PHY Bio Med Ethics study refresh Quiz 3,4,5,6,7,8

Why did the courts finally allow Nancy Cruzan to die?

In a new hearing in a lower court, additional people testified about Nancy's wishes before her coma and the legal standard was then met.

In the early 1800's William Beaumont, MD made medical advances in gastrology by treating and exhibiting a servant who had an open hole in his stomach.

True

The best evidence that American teenagers at risk for Type 2 diabetes can prevent it comes from studies of immigrants from other countries. True or False

True

Which of the following is an example of cheating? -Using steroids to make one's face look younger. -Using an erectile dysfunction medicine in order to perform better sexually. -Using steroids to run faster in a race. -Taking anti-depressants in order to think more clearly.

Using steroids to run faster in a race.

Which of the following is not one of the 5 cognitive criteria offered by Warren:

Viability

GINA refers to a federal law that forbids: -sexual discrimination. -discrimination in employment or insurance based on genetic testing. -mandatory genetic testing in the workplace. -mandatory genetic testing in a family.

discrimination in employment or insurance based on genetic testing.

Taking several steroids together is known as _____ and carries special dangers. -dropping -hot rolling -blazing -stacking

stacking

Which statement is not part of Oliver Wendell Holmes's opinion in the Supreme Court's Buck v Bell decision? -"Three generations of imbeciles is enough." -"Society has an obligation to protect imbeciles from harm." -"It is better for all the world, if...society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind." -"The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes."

"Society has an obligation to protect imbeciles from harm."

What is generally accepted earliest gestational age for long-term fetal viability?

24 Weeks

According to the textbook what was the average number of abortions per year in america in 2012?

700,000

What did philosopher Judith Jarvis Thomson argue about abortion?

A right to life does not entail, in all cases, a right not to be killed.

How did the Tuskegee study begin?

African-American men with latent syphilis were identified in Macon County.

Which of the following is FALSE? Question 2 options: -Most people initially want to take presymptomatic tests for genetic disease to find out that they do not have the gene for the disease. -After the people at risk for Huntington's disease are counseled, most of them today take the test. -Nancy Wexler and the other leaders of medical genetics believe that genetic testing is best conceptualized as a family issue, not as a personal, individual issue. -About a decade has passed between the discovery of the marker for Huntington's disease (and a linkage test) and the discovery of the actual gene for Huntington's.

After the people at risk for Huntington's disease are counseled, most of them today take the test.

What was the final results of the research conducted in Africa whose mission was to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from Mother to child?

After the small dosages of AZT were proven effective, the studies were stopped.

Which of the following has typically been seen as a disability, but has more recently been viewed as forming an important aspect of a minority culture? -Deafness -Being unable to walk -Having sickle cell disease -All of the above

All of the above

Why is Nancy Wexler against taking the test for Huntington's? -If you test positive, you may develop a "sick" identity. -Testing is a family issue and one would need the permission of others in the family. -Most people cannot get good counseling before they take the test or afterwards. -All of these.

All of these.

Which of the following is TRUE in the Pittsburgh protocol for obtaining organs for transplantation? -Drugs are administered that might accelerate the death of the patient from whom the organs are taken. -The patient is declared dead by the Harvard criteria of brain death. -Most families understand that the organ donor's death will be managed to maximize the health of the organs to be transplanted. -It mandates doing everything possible for the health of the patient from whom the organs are taken.

Answers are not: -The patient is declared dead by the Harvard criteria of brain death. -Most families understand that the organ donor's death will be managed to maximize the health of the organs to be transplanted.

Which of the following does not factor into calculating the relative risk of getting a genetic disease? -Exercise -Smoking -Being a carrier of a certain gene -Having a particular diet habit

Being a carrier of a certain gene

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? -Marissa Ayala was conceived to be a bone marrow donor, had her bone marrow harvested, and died as a result. -Belding Scribner invented a permanent, indwelling shunt for hemodialysis patients. -The End Stage Renal Disease Act saved Americans money over the next decades because dialysis machines became cheaper as more were produced. -An African-American named Bruce Tucker got a heart transplant from a white man with head injuries.

Belding Scribner invented a permanent, indwelling shunt for hemodialysis patients.

Which of the following legal standards for evidence was used by the court in the Cruzan case to render it's ruling?

Clear and convincing standard

Which of the following best characterizes a positional advantage in medical enhancements? -Confers a benefit that no one else can ever get. -Confers a benefit, but also has a serious drawback. -Confers a short-term benefit, but fades with use. -Confers benefit only if no one else chooses to accept the same asset.

