Philosophy Test 1

being happy through living virtuously according to the given moral order

Happiness through living an Examined Life means to:

Not given; contingent; arbitrary; different for individuals, cultures or historical periods

Relative values = ______________

TRUE

TRUE Socrates claims injustice creates divisions, hatreds, and fighting.

. TRUE

Genealogical Critique" situates philosophical positions in their historical contexts to debunk assumptions about immutable origins

TRUE

"Class Critique" entails asking: what class interests are served by this philosopher's standpoint?

TRUE

Among the things Socrates is accused of are: taking money for teaching, corrupting the youth, and not believing in the gods of the state.

Naturalistic Fallacy

Claim that what edu is, is what ought to be. =

TRUE

According to the modern Western values system individualism, competition, ingenuity, and perpetual growth are among the best means for realizing health, wealth, and happiness

FALSE

According to the traditional school, the task of the philosopher is to interpret reality, to invent concepts, and to struggle to establish what counts as true, real, and right

"the unexamined life is not worth living"

After he is sentenced to death, Socrates utters his famous line, ______________

TRUE

After investigating the Delphic oracle's claim that no man was wiser than he, Socrates concludes he is wiser than others because he does not think he knows what he does not know.

FALSE

All interpretations of philosophical texts are equally valuable.

unwise

An __________ person has a faulty conception of what is good for her.

TRUE

For further exploration of philosophical tools and strategies for strengthening your reading and writing, the author provides resources at the end of the chapter.

FALSE

Free-writing requires that you think before you write.

Not contingent or variable; the same for all; universal or absolute

Given values =____________________

being happy through satisfying individual desires and achieving one's chosen ends by most efficacious means.

Happiness through living an Unexamined Life means to:

epistemological questions

How can we know what is true? What is the foundation of knowledge? What are the limits of knowledge? How does one distinguish what is real from appearances, deceptions, illusions, or ideological perspectives? What is the correct use of reason? Beyond reason, are there others ways of knowing? What is the difference between knowledge and opinion? are examples of _______________ questions

Changing the minds of the opposition by persuasion

How do you win a debate?

"[T]he worth of education must now be measured against the standards of decency and human survival."

How does Orr propose we change education?

Argument by Analogy: I am like the horse trainer, not the masses, when it comes to training the horses.

How does Socrates counter the charge that he has "corrupted the youth"?

Identifies a Contradiction in his opponent's view

How does Socrates counter the charge that he teaches the youth "not to believe in the gods in whom the city believes but in other new divinities"?

If you goal is to persuade people that philosophy (logos) is superior to mythology (mythos),

How does this allegory work as a persuasive (rhetorical) device?

ethical

How should one live? What is the good life? Should we live by higher law than that determined by convention? Is it right to seek pleasure, or to do one's duty, and could these be reconciled? Is it better to be ascetic or to be hedonistic? are examples of _______________ questions

TRUE

"Ecological literacy" entails the wisdom to insure the planet's long-term livability and sustainability.

TRUE

"Greening" philosophy means focusing with an ecological lens to get a fresh perspective on traditional philosophical questions and problems.

TRUE

"Logic Critique" directs the reader to examine the philosophy text's main argument in search of contradictions.

FALSE

"Phenomenological Critique" privileges theoretical constructions over direct sensorial experience.

False

According to the critical school, the philosopher's task is to discover and defend the true, the real, and the right

TRUE

Reading philosophy is an opportunity to find your place in the world through conversation with great thinkers about life's big questions.

TRUE

Signs that a paradigm shift is underway in the world today include: climate destabilization, global economic crises, and worldwide ecosystems degradation.

.FALSE

Socrates advocates for doing what's right for the good of the soul only when it is consistent with earning money and honor

FALSE

Socrates agrees that justice is "to speak the truth and pay your debts."

FALSE

Socrates agrees with Thrasymachus that "justice is the interest of the stronger."

TRUE

Socrates argues by analogy that the ruler is like the physician in that neither considers the interest of the stronger, but only the interest of the subject and weaker. (89)

1. a symbolic narrative; interpretive framework 2. a representation of anabstract meaning throughconcreteor material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another.

