dietary fats are only dependent on the quantity that is consumed.

False

The majority of American moms gain the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy.

False

Which energy-yielding nutrient supplies about 60% of the body's energy needs during rest?

Fat

Which of the following energy-yielding nutrients, consumed in excess, can get stored directly and efficiently as body fat.

Fat

What are non-digestible carbohydrates that promote GI health, increase satiety, and reduce risks of heart disease, diseases, and some cancers?

Fiber

Vitamin K can be synthesized from_______.

GI bacteria

Which of the following factors significantly decrease the bioavailability of most vitamins?

Getting the vitamins from supplements or processed foods

Which pathway allows for the breakdown of carbohydrates through the splitting of glucose molecules to form pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which of the following foods do NOT stimulate satiety?

High fat foods

A waist circumference of 37 on a 23 year old female is considered

Higher than recommended, indicating increased risk for chronic disease.

Which of the following goals is not a SMART goal?

I will eat healthier this week

Which of the following statements are NOT true of lactation/breast-feeding?

Infant formula is healthier for infants than human milk.

Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid/water balance?

Kidneys

Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to be toxic compared to fat-soluble vitamins?

Kidneys can remove excess farily easily

Which organ of the body is the first to receive the nutrients from the GI tract and prepares them for use in the body?

Liver

Which of the following is the key feature of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hyertension) diet?

Low sodium

What part of the GI tract is responsible for GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), otherwise known as 'heartburn', which causes stomach acid to back up into the esophagus?

Lower esophageal sphincter

Which factor below does NOT help increase life expectancy (i.e. help a person live longer)?

Malnutrition

Which of the following dietary patterns is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines and has been shown to reduce inflammation and potentially slow aging?

Mediterranean diet

The cluster of symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood glucose, abnormal blood lipids, and high blood pressure is called _______________________.

Metabolic syndrome

Biochemical processes that provide energy to living cells

Metabolism

The hormone, CCK, is secreted into the blood in response to fat entering into the small intestine. CCK then simulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzymes. It also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. All of these processes begin to break down the fat in the small intestine. The partially digeseted fat no longer stimulates CCK release. If there is no CCK, then the pancreas and gallbladder on no longer stimulate. What type of homeostatic feedback loop is this situation describing?

Negative Feedback

What is the process that uses circular and longitudinal muscle contractions to move broken down foods (i.e., chyme) through the GI Tract.

Peristalsis

Which of the following minerals does NOT help establish and/or maintain bone health?

Potassium

What compounds are considered the building blocks of the body and are primarily responsible for growth and maintenance?

Proteins

Milk is stored in opaque containers in order to protect _________ from __________.

Riboflavin, UV light

Over the past 5 years, the overall diet quality among Americans based on the Healthy Eating Index Score has done what?

Stayed the same

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

Stores microntrients.

Best 'free & non-food' sources of Vitamin D is_______.

Sun

Which pathway is shared with all energy-yielding nutrients and leads to the release of 8 hydrogens (electrons) per turn which are needed for ATP synthesis?

TCA cycle

Where are proteins stored in the body (to use when needed)?

They are not stored anywhere

Why do fat-soluble vitamins need to be consumed less frequently than water-soluble vitamins?

They are stored in cells and get reabsorbed easily.

A large proportion of people who are homeless, malnourished, or suffer from alcoholism are________deficient.

Thiamin

Caffeine should be signficantly reduced from the diet during pregnancy and during lactation.

True

During times of starvation or insufficient carbohydrate intake, the body will break down its tissue proteins to make amino acids available for energy or glucose production.

True

In older adults, preserving muscle mass is highly important in order to maintain functionality and independence.

True

Medications can alter food intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients, which is particuarly common in older adults.

True

Protein is made in the body using encoded information within the DNA of our cells.

True

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide food-based recommendations to help prevent diet-related chronic diseases and promote overall health.

True

The majority of vitamins and minerals have ULs (Tolerable Upper Intake Level), Whereas macronutrients do not have ULs.

True

The primary reason why a diet high in added sugars is 'harmful' is because the foods/beverages containing the added sugar are nutrient poor but energy dense and displace the consumption of nutrient dense foods.

True

There are specific critical periods during fetal development in which any damage caused to the fetus from malnutrition or exposure to toxins is irreversable.

True

To reduce the risk factor of neural tube defects in the fetus, 400 micrograms of folate supplementation is recommended.

True

Which of the following is not a risk factor of obesity?

Type 1 Diabetes

The maximum amount of a nutrient that seems to be safe but beyond that might be 'toxic' or increase the risk of adverse health effects is the ______________

UL

Malnutrition applies to which of the following: (select all that apply)

Undernutrition and overnutrition

Which type of body fat storage contributes to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes?

Viceral Fat

Blidness

Vitamin A

Select the 2 vitamins that require bile for digestion and absorption, and that travel through the lymphatic system.

