Philosophy Final Exam
For virtually all those who believe in God, among the most important questions one can address is: a. Is God immanent? b. Am I divine? c. What moral characteristics does God have? d. Is God nothing?
C
Habermas contends that we cultivate rationality through: a. practical wisdom. b. good judgment. c. conversation. d. reasonable expectations.
C
How can Schopenhauer's metaphysical theory best be classified? a. radicalism b. individualism c. pessimism d. optimism
C
How does Spinoza solve the problem of how substances interact? a. He argues that mind and body are separate substances, but do not interact. b. He never solves the problem. c. He argues that the mind and body are not separate substances, but parts of the same substance. d. He cannot solve it because the problem is actually a pseudo-problem.
C
I say, "I am wearing a red sweater." You can see that my sweater is red. All of the following truths describe this situation EXCEPT which one? a. empirical truth b. factual truth c. necessary truth d. cognitive truth
C
If the correspondence theory of truth is correct, knowing facts independently of our claim to know the truth would have the odd result that: a. we could not have evidence for the truth of our claim. b. the network of our beliefs would exhibit a shift. c. we would have justification for our belief that a claim is true before we know that our claim is true. d. the evidence for our claim would always be insufficient.
C
What is the key component to Hegel's metaphysical theory? a. logic b. spirit c. mathematics d. despair
B
General agreement about the meaning of certain symbols (such as "1" and "2") are called: a. conventions. b. paradoxes. c. philosophical questions. d. abstractions.
A
Empiricists reject which of the following? a. contingent truths b. tabula rasa c. innate ideas d. inductive reasoning
C
It has been suggested that human life is meaningful because humans, unlike animals, are: a. reflective. b. independent. c. creative. d. spiritual.
A
Every scientific fact is interpreted: a. by untrained individuals who are imperfect. b. according to causal observations about the world. c. by a "peer review" committee. d. according to theories generated by science and philosophies.
D
Contemporary philosophers argue that the primary conditions for knowledge include what kind of true belief? a. justified b. coherent c. metaphysical d. necessary
A
For most philosophers, what is the most sense one can give to the word truth? a. The best evidence provides the basis for what is most rational to believe. b. It is a convention based on fact, evidence, and testimony. c. The word is meaningless. d. Our metaphysical encounters of the world allow us insight into its mystical aspects.
A
Self-evident truths are: a. obvious, or need nothing else to be justified. b. doubtable, and cannot be the basis of knowledge. c. easy, so prone to error. d. external, and cannot be accessed by reason alone.
A
What are the two assumptions of philosophical metaphysics? a. Reality endures and is a unity. b. God created the world and interacts with it. c. Life is essentially conflict and antagonism. d. Time is eternal and shaped by space.
A
What is the ultimate goal of science? a. to create a unified field theory that incorporates all laws of nature b. to understand what is really real c. to finally prove or disprove the existence of God d. to discover a way to make humans immortal
A
With which claim would a relativist agree? a. All knowledge varies depending on particular cultures. b. There are absolute truths. c. Universal, objective knowledge of reality is possible. d. Truth is independent of our personal opinions.
A
What did Crito try to do while Socrates was in prison? a. Try to complete Socrates' writings. b. Try to take over Socrates' position as a noted philosopher. c. Urge the Athenians to give Socrates the death penalty. d. Arrange for Socrates to escape.
D
A criticism of Spinoza's and Leibniz' metaphysics is that they: a. are disputed by scientific fact. b. reduce to a poetic image of the world. c. require a personal and creative God. d. require a passion driven without reason or will.
B
Hume's Fork emphasizes that the only two: a. tests for logical strength are validity and soundness. b. kinds of truth are matters of fact and truths of reason. c. logically possible arguments are deductive and inductive. d. substances are mind and body.
B
Philosophers who accept a teleological explanation of the universe generally accept: a. the earth itself is a living organism. b. there is a purpose to, or of, nature. c. the world is perfectly created. d. the universe is analogous to a great machine.