What's an "allegory"?

the way our education has prepared us to think about the natural world," has not provided "no guarantee of decency, prudence, or wisdom."

What's the Problem [inside the cave] (Orr)?

The truth is that many things on which your future health and prosperity depend are in dire jeopardy: climate stability, the resilience and productivity of natural systems, the beauty of the natural world, and biological diversity."

What's the Truth [outside the cave] in What Is Education For?

Ø Force or coercion Ø Deception or propaganda Ø Using scientific facts Ø Rational deliberation and debate

What's the best way to shift a paradigm, or a policy, or change a friend's mind

Ø Force or coercion Ø Deception or propaganda Ø Using scientific facts Ø Rational deliberation and debate

What's the best way to shift a paradigm, or a policy, or change a friend's mind?

A. No, he thinks our souls are all endowed with a given moral order

When Socrates looks into his soul, is what he finds relative to his own values system?

Used logic & reason, force of truth to win the argument; confident in the existence of MORAL Truth: examine it before acting.

Where do the philosopher stand on "the examined life"?

Uses reason AND rhetoric, force of eloquence to win the argument; skeptical about the existence of a Truth given by logic & reason

Where do the sophist stand on "the examined life"?

Politicians and Sophists

__________ and ___________ are those who speak rhetorically and are accomplished eloquent speakers

Socrates/ Philosophers

__________ and ___________ are those who speak the truth

Debate

____________ is a contest between rational positions, not a war.

Earthrise

_____________ is a photograph of Earth and some of the Moon's surface that was taken from lunar orbit by astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968, during the Apollo 8 mission

"eudaimonia"

_____________: Flourishing or Happiness in Self & Society

Espitomology

______________ is concerned with the knowledge aspects of Philosophy

intrinsic value

______________: Something is of _____________ when it is valuable in itself, apart from its consequences. Example: Pleasure is usually seen as intrinsically valuable

Demagoguery

______________: involves persuasion appealing to emotions and prejudices rather than reason and common decency.

Philosophy

_______________- is a concept which means different things to different philosophers

Mythos

_______________: Story / allegory / narrative

instrumental value

_______________:Something is of ____________ insofar as it tends to lead to good outcomes. Examples: For most people, going to the dentist is of little intrinsic value but is of great instrumental value. Money is only good for what it can buy you.

"Paradigm"

_________________ - A pattern, model, story of reality; a frame of reference; a set of assumptions, values, or practices that constitute a way of orienting to reality for a community that shares them.

Metaphysics

_________________ is concerned with the principle and abstract theories of Philosophy

"Paradigm Shift"

_________________- A change from one model or story of reality to another; a change in the frame of reference; a "revolution" in the assumptions, values, or practices that constitute a way of orienting to reality for a community that shares them.

Intrinsic and Instrumental Value

_________________: Something that is good in itself and tends to produce good results is both intrinsically and instrumentally valuable. Example: Socrates thought knowledge was both intrinsically and instrumentally valuable. Also, health.

Logos

__________________:Reason / knowledge

Virtue signaling

______________________: is a pejorative neologism for conspicuous and disingenuous expression of moral values with the intent to enhance one's own image.

Cynics and skeptics

_______________________ argue that all ethical action is merely virtue-signaling. In support of their position they often claim, "human nature is selfish." [Against Socrates' view that selfishness is born in the cave, by only ever seeing the shadows on the wall which promote selfishness as the path to the Good Life. This view will be represented in the debate by Thrasymachus.]

Response

________________________: The claim that human nature can be reduced to one thing is reductive. Humans are complex, with many potentials, including virtue

I know nothing

If you are "ignorant" or lacking knowledge you would say:

I don't claim to know what I don't know

If you showed a sense of humility and intellect you would say:

We must change education.

What does Orr propose [escapee]?