Vitamin A and Vitamin E

Scurvy(i.e., bleeding gums, joint pain, pinpoint hemorrhages)

Vitamin C

__________________ is an antioxidant that protects tissues from oxidizing LDL and developing heart (artery) disease. This vitamin also helps with iron absorption.

Vitamin C

Rickets in children; osteomalacia/osteoporsis in adults (i.e., weak bones)

Vitamin D

bleeding/hemorrhage (i.e., inability to clot blood)

Vitamin K

Which does not provide energy?

Vitamins

Which provide carbohydrates in the diet? -grains -vegetables -fruit -beans

all of these foods are sources of carbohydrates

Protein quality is based on digestibility and amino acid composition. Thus, based on these factors which protein sources generally have the highest protein quality?

animal sources

Vitamin B12 has the greatest availability in_________.

animal sources

Health is compromised and chronic disease risk is increased in people with a BMI of

below 18.5 or above 24.9

What substance is released from the gall bladder and binds to the large fat globules in the lumen of the small intestine, breaking them into smaller "emulsified fat" droplets?

bile

What organ is the primary user of glucose in the body?

brain

Provide an acid or basic environment to optimize digestion

chemicals

Which of the following is NOT true of high density lipoprotein (HDL)?

deliver triglycerides to cells

Break down food into smaller molecules through hydrolysis

enzymes

protects airway during swallowing

epiglottis

All cholesterol, including dietary and internally-made, is harmful to the body and is not a vital compound.

false

All research studies published on-line are accurate and valid.

false

During times of starvation or extreme fasting, fatty acids can be converted to glucose to feed the brain, nerves, and red blood cells.

false

Fiber supplements are just as effective as consuming fiber-rich foods.

false

Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects are lowered by fortification of grain products with ___________.

folate

Which monosaccharide has the sweetest taste?

fructose

When triglycerides are metabolized, glycerol is/are converted to pyruvate or glucose, whereas fatty acids is/are converted to acetyl CoA.

glycerol, fatty acids

Life saving source of Beta-carotene is_______.

golden rice

signals to the gallbladder to release bile

hormones

What is the Central Control Center for energy balance and weight management?

hypothalamus

allows passage of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine

illeocecal valve

When blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes glucagonto promote glucose update into the cells. However, when blood glucose falls, the pancreas secretes insulin to breakdown glycogen into glucose for use.

insulin, glucagon

Which trace mineral, when deficient, reduces the ability of the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones which then negatively impacts growth and metabolism.

iodine

A person is 'doing keto' and consumes 20 g of carbohydrates/day in a 2000 kilocalorie diet. How does this amount fit with the AMDR?

is below the AMDR

When trying to become pregnant, all of the following practices are important to implement EXCEPT

limiting physical activity

When creating a weight loss plan, which of the following should NOT be included?

list of 'off limits' foods

continuous space that carries nutrients through the GI tract that are waiting to be absorbed

lumen

Who has the highest recommendation for Vitamin C?

men who smoke

Which is the common name of the disaccharide molecule that contains glucose + galactose?

milk sugar

protect the cells of the GI tract

mucus

Which of the following elements are unique to protein-containing molecules? (Select all that apply)

nitrogen

In the United States, who is the most succeptable to iron deficiency anemia?

overweight young women consuming a vegan diet.

The majority of Americans are considered to be______________?

overweight/obese

If you have a fasting blood glucose of 115 mg/dL, what range are you in?

prediabetes

Which types of enzymes assist with catabolizing proteins into amino acids? (Select all that apply)

proteases and peptidases

releases small portions of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

Which of the following is NOT true of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)?

removes cholesterol from cells

Portion size, food advertisements, time cues, and easy access to highly palatable foods stimulate which type of eating behavior?

reward (hedonic) eating

Select two foods that can be combined to make a complete protein.

rice and beans

Where does chemical digestion of table sugar (sucrose) begin?

small intestine

The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggests that a healthy eating pattern limits saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, and what other nutrient?

sodium

Which of the following is Not a function of water in the body?

source of energy

what is the most common sign of protein deficiency?

stunting

The disaccharide molecule containing glucose + fructose can be digested by which enzyme?

sucrase

What single factor has the greatest influence on food choice?

taste

essential amino acids are those which:

the body needs but cannot synthesize

Although energy balance is tightly regulated (through increases and decreases in energy intake and expenditure), it his highly variable and changes on a day-to-day basis.

true

An experimental study examines the effects of an intervention on a health outcome.

true

Infant birthweight is the most reliable indicator of infant health and development.

true

Which type of fatty acids have double bonds (and thus less hydrogens on their chemical backbone) which contribute to their protective nature in reducing the risk of chronic disease?

unsaturated fatty acids

The most effective way to ensure adequate but not excessive vitamin and mineral intake is _______________.

variety and moderation in the diet.

A food rich in vitamin E is _____________

vegetable oil

What absorptive structures of the GI tract are fingerlike projections in the small intestine that select and regulate absorption of nutrients?

villi

What essential nutrient is involved in nearly all body processes (like metabolic reactions, fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and nutrient transport)?

water

Which are inorganic?

water and minerals