B
Skepticism is a true problem for the nature of knowledge because to say that we know something is to say that our belief is justified and true, but: a. our justification can never be enough. b. what counts as justification for belief typically requires faith. c. knowledge is only possible if God allows it and we are never justified to say God exists. d. we can never know that something is true.
B
Tautologies (e.g., "Boys will be boys.") are true even though they: a. involve a complicated process of confirmation. b. do not tell us anything about the world. c. can be disputed by scientific evidence. d. are truths of common sense.
B
The belief that life is essentially conflict and antagonism is called: a. idealism. b. dialectic. c. pantheism. d. teleology.
B
Which philosopher is a rationalist? a. Mill b. Hegel c. Russell d. Hume
B
What kind of books does Hume believe we should "commit...to the flames for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion?" a. Bibles b. science c. Plato's Republic d. metaphysics
D
Although the renowned physicist Sir Isaac Newton defended a mechanistic, causal account of the universe, he also insisted: a. a teleological argument for the existence of God is unfounded. b. God exists and provides purpose to creation. c. the organic unity of nature does not conflict with its diversity. d. the diversity of philosophical systems requires moral relativism.
B
Descartes metaphysics argues that minds are: a. the only substance. b. just one kind of substance. c. derivatives of material substances. d. just part of a substance.
B
Doing philosophy involves which of the following? a. Focusing on personal beliefs and ignoring evidence that might contradict those beliefs. b. Thinking further about dramatic, often personal, questions. c. Suffering, hallucinating, dreaming, and thinking about death. d. Attending college courses in philosophy.
B
For Schopenhauer, the world contains only one real thing: a. the mind. b. the Will. c. Substance. d. phenomena.
B
How are pantheists and atheists different? a. Pantheists do not believe in the existence of the universe, but atheists do. b. Both believe in the existence of the universe, but pantheists have a religious attitude regarding the universe as divine. c. Atheists do not believe in the existence of the universe, but pantheists do. d. Neither believes in the existence of the universe, pantheists believe God is everywhere.
B
If God is imminent, the problem of our knowledge of God: a. is strengthened, since God cannot be known. b. resolves itself because we can simply look inside ourselves to find God. c. separates us from the divinity within us. d. leads to the extreme position that God is identical to the cosmos.
B
In Symposium, which thinker suggests that adults have children in order to experience a version of immortality? a. Homer b. Diotima c. Socrates d. Plato
B
In most sects of Christianity, the Trinity includes: a. Jesus, Mary, Joseph. b. Father, Son, Holy Spirit. c. Zeus, Jupiter, Oden. d. Poseidon, Neptune, Aegir.
B
Prior to science's dominance over how we conceive reality, most answered the question of what is ultimately real by appealing to: a. nonphysical things. b. Aristotle's Unmoved Mover. c. pure rationality. d. God.
B
St. Anselm is famous for what kind of theological argument? a. teleological b. ontological c. cosmological d. contingent
B
String theory postulates that: a. elementary particles behave both like waves and particles. b. fundamental reality consists of tiny vibrating particles, which may be an open or closed loop. c. discreet, indivisible units of energy move in inherently random ways. d. it is physically impossible to know the position and the momentum of a particle.
B
What does the argument from design conclude? a. The existence of human morality requires a divine explanation. b. Some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end. c. Our idea of "perfect" must have an origin in a perfect source d. Contingent beings require a first cause.
B
Which of the statements below would characterize Hinduism? a. Rationality is not required to have objective, rational evidence for our basic beliefs and stance toward life. b. There is a conception of ultimate reality, which is impersonal, with no special concern for human beings. c. There is a warranted grounding for religious belief beyond rational argument. d. Belief in God must be supported by objective, rational arguments.
B
Which philosopher attempted to demonstrate the difference between what is real and what might be a dream? a. Immanuel Kant b. René Descartes c. Karl Marx d. Socrates
B
Who argued that reality was like fire? a. Socrates b. Heraclitus c. Thales d. Anaximenes
B
Who argues that the world is actually unreal because our world is constantly changing and impermanent? a. Thales b. Permenides c. Democritus d. Heraclitus
B
Who believed that ultimate "stuff" of reality was atoms, or tiny indestructible elements? a. Thales b. Democritus c. Socrates d. Anaximenes
B
Kierkegaard believed faith was: a. objective. b. rational. c. irrational. d. a game.