A Virtuous Life

·. ______________: according to Aristotle, is the path to eudaimonia (flourishing, happiness) is possible because humans are social, rational animals capable of ethical choice-making. Eudaimonia is reached by living virtuously and building up your character traits until you don't even have to think about your choices before making the right one.

A battle of wills; a joust.

Critical Philosophy is

Discovery

Traditional Philosophy is aimed at:

FALSE

According to the author, watching TV has taught us how to read in a deep, substantive way.

FALSE

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment there is no possibility of reversing the ecosystem degradation that has occurred to date.

TRUE

According to the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, Earthrise enabled people to see and study the Earth as an organism whose health depends on the health of all of its parts.

TRUE

According to the author, one should read philosophy to explore and expand one's self and to cultivate the wisdom to help solve environmental problems.

"It needs people of moral courage willing to join the fight to make the world habitable and humane."

According to Orr, what is education for?

FALSE

According to Socrates a man who is good for anything ought to calculate the chance of living or dying without concern for right or wrong.

FALSE

According to Socrates justice is sublime simplicity and injustice is discretion.

TRUE

According to Socrates what's difficult is not to avoid death, but to avoid unrighteousness, for that runs faster than death.

TRUE

According to Socrates, justice is the excellence of the soul that brings happiness and wellbeing.

Sustainability

"____________" is the name of a twenty-first century conception of the good life which offers an alternative to the dominant paradigm

False

(A) True or (B) False: Socrates admits that whatever Moral Truth we discover through Soul-Searching will be relative to our individual beliefs, religion, and culture.

False

(A) true and (B) false: The Allegory of the Cave is a religious origin story

Moon Based View

*Humans are connected by our dependence on planetary life support systems. *Communitarianism: "No man is an island," we are interdependent. *Analogy: Spaceship Earth are traits of ________________based viewed

Earth Based View

*Humans are separated by oceans, continents, nations, politics, religions, cultures, etc. *Individualism: "Every man for himself," we are independent. *Analogy: Rat Race are traits of ________________based viewed

.TRUE

According to Socrates, the good man agrees to rule, because refusing to rule makes him liable to be ruled by one who is worse than himself

TRUE

According to Socrates, to injure anyone (friend or enemy) is not the act of a just man.

TRUE

According to the author, soul-satisfying philosophical writing is motivated by the struggle to stand up for something.

FALSE

According to Thrasymachus, the unjust is always a loser in comparison with the just.

just

A _______ person is wise, courageous and moderate.

wise

A ________ person knows what is (morally) good for her

moderate/temperate

A _____________ person does not consume more or less than what is rationally good. Selfishness is a vice because it is intemperate.

courageous

A _____________ person is not swayed from the spirited path by pleasure or pain the coward or rash person reacts to pain and pleasure respectively.

FALSE

A debate is like a war insofar as the point is to kill your opposition.

Examined

A given moral order, moral obligations, doing the right and just thing, and being happy through living virtuously according to the given moral order are all traits of living a ______________ Life

just

A person is ________ in case all three "parts" of her soul are functioning as they should. Justice, then, brings the other virtues in its wake: anyone who is just is entirely virtuous.

TRUE

A philosophy is an attempt to represent reality through concepts and arguments, like a map is an attempt to represent the territory or terrain.

TRUE

Aristotle claims it cannot be the case that both A and not-A are true at the same time.

FALSE

Because understanding a philosophical text requires command of every word, sentence, and passage, you should stop reading if you get lost or confused.

a view of the Given Moral Order

COMMON to all models of the examined life are:______________

Plato's Moral Order [Paradigm of Values]

Cardinal Virtues = _______________

Invention

Critical Philosophy is aimed at:

Power, change, creativity

Critical Philosophy is motivated by:

TRUE

Critical reading entails using interpretive strategies enabling readers to understand texts by providing a sense of purpose or direction.

Ethics

Ethics_______________ deals with the moral principles of Philosophy

TRUE

In response to the accusation that Socrates does not believe in the gods of the state, he reveals a contradiction in his accuser's position.

