Philosophy Final Exam Review
1. "There are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep." 2. So it is possible that we are dreaming now and that what we take to be the real world is in fact not real at all. 3. If so, we can't be certain about anything we think we know through our senses. 4. Therefore, sense experience can yield no knowledge.
Descartes on dreams
was water
Ch. 2 Thales' universe
Lyceum
Ch.5 Aristotle's school
vs. vice... vice is anything excess
Define Virtue
Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.
False Dilemma
ancient mechanics
Parmenides' reality
immortal
Plato argues that the soul is
Plato would argue that this is indeed the case), then Protagoras is paradoxically being virtuous by allowing his audience to make his choice for him.
Plato on Protagoras
that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called apeiron.
Anaximander's aperiron
Of gods existence
Anselm's argument
Matter, which refers to the common "stuff" that makes up the material universe
Aristotle on matter
Material, Efficient, Formal, Final
Aristotle's 4 causes
Matter + Form
Aristotle's substance
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.
Attributes of an unhealthy soul
Metaphysics - The study of reality, an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the universe and the things in it. Axiology - The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value. Epistemology - The study of knowledge. Logic - The study of reason.
Ch. 1 4 Divisions of Philosophy
world view, catholic religion (christian church)
Ch. 8,9, & 10 Medieval mindset
our senses often deceive us.
Ch.15 Descartes on sensations
q
Ch.22 Kant on knowledge and experiences
Plato's school was called the Academy, having been located outside the city walls in a grove.
Ch.3 Plato's school
prisoners will be set free, shadows sensory forms outside/intellectual
Characters, Meaning
the argument that God, being defined as most great or perfect, must exist, since a God who exists is greater than a God who does not.
Define ontological argument
Arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.
Define slippery slope argument
the theory that reality consists of an infinite number of minute, indivisible bits called atoms moving randomly in an infinite void, or empty space
Democritus' atomism
1. Suppose that "some evil genius not less powerful and deceitful, has employed his whole energies in deceiving me." 2. We can't be sure that this is not the case. 3. And if we are not certain of this, we can't know anything based on experience. 4. Therefore, we can't know anything based on experience. **Soul job is to deceive Decartes, and that he is wrong about everything.
Descartes on evil demon
Socrates' approach to philosophy is called the Socratic method. It involves question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth. ***The Socratic Method=investigation of complex issues through a question and answer format***
Socrates motto
the method whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena
Thales' contribution to Philosophy
"a state of character." A morally good person is not simply one who performs morally right actions but one who has developed a habit or disposition to do what is right. Overall goal is happiness, living thru virtue, through practice, mature, reason.
Virtue and vice's relationship
What he wants to show is that it is possible that mind and body are distinct; so what he needs to show is that he can clearly and distinctly conceive of mind and body as distinct.
What does thinking show
By lack of knowledge.
What harms the soul?
Idea, archetype, or essence Independent of the minds of people Discovered through disciplined study and reason
Plato's Form
Plato wrote dialogues featuring Socrates. Some of these dialogues are thought to represent Socrates' philosophy, while the others represent a transition to and then focus on Plato's own philosophical concerns.
Plato's style of writing
"Man is the measure of all things".
Protagoras' motto
Plato argues against skepticism, the view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way. Plato distinguishes between believing and knowing. For Plato, beliefs can be false, while knowledge is always of what is. Plato on real things.
Real & objective truth
The unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the soul.
harm of an unexamined life
Therefore, sense experience can yield no knowledge.
Why does Descartes know after doubting
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners did not believe plato that there was more other than shadows etc
Allegory of the cave
Augustine's argument begins with his distinction between the two cities, which was elaborated earlier in the City of God. The city that is turned towards itself and the city that is turned towards God. Whereas may (Manicheans) believed that the flesh was naturally evil, Augustine's understanding of God and creation led him to believe that in order for God to be good and perfect, God created good and perfect things. Sin and evil arethe turning from God and turning towards oneself- they are a privation of goodness.
Augustine on evil
God is being itself.
Augustine's hierarchy of being
The study of correct reasoning
Define Logic
modus tollens (or modus tollendo tollens and also denying the consequent) is a valid argument form and a rule of inference. It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contra-positive.
Define Modus Tollens
religious philosophy that drew all the nonmaterialistic and relgious doctrines of earlier systems.
Define Neo-Platonism
1. Someone poses a question about the meaning of a concept. 2. Socrates' companion gives an answer. 3. Socrates raises questions about the answer, proving that the answer is inadequate. 4. To avoid the problems inherent in this answer, the companion offers a second one. 5. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated several times, revealing that the companion does not know what he thought he knew.
Define Socratic Method
Misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed. Straw man fallacy.
Define Straw man fallacy
the argument for the existence of God from the evidence of order, and hence design, in nature.
Define Telelogical argument
Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.
Define begging the question
A family of arguments Start from the nature of the universe all of the way to the conclusion that god exists
Define cosmological arugement
The study of knowledge.
Define epistomology
The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.
Define metaphysics
Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.
Heraclitus' logos
"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."
Hobbe's state of nature
Must get to the truth, we must go around the false certitudes of custom, tradition, and superstition and let reason be our guide.
How to have a good soul
He doesent believe in innate ideas
Lock on innate ideas
Locke debunks the notion of innate knowledge.
Locke on knowledge
Primary qualities- properties that reside in the objects.
Locke's primary qualities
Secondary- its power to produce sensations in our mind.
Locke's secondary qualities