C
Most philosophers would argue that the Rwandan genocide is: a. not subject to their definition of evil. b. a leap of faith. c. a moral evil. d. a nonmoral evil.
C
What does it mean to say God is transcendent? a. God is beyond the world of human experience. b. God is ever present in the world he created. c. God is present within each of us. d. God intervenes in human affairs.
A
The Greek conception of God was both: a. monotheistic and agnostic. b. polytheistic and anthropomorphic. c. polytheistic and transcendental. d. deistic and anthropomorphic.
B
The problem of evil is most accurately characterized as the difficulty of reconciling the: a. Existence of theism with the existence of atheism. b. Existence of suffering with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, good God. c. Free will defense with the natural order defense. d. Existence of moral evil with the existence of natural evil.
B
To what does rationality refer? a. the capacity for intelligence. b. acting for good and being cogent in our thinking. c. practical wisdom. d. applying the correspondence theory of Plato's Forms.
B
Translate Descartes' declaration: Cognito ergo sum. a. Waste not, want not. b. I think; therefore I am. c. Know thyself and to thine own self be true. d. To be is to be perceived.
B
What are the two schools of thought that have dominated discussions about the kinds of truth that philosophy can reveal? a. realism and empiricism b. empiricism and rationalism c. objectivism and relativism d. Cartesian and Lockean
B
What does the principle of universal causality state? a. We can presuppose that everything has a cause thought this cannot be proven. b. Everything that happens has a cause. c. All events in the universe are caused by God. d. Every atom in the universe is caused by a connection with every other atom.
B
What is the study of what is real and the effort to create a reality hierarchy? a. cosmology b. ontology c. materialism d. metaphysics
B
What philosopher defended the pragmatic theory of truth? a. John Locke b. William James c. David Hume d. G. W. F. Hegel
B
What seeks to explain how the most real things in our world have come into existence? a. ontology b. cosmology c. metaphysics d. materialism
B
What two things are important to one's religion, but do not prove a threat to religious tolerance? a. doctrine and belief b. ritual and tradition c. ritual and doctrine d. tradition and belief
B
Which argument for believing in God holds that there must have been a "first cause" or a "prime mover"? a. teleological b. cosmological c. ontological d. straw man
B
Which of the following does not describe Plato's Forms? a. more important than content b. not real c. immaterial d. changeless
B
What do we call the opinions and ideas of faith that lie at the foundation of all our knowledge and understanding, which are not generally considered a matter of debate? a. episteme b. necessary truths c. presuppositions d. empirical truths
C
What does Hegel mean by "Spirit"? a. God is everything. b. God is nothing. c. God is bigger than any of us, but not distinct from us. d. God is a relative commandment.
C
What is the study of knowledge called? a. intuitionism b. ethics c. epistemology d. ontology
C
Which of the claims below most accurately characterizes Karl Marx's view of religion? a. God is dead. b. Religion is an irrational belief. c. Religion is the opium of the people. d. God is rationally necessary for human existence.
C
Which of the following claims does Kant deny? a. The mind exists. b. Synthetic a priori truths exist. c. There are two distinct realms of reality: inner and outer. d. We constitute the world according to a priori knowledge.
C
Which of the following epistemological theories states that reason or the intellect is the primary source of our fundamental knowledge about reality? a. skepticism b. empiricism c. rationalism d. constructivism
C
Which of the following is a necessary truth? a. There is only one substance. b. 1 + 1 = 1 c. 2 + 2 = 4 d. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.
C
Which of the following is an example of a priori knowledge? a. No bachelors are lonely. b. Some bachelors are lonely. c. All bachelors are unmarried. d. All bachelors are married.
C
Which of the following philosophers argues, "To be is to be perceived"? a. Spinoza b. Kant c. Berkeley d. Hegel
C
Which of the following questions captures a philosophical question? a. "What is for breakfast this morning?" b. "Do you think that it is going to rain?" c. "Is there anything worth dying for?" d. "Why don't you go outside and play?"