TRUE

In response to the accusation that he has corrupted the youth, Socrates denies he would do so on the grounds that corrupting one's neighbors may lead them to harm him.

TRUE

In the debate over the greatness of the Apollo mission, the best interpretation is a matter of speculation.

FALSE

In the end Socrates acknowledges that what is good, virtuous, and just is variable and relative.

False

Intrinsic values are good for the outcomes they produce. A. True B. False

Unexamined

Living life as there is no given moral order, playing to win, focusing most on personal interests, and being happy through satisfying ones own desires are all traits of living a ______________ Life

The Overview Effect

Moon based view=

the laws of thermodynamics the basic principles of ecology carrying capacity energetics least-cost, end-use analysis how to live well in a place limits of technology appropriate scale sustainable agriculture and forestry steady-state economics environmental ethics

No student should graduate from this or any other educational institution without a basic comprehension of:

science

Philosophy is not a __________: it's speculative rather than experimental.

Those with rational attitudes

Plato describes3 kinds of people: Which has the best/happiest life?

Ø Dialogue about virtue everyday Ø Look within your "soul" for guidance Ø Care for your soul & others Ø Care for the soul of the city/state

Put wisdom & virtue before self-interestHow does Socrates define the "examined life" in The Apology?

TRUE

Socrates claims he is not a great speaker, but that he speaks the whole truth.

TRUE

Socrates claims he is only guilty of examining what is virtuous and wise before considering private interests.

FALSE

Socrates claims justice is "the art which gives good to friends and evil to enemies."

TRUE

Socrates claims that his accusers are prejudice against him because he has detected and revealed their pretence of knowledge.

FALSE

Socrates claims that if there were a magic ring capable of making one invisible, only the force of law could divert both the just and unjust individuals from using it in their own interests.

TRUE

Socrates explains he did not go into politics because the fight for what's right and just is incompatible with the public life of politics.

TRUE

Socrates is challenged to show that justice is good for its own sake and for the sake of its results.

FALSE

Socrates questioned prophets and bankers in search of someone wiser than himself.

FALSE

Socrates says there is nothing wrong with asking a favor of a judge based on an appeal for the good of his family.

raditional and Critical

TWhat are the two basic schools of philosophy

TRUE

Taking on the readings in this collection will require mental agility, stamina, focus, and commitment.

Unexamined

The Athenians believe in the ______________ Life.

The Moral Life

The Good Life= ________________

TRUE

The Western philosophical canon is a pillar of the existing paradigm today.

FALSE

The Western philosophical canon should be understood as a universal, neutral perspective on life's big questions.

TRUE

The author suggests active reading with a pen to mark points you understand, main points, and passages that escape you.

FALSE

The discovery of the planetary bodies circling Jupiter challenged anthropocentricism.

TRUE

The goal of "sustainable development" is ensuring that humanity meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Open some doors... Raise questions, invite debates, and challenge students to think and argue for themselves.

The goal of critical philosophy by education is to:

Show the right path... Present arguments and critiques which lead students to love and defend the Truth.A battle of wills; a joust.

The goal of traditional philosophy by education is to:

FALSE

The jury finds Socrates not guilty.

A = A

The law of identity claims that:

It cannot be the case that A and not A are true at the same time.

The law of non-contradiction =

TRUE

The mistake of the straw man fallacy is to believe that your side can win the debate without refuting or disposing of the other side's strongest argument.

TRUE

The philosophical canon refers to the historical tradition or conversation, including key arguments and analysis, aimed at answering life's big questions.

TRUE

The primary objective of this introduction to philosophy is to make you a thinker ingenious enough to help solve the problems facing humanity today.

To invent concepts, make maps, strategize, create reality; to raise skeptical challenges.

The task of critical philosophy is:

To distinguish true/false, right/wrong, reality/appearance; to argue for the superiority of the former.