Confers benefit only if no one else chooses to accept the same asset.

Which of the following is NOT true of the ESRD Act? -It was passed by Congress in 1972. -It ended the need for God Committees. -ESRDA was one of the most cost effective pieces of legislation ever passed by Congress. -Kidney transplants were also reimbursable under the ESRDA.

ESRDA was one of the most cost effective pieces of legislation ever passed by Congress.

Which statement is not true of Sherwin's feminist analysis of abortion?

Feminists think that abortion should happen all the time.

With regard to the case of Kenneth Edelin, M.D., which of the following statements is true?

Had Dr. Edelin immediately removed the fetus, the fetus might have been viable in a neonatal care nursery.

Which of the following standards of brain death would allow the MOST organs for transplantation?

Higher Brain:Cognitive

Which of the following best characterizes the tragedy of the commons? -Individuals who engage in civic events often fail to get their needs met. -Individuals refuse to limit consumption of a public resource so the resource eventually is depleted and unavailable. -Individuals refuse to consume a public resource for fear that others will be upset with them. -Individuals are naturally non-social creatures so any civic participation is doomed to fail.

Individuals refuse to limit consumption of a public resource so the resource eventually is depleted and unavailable.

Which of the following is FALSE about the concept of positional advantage? -It can be a small increment. -It can be the difference between winning and coming in second. -t is essentially utilitarian. -It can be used by everyone in a race.

It can be used by everyone in a race.

Based on which idea did Marquis and Quinn argue against killing a fetus during an abortion?

It deprives the fetus of future cognitive experiences such as those of an adult person.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Social Darwinism? -It recognized the ongoing role of adaptive mutations. -It regarded the enormous length of time over which the attempts to survive evolve. -It overlooked the vast numbers of organisms involved in attempts to survive. -It was not based on ideology.

It overlooked the vast numbers of organisms involved in attempts to survive.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the Quinlan case?

Karen lost her brain function from a synergistic reaction of barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol taken on an empty stomach.

The Krieger case was a study by a branch of Johns Hopkins Medical School that studied mental handicaps in children exposed to:

Lead paint

Which of these is a FALSE statement about the Schiavo case?

Leading American, Catholic bioethicists Kevin O'Rourke and John Paris supported Pope John Paul II's view that a feeding tube should be considered ordinary, not extraordinary, medical care.

Why did Judge Greer rule that the feeding tube of Terri Schiavo could be withdrawn at the request of her husband Michael Schiavo?

Michael had met the legal standard in that jurisdiction of clear and convincing evidence about Terri's wishes.

Which of the following is NOT part of the Nuremberg Code? -Nationalism -Autonomy -Benefit -Justice

Nationalism

Which of the following did not happen? - In 1997, President Clinton apologized on behalf of the federal government to living survivors of the Tuskegee Study. -In the 1940's at the University of Rochester Hospital, physicians injected plutonium into some healthy patients, without their knowledge, to study what kind of physical damage would happen to people during a nuclear war. - Over the 40 years of the Tuskegee Study, many physicians publicly complained about it by writing letters to medical journals and tried to have it stropped. -In 1991, during Operation Desert Storm, military personal were forced to take experimental vaccines against biological agents.

Over the 40 years of the Tuskegee Study, many physicians publicly complained about it by writing letters to medical journals and tried to have it stropped.

Which of the following statements is a TRUE statement about the chances of awakening of a patient in a persistent vegetative state (PVS)?

Patients are more likely to awaken from PVS caused by trauma.

In the Jesse Gelsinger case it is true that: -Jesse was quite sick when he entered the Study and had no other realistic options for a cure. -primary researcher James Wilson had no financial interest in the company developing the experimental gene therapy for Jesse. -Penn medical ethicist Arthur Caplan claimed that chances for success were so slim in the Gelsinger case that any good results would be "a miracle and should be published in a religious journal." -primary researcher James Wilson denied that a desire to be the first researcher to successfully use gene therapy played any role in his decision to treat Jesse.

Penn medical ethicist Arthur Caplan claimed that chances for success were so slim in the Gelsinger case that any good results would be '"a miracle and should be published in religious journal".

The view that personhood is a gradient reflects the idea that:

Personhood is a continuum with increasing stages.

Which of these is NOT part of the Roe v. Wade decision?

Requirement that a state bans abortions after viability.

What did the coroner's report declare about Terri Schiavo?

She needed a feeding tube to live and could not have been fed by mouth.