C
Which theory of truth argues that what is true is simply that which best binds with the overall network of our experience and beliefs? a. correspondence b. scientific c. coherence d. pragmatic
C
Who wrote Symposium among other dialogues? a. Copernicus b. Homer c. Plato d. Augustine
C
In arguing for the existence of God, the British philosopher William Paley employs an analogy in which he compares the universe to a: a. watch found in a field. b. compass left in a ship. c. horseless carriage. d. stone blocking the road.
A
Karl Rahner, a proponent of pantheism, believes God is: a. both transcendent and immanent. b. immanent only. c. transcendent only. d. neither transcendent nor immanent.
A
Which pre-Socratic scholars did not have a major impact on Plato's metaphysics? a. Pythagoras b. Heraclitus c. Anaxamander d. Parmenides
C
Who founded German idealism? a. Schopenhauer b. Leibniz c. Kant d. Hegel
C
A person who believes that our free choices actually are free is called a: a. conservatist. b. libertarian. c. determinist. d. compatibilist.
B
According to Spinoza's conception of God, God has an infinite number of attributes, of which we as humans know only two. What are they? a. Being and Spirit b. mind and body c. transcendence and immanence d. everything and nothing
B
A monotheistic conception of God is least likely to be held by a follower of which religion? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Buddhism d. Islam
C
American Rabbi Harold Kushner solves the problem of evil by giving up divine: a. omniscience. b. omnipresence. c. omnipotence. d. goodness.
C
Aristotle gave the particular things in the world—people, animals, rocks, etc.—the name: a. forms. b. stuff. c. substances. d. logos.
C
Copernicus's theory argued for which of the following ideas? a. The earth is at the center of the universe. b. It is the greatest honor to die for one's country. c. The earth revolves around the sun. d. There is no such thing as "free will."
C
Descartes used the term substance to refer to the nature of: a. matter. b. minds. c. reality. d. atoms.
C
If God is constantly creating himself, which ideological fight becomes false? a. materialism vs. immaterialism b. theism vs. atheism c. evolutionism vs. creationism d. monism vs. dualism
C
What did Kierkegaard believe was most important? a. knowing that God exists and everything about Him b. our conception of God c. Christian theology d. the passion with which we believe in God
D
As a philosopher, Descartes believed in more than one substance; therefore, he is a: a. dualist. b. monist. c. materialist. d. pluralist.
D
If Berkeley's theory of metaphysics is correct, which of the following statements is true? a. There is physical substance, but we cannot know that it is. b. There is no such thing as material substance since we do not experience it. c. Minds and bodies do not interact causally. d. There is only one substance: God.
D
In the context of metaphysics, an idealist is someone who: a. believes that reality is entirely physical in nature. b. is a visionary. c. is very optimistic about the future. d. believes the basis of all reality exists in the mind.
D
Leibniz's metaphysical theory differs from Spinoza's in that: a. Spinoza believes in pluralism and individuality, while Leibniz believes in a unity of all things. b. Leibniz argues that the world is completely determined and without freedom, while Spinoza argues for determination. c. Leibniz believes in atheism and rationality, while Spinoza is a monotheist. d. Leibniz believes in pluralism and individuality, while Spinoza believes in a unity of all things.
D
What is a theodicy? a. an argument against God's existence in an evil world b. a leap of faith c. a religious pilgrimage d. justification for God's permission of evil in the world
D
What is the main concept emphasized by the idea of a "happiness box"? a. Philosophers are divided on whether we can and should build such a machine. b. People will never be satisfied when they think of happiness as a "box," or space outside of themselves. c. Such a box would prove Descartes's theory of dualism. d. If people choose to leave the happiness box, it suggests there might be something more valuable to life than guaranteed happiness.