The task of traditional philosophy is:

Economic Goals

These are the principles for Education for ______________ The goal of education is, rightly, preparation for a job in the marketplace... ... because our happiness and wellbeing depend on a healthy, growing economy. Success = wealth & consumption(nice big house, new car, expensive clothes, designer shoes, jewelry, technological toys, taking vacations, eating rich gourmet foods, drinking fine wines, entertainment, insurance, and other luxuries); for a few. Education = Knowledge acquisition for specialized placement in labor market as experts and professionals. Anthropocentric (Human-centered) Playing to win: those with the most money & power play to win without restraint; exploiting the commons for personal gain.

Education for Ecological Goals

These are the principles for Education for ______________ The goal of education ought to be preparation for a sustainable life on Earth... ... because our happiness and wellbeing depend on a healthy, flourishing planet. Success = flourishing & being (sharing, caring, sustainable consumption, reducing, reusing, recycling, minimal dependence on technology, walking, biking, gardening, singing, creating culture, eating local & low on food chain, connecting with others); for all. Education = becoming a wise decision-maker in the face of conflicting values; understanding the implications of your footprint/consumption; and virtuous enough to practice holistic care for self and others. Biocentric (Life-centered) Living an "examined life": Do the right thing for the planet, care for common good more than personal gain.

FALSE

Thrasymachus claims justice imparts harmony, friendship, and unity.

TRUE

Thrasymachus claims that people only censure (criticize) injustice because they fear being victims of it.

FALSE

Thrasymachus claims the shepherd fattens the sheep with a view to the sheep's own good.

the "the modern drive to dominate nature"

What went wrong with contemporary culture and with education?"

Love, curiosity, human nature

Traditional Philosophy is motivated by:

A search for Truth; a quest.

Traditional Philosophy:

True

True (A) or False (B): According to the video "Why Socrates Hated Democracy" he feared that democracy would deteriorate into demagoguery.

False

True (A) or False (B): Socrates claimed that he was wisest because he was most ignorant.

False

True (A) or False (B): Socrates identifies as a sophist in Plato's Apology.

1.)"All education is environmental education." [Education should be for environmental awareness & wellbeing.] 2.. "The goal of education is not mastery of subject matter, but of one's person." [Education should be for personal moral development.] 3. "Knowledge carries with It the responsibility to see that it is well used in the world." [Education should be for learning responsibility.] 4. "We cannot say that we know something until we understand the effects of this knowledge on real people and their communities." [Education should be for community awareness.] 5. "The importance of 'minute particulars' and the power of examples over words." [Education should be for providing role models of integrity, care, thoughtfulness and institutions that embody the ideals of global citizenship.] 6. "The way learning occurs is as important as the content of particular courses." [Education should be for learning 'real world' processes e.g. outdoors.]

WHAT EDCUATION MUST BE FOR:

FALSE

Western Philosophers agree about what brings happiness.

wealth, power, reputation, and pleasure vs. is wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice.

What are the Two competing conceptions of the Good Life

*That ignorance is a solvable problem *That with enough knowledge and technology we can manage planet Earth *What might be managed is us: human desires, economies, politics, and communities *That knowledge is increasing and by implication human goodness. *we can adequately restore that which we have dismantled. *the purpose of education is that of giving you the means for upward mobility and success *our culture represents the pinnacle of human achievement: we alone are modern, technological, and develope

What are the six myths enshrined in modern education? [shadows]

1. EXAMPLE 2. ANALOGY 3. THOUGHT EXPERIMENT

What are the three way philosophers argue

The actual, or descriptive practice

What is edu it for? =.

B

What is philosophy? All are true except 1 A speculative discipline addressed to the Big Questions A kind of science A way of living based on questioning and reflection Favorite pastime of dead white men A path to the good life

metaphysical questions

What is real? What kind of substances and/or processes is reality made of? Is there one, two or many realities? Does God exist? What is his nature? What is it be human? How are humans different from other animals? Do humans have a nature? are example of __________ questions

The normative, or prescriptive question.

What should edu be for? =

metaphysics, epistemology and ethics philosophy explores three BIG QUESTIONS:

philosophy explores three BIG QUESTIONS:

coward

the __________ or rash person reacts to pain and pleasure respectively.