Which form of scarce medical resource allocation did the participants in Radiolab's "Playing God" episode ultimately end up gravitating toward? -Social Worth -Organ-utilitarianism -Lottery -Sickest First

Social Worth

In selecting candidates for dialysis, the God Committee itself selected candidates for machines by using the selection standard of: -a lottery. -social worth. -the ability to pay. -only psychological criteria.

Social worth

In it's Cruzan decision, the United States Supreme Court decided that:

State may not pass a law that restricts the rights of competent patients to refuse treatment, even if such refusal leads to death.

Which of these is false about abortion laws in America?

The U.S. Supreme Court has allowed a state to pass a law giving a father of a fetus veto over a woman's decision to abort her fetus.

With regard to eugenics, which of these is FALSE? -The origins of the eugenics movement were in Nazi Germany. -Charles Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, created the idea of eugenics. -Eugenics lay behind the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924. -The origins of the eugenics movement were in America.

The origins of the eugenics movement were in Nazi Germany.

In the Tuskegee Study, why did both the subjects in the control group and the men in the other group involved over the decades later receive compensation?

They were denied some medical care and some opportunities, like subjects in the other group.

The major ethical problem with professional cycling today is _____. -unequal resources of commercial sponsors -problems of citizenship -racial disparities -cheating

cheating

In any competitive sport, _____ are enhancers. -coaches -competitors -rigorous exercises -awards

coaches

A utilitarian would not manage the distribution of organs by: -giving no patient a second organ transplant of the same organ when other patients need the organ. -giving preference to the sickest patients. -assuming that each organ saves a life and by not giving one person four organs from one cadaver, but giving four people one organ. -banning the Rule of Rescue and using impartial criteria for the allocation of organs.

giving preference to the sickest patients.

The Rule of Rescue, named by bioethicist Albert Jonsen, refers to _____. -giving scarce medical resources to an identified patient -giving scarce medical resources to deserving but anonymous people -withdrawing medical support from identified patients -maintaining calm during emergency rescue operations

giving scarce medical resources to an identified patient

Regarding breast cancer, it is TRUE that: -prophylactic mastectomy does not give women with BRAC1 or BRAC2 genes any extra years of life. -the BRAC2 gene solely causes breast cancer and is not implicated in any other kinds of cancer. -Mark Skolnick of the University of Utah proved that one form of breast cancer is inherited, and a team lead by Mary Claire King discovered BRAC1, the gene for breast cancer. -in the 1960's, women diagnosed with breast cancer favored getting radical mastectomies over less radical surgeries until it was proven that lumpectomies gave them just as much benefit as radical mastectomies.

in the 1960's, women diagnosed with breast cancer favored getting radical mastectomies over less radical surgeries until it was proven that lumpectomies gave them just as much benefit as radical mastectomies.

The exposure effect of the legalization of banned substances involves _____. -environmental dangers -fetuses exposed to toxins in utero -increased numbers of users of previously banned substances -increased toxins in dairy and breast milk

increased numbers of users of previously banned substances

The master ethical issue lurking behind most forms of enhancement is: -is it natural? -is it artificial? -will it last? -is it cheating?

is it cheating

Alzheimer's disease creates fear in most people because _____. -doing exercise causes more harm than good to the affected person -it strikes at their identity -having the gene for this disease -guarantees getting the disease -all of the above

it strikes at their identity

Which organ has the biggest waitlist with UNOS? -kidney -liver -heart -brain

kidney

In reference to the case of Terri Schiavo, dissident neurologists claimed that she had been misdiagnosed. They claimed that her true diagnosis was:

minimally conscious state.

With regard to giving a patient a second heart transplant, it is TRUE that: -patients receiving second heart transplants live longer, on average, than first-time recipients. -it costs much less to give a patient a second heart transplant than to give the heart to a first-time recipient. -providing a second transplant to the same patient is not an example of the Rule of Rescue. -patients are often given a second or third transplant because the transplant teams feel that to let a transplant recipient die is to abandon him or her.

patients are often given a second or third transplant because the transplant teams feel that to let a transplant recipient die is to abandon him or her.

In the 1980s, professional cyclists began secretly taking the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), a hormonal growth factor that _____. -stimulates production of red blood cells -enhances creation of white blood cells -limits the oxygen requirement of the body -facilitates the growth of muscles

stimulates production of red blood cells

When the Tuskegee Study started in 1929-1932, it is true that:

the goal of the charity that first identified the men with syphilis was to treat them.

Anti-syphilis crusaders during World War I and World War II split over:

weather the enemy they were fighting was syphilis or sin.