D
What philosopher said, "It is one thing to prove God's existence while standing on one leg and something quite different to thank Him on one's knees?" a. Spinoza b. Voltaire c. Rahner d. Kierkegaard
D
Which philosopher is recognized as the father of existentialism? a. Sartre b. Hegel c. Voltaire d. Kierkegaard
D
Plato's dualism is described through what allegory told by Socrates? a. The Ladder of Love b. The Myth of the Cave c. The Line d. The Hylomorphic Monster
B
Foucault rejects which idea? a. Humans have made progress in acquiring knowledge and philosophical truth over time. b. Knowledge is beyond the grasp of human consciousness. c. Truth is what a society's rulers and leaders claim it is. d. Discourse is imposed upon us whether we know it or not.
A
Foucault's idea of knowledge as power borrows from which philosopher's theory of a "will to power"? a. Nietzsche b. Hume c. Habermas d. Marx
A
Kierkegaard said one type of accent falls on WHAT is said and another type of accent on HOW it is said. What types of accents are they? a. objective and subjective b. scientific and philosophical c. metaphysical and theological d. moral and epistemic
A
Which philosopher argues that truth is a historical matter and relative to episteme? a. Noam Chomsky b. Michel Foucault c. Karl Marx d. Immanuel Kant
B
Human beings want truth whether in science or philosophy to mean more than "very well confirmed." What do we want it to mean? a. "How I perceive and experience the world." b. "What we agree the world to be." c. "The way the world really is." d. "Far-reaching models of the world."
C
Kierkegaard emphasized the importance of which type of religious truth? a. subjective historical truth b. objective personal truth c. subjective personal truth d. objective historical truth
C
Metaphysical assertions like "There is an external world that exists independent of me" make what odd epistemic assumption? a. There are obvious principles of universal causality. b. The statement is a matter of fact. c. Each of us knows the world. d. Bodies have minds.
C
Some people claim, "Truth is all subjective." This is not a sincere attempt at finding the truth, but a: a. philosophical ploy to avoid debate. b. powerful, mystical thought. c. symptom of lazy thinking. d. sign of hard-headedness.
C
The correspondence theory of truth hold that truth is whatever corresponds to: a. our experience of the world. b. our reason. c. the facts. d. God's will for the world.
C
According to Descartes, if I exist and God exists, then the world must exist because: a. it is indubitable. b. I cannot doubt what God created. c. the world is external to me. d. God would not fool me.
D
For which two reasons has science been taken to be a paradigm of truth? a. Scientific discovery is performed by experts and can change. b. Science has weathered scandal and has refuted philosophical inquiry. c. Science improves lives worldwide and can help those lives live longer. d. Science has had much success predicting natural consequences and often is performed with high amounts of integrity.
D
Hume argued the existence of the external world could be proven true via appeals to: a. intuition. b. reason. c. God. d. experience.
D
If we abandon the presupposition that reality is durable and eternal, what can we conclude? a. The world of nature requires necessary laws to govern it. b. Passions are rendered incoherent along with ambitions. c. The highest end of humanity becomes politics. d. Reality is a function of our purposes, passions, and collective social goods.
D
The coherence theory of truth says that presuppositions: a. are those that create possibilities for us. b. correspond to facts about the world. c. marry one's perceptions with the way the world works. d. are joined to other true beliefs.
D
The term science was used by philosophers to emphasize the: a. incompatibility of science and philosophy. b. controversial nature of philosophical inquiry into some parts of science. c. empirical nature of philosophical inquiry. d. rigor of thinking regarding matters from physics to metaphysics.
D
The two-world assumption claims that there is no external world and: a. this world is a hallucination. b. that we connect directly with it. c. we can never know anything about it. d. we only ever connect with it through our minds.
D
What can we learn from the skepticism of Descartes and Hume? a. Truth is whatever each of us believes it to be. b. Knowledge is not objectively possible. c. Language plays a large role in constructing truth. d. We easily presume that the obvious is objectively true.
D
With whom does Nelson Goodman disagree on the issue of innate aptitude for language? a. Bertrand Russell b. John Locke c. Rene Descartes d. Noam Chomsky
D
A tsunami kills thousands of people. Which of the following solutions cannot answer the question of why God would allow this evil to occur? a. It's a result of free will. b. It's part of a theodicy. c. It's a nonmoral evil. d. It's the least-of-all-evils.
A
According to Kant, what two standpoints govern our world of experience? a. nature and action b. rationality and good c. word and object d. freedom and necessity
A
According to a 1992 Los Angeles Times Service article, sophisticated computer calculates show what biblical event could have happened as the Bible describes it? a. Moses' parting of the Red Sea b. Jesus' resurrection c. Joshua's sun standing still d. Noah's flood
A
All of the following statements describe Voltaire's concept of God except: a. God has personal and human attributes. b. God has no interest in what happens to us. c. God is neither just nor unjust. d. God create the world.
A
Aristotle rejected the transcendence of Plato's Forms and said forms of things: a. have no separate existence. b. are found in some eternal principle underlying material things. c. are patterns and principles of mathematics. d. can never truly be known.
A
Believing that God is all-powerful means God is: a. omnipotent. b. omnisource. c. omnipresent. d. omniscient.
A
Like Plato, Charles Hawthorne argues that we can believe that God is perfect and changeless only if we can conceive of: a. perfect in a way that excludes change. b. change in a way that is perfect. c. human beings as perfection. d. perfect independently of the Form.
A
On what basis does Kant object to the ontological argument? a. It illegitimately treats existence as a property on a par with features such as perfection and benevolence. b. It assumes a conception of God that is illegitimate since it cannot be traced back to any sense impression. c. It assumes a conception of God that many would not accept. d. It is self-contradictory.
A
One of the difficulties facing our moral belief that virtuous actions should be rewarded and that evil actions should be punished is that: a. it's never true that these actions are always praised or blamed, either by governments or by God. b. some cultures actually praise evil-doers. c. some governments, like the Ancient Greeks, do not believe in moral praise or blame. d. everybody has their own opinion about what counts as a "virtuous act".
A
Pascal's "wager" is best summarized by which of the following statements? a. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be a believer in God than an atheist. b. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be an atheist than a believer in God. c. God does not play dice with the universe. d. Even if we cannot rationally demonstrate whether or not God exists, it makes more sense to be an agnostic than to be either a believer in God or an atheist.
A
Socrates went willingly to his death because he believed that: a. he was obliged to respect the laws of his city, even though those laws led to his death. b. death was preferable to life, since life was only a dream. c. he had been shamed and dishonored by his peers. d. God would save him before the moment of death.
A
The moral issues of abortion and just war test which personal moral question? a. Is it ever wrong to take a life? b. What is the definition of "person"? c. Can the government ever force me to do something I do not want to do? d. Can another person decide for me how to live my life?
A
What does Voltaire, a deist, believe? a. God set the world in motion but is no longer actively involved in human life. b. God can be intimately known through mystical experiences. c. There is no way to know for sure whether or not God exists. d. God is an all-powerful creator who controls and manipulates the lives of humans.
A
What is philosophy? a. The process of responding to the difficult questions in life, including ethics, logic, knowledge, and reality. b. The science of reasoning c. The study of the ultimate constituents of reality. d. The study of knowledge.
A
What is the one thing all religions have in common? a. spirituality b. doctrine c. ritual d. tradition
A
When the young patriot Nathan Hale was about to be hanged by the British, he said: a. "I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country." b. "I live for my country." c. "Give me liberty or give me death." d. "I will not die for America."
A
Which of the following characterizes Kant's metaphysics? a. The world is essentially constituted by us through categories that our minds impose on them. b. The world is governed by an Idea, which is continually developing towards freedom. c. The Will is the driving force of everything in nature. d. There is an all-embracing Spirit, which is immanent in the world.
A
Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between atheists and agnostics? a. Atheists deny the existence of God, while agnostics insist there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God exists. b. Atheists claim we can absolutely prove God doesn't exist, whereas agnostics agree God doesn't exist but deny we can prove this with absolute certainty. c. Agnostics claim we can absolutely prove God doesn't exist, whereas atheists agree God doesn't exist but deny we can prove this with absolute certainty. d. Agnostics deny the existence of God, while atheists insist there is insufficient evidence to know whether or not God exists.
A
Who believed reality was ultimately composed of water? a. Thales b. Deocritus c. Anaxamander d. Heraclitus
A
Who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and led the Protestant Reformation? a. Martin Luther b. Thomas Aquinas c. Voltaire d. Søren Kierkegaard
A
Who was the first Western philosopher? a. Thales b. Democritus c. Socrates d. Anaximenes
A
Why does Pythagoras argue that numbers are more real than physical objects like trees and tables? a. He points out that trees and tables can be destroyed, but numbers are eternal and cannot be destroyed. b. He values man above God, so he thinks that numbers (conceived in the mind of man) are more real than trees or tables (created by God). c. He is an atheist who believes that everything exists only in the mind, and argues that material things like trees or tables are simply illusions. d. He argues that numbers could be used to explain the existence of God, whereas trees or bales are mere things without minds.
A
Our belief that other people have minds is difficult to justify because: a. science can make proper conclusions about the physical, and not the mental. b. when we assume that bodily movements express someone's mental events, we make a logical mistake. c. observation gives us truth that other people have bodies, but access to the mental is directly known only to each person. d. the techniques of physics, chemistry, and biology have not yet uncovered most of the truth about the brain.
C
Philosophical questions aim at: a. helping you identify what you prioritize by asking, "What is worth dying for?" b. encouraging believers to be passionate about their beliefs. c. getting you to articulate reasons about beliefs that you hold. d. leading you to be skeptical that we can know things about the world.
C
Reality as a concept is introduced philosophically by which distinction? a. what is seen and what is unseen b. being versus having c. what appears to be the case, and what allows us to explain it d. creation and evolution
C
Since the third century CE, one of the ongoing debates in Christianity is whether the most important aspect of religious belief is: a. reason. b. revelation. c. faith. d. natural design.
C
What biblical character did Kierkegaard use to show that absurdity can lead to true faith in God? a. Moses b. Abraham c. Job d. Adam
C
One of the most prominent cases of syncretism involves the appearance of: a. Santa Muerte b. the angel Gabriel c. the angel Moroni d. La Virgen de Guadalupe
D
Ontology and cosmology are two components of: a. idealism. b. materialism. c. realism. d. metaphysics.
D
Religious ideas, according to Sigmund Freud, are illusions which fulfill the a. power impulses of religious leaders. b. Oedipal drives of the weak. c. will of God. d. most urgent wishes of mankind.
D
Scientists and philosophers agree that: a. the senses should be doubted as a source of truth about the world. b. we cannot be sure that obvious truths about the world are real. c. whatever the senses tell us obviously and evidently is illusory. d. the senses can be wrong when they tell us obvious things about the world.
D
The excerpt from Plato's Crito is used to demonstrate why we would be: a. willing to believe in God. b. willing to be happy. c. willing to have children. d. willing to die for honor.
D
The theory that nothing exists except minds and ideas is called: a. objective idealism. b. dualism. c. pluralism. d. subjective idealism.
D
What Christian philosopher introduced proofs of God called "Five Ways"? a. Saint Anselm b. William Paley c. Blaise Pascal d. Saint Thomas Acquinas
D
Which of the following characterizes Kant's proof for God's existence? a. Argument from design b. A cosmological argument c. An ontological argument d. A moral proof from rational faith
D
Which of the following is not a kind of mystical knowledge, according to Meister Eckhardt? a. Sensual, seeing things at a distance b. Agency of the soul c. Intellectual d. Practical
D
Which of the following philosophers argued that God is constantly self-creating? a. Baruch Spinoza b. Martin Luther c. Thomas Jefferson d. Charles Hartshorne
D
Who argues that "earning" God's grace through good works is most important for believers in Christianity? a. Thomas Aquinas b. Saint Augustine c. Socrates d. Pelagius
D
Why does Agamemnon sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia? a. To protest social injustice. b. To follow Greek law. c. To please God. d. To assure victory in the Trojan War.
D
