PHYS 101 final review
A
"Energy" could best be defined as (a) the ability to do work. (b) matter in motion. (c) the amount of force a system is capable of exerting. (d) stored momentum. (e) the ability to exert power.
B
How many laws did Kepler come up with regarding our planetary system: (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (e) 0
E
Q, a mischievous member of the Q continuum, in an attempt to cause Captain Jean-Luc Picard trouble decides to switch off the force of gravity between the sun and Earth. What would happen? (a) Earth would continue orbiting the sun, but objects on Earth would have no weight and would float into space. (b) Earth would fly directly outward from the sun. (c) Earth would fall directly inward, into the sun. (d) Earth would stop in its orbit around the sun, and remain motionless at its present position. (e) Earth would move straight ahead, in a straight line, rather than orbiting the sun.
C
Roughly how many different elements are there? (a) 4 (b) 20 (c) 100 (d) 1000 (e) many more than 1000
A
. If you somehow increased Earth's radius, without changing its mass, would this affect your weight? (a) Yes, your weight would decrease. (b) Yes, your weight would increase. (c) No, because your weight always remains the same regardless of how you change the external surroundings. (d) No, because the force of gravity on your body depends only on your mass and on Earth's total mass--it doesn't depend on Earth's size.
C
. Mary passes Mike from behind while bicycling. As she passes him, (a) the two have the same speeds but different velocities. (b) the two have different speeds but the same velocities. (c) the two have different speeds and different velocities. (d) the two have the same speeds and the same velocities. (e) Mike turns into a hippopotamus.
D
. Suppose that a certain atom has just the 4 different energy levels shown above. Which of the following quantum jumps produces radiation with the shortest wavelength? (a) nonsense--quantum jumps don't produce radiation. (b) from state 4 to state 3. (c) from state 2 to state 1. (d) from state 4 to state 1 (e) impossible to tell without further information
D
. Suppose that a particular chemical substance A is "pure" (contains no "impurities"), and that it can be chemically decomposed into two other pure materials B and C. What conclusion can be draw from this? (a) B and C must be elements. (b) A must be an element. (c) B and C must be chemical compounds. (d) A must be a chemical compound. (e) nonsense -- it is impossible to decompose a pure substance into two other materials.
D
1. Which statement best describes the status of the Copernican and Ptolemaic theories of the solar system shortly after Tycho Brahe made his observations? (a) These observations showed Ptolemy's theory to be the correct one. (b) These observations showed Copernicus's theory to be the correct one. (c) These observations showed both theories to be correct. (d) These observations showed both theories to be incorrect. (e) These observations turned out have little or no bearing on either theory.
E
2. The perihelion of a planetary orbit is: (a) the distance traveled in one Earth year (b) a description of a planet's wobbly orbit (c) the point at the greatest distance from the sun (d) the area that is inside the asteroid belt (e) the point at the smallest distance from the sun
E
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, how much energy is contained in the material of a one kilogram rock that is at rest on the ground? (a) None at all. (b) 10^-16 J (c) 9 x 10^10 J (d) 3 x 10^16 J (e) 9 x 10^16 J
C
According to one of the main ideas associated with quantum theory, (a) microscopic particles are imaginary. (b) microscopic particles move at relativistic speeds. (c) microscopic particles do not have precise positions or velocities. (d) All of these. (e) None of these.
D
A bicyclist moves around a circular track at a constant (or unchanging) speed. The bicyclist has (a) zero velocity and zero acceleration (in other words, no acceleration). (b) zero velocity but non-zero acceleration. (c) non-zero velocity but zero acceleration. (d) non-zero velocity and non-zero acceleration. (e) the heebie-jeebies.
D
A block of granite is actually mostly empty space because the atoms making up the granite are (a) in perpetual motion. (b) not as close together as they could be. (c) held together by electrical forces. (d) themselves mostly empty space. (e) made of cotton candy.
A
A proton (its charge is positive) is maintained at rest in the middle of a box that has no matter inside it other than the single proton. Assuming that the box is isolated from all external influences, which of the following would we expect to find at some other point X inside the box? (a) An electric field. (b) A magnetic field. (c) both of the above. (d) An electric force. (e) All of the above.
B
According to the second law of thermodynamics, (a) thermal energy flows spontaneously from lower temperatures to higher temperatures. (b) thermal energy flows spontaneously from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. (c) the amount of energy going into any thermodynamic process exactly equals the amount coming out. (d) work cannot be entirely converted into thermal energy. (e) thermal energy will not flow spontaneously.
B
An astronomical unit is the average distance between: (a) the sun and Mars (b) the sun and Earth (c) Earth and the moon (d) Earth and Pluto (e) None of the above
A
An atom's atomic number is (a) the number of protons in its nucleus. (b) the number of neutrons in its nucleus. (c) the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. (d) the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus of the ionized atom.
E
An individual oxygen atom has 16 times the weight of an individual hydrogen atom. What is the weight ratio of oxygen to hydrogen in water (H2O)? (a) 1 part oxygen to 16 parts hydrogen. (b) 1 part oxygen to 8 parts hydrogen. (c) 1 part oxygen to 2 parts hydrogen. (d) 16 parts oxygen to 1 part hydrogen. (e) 8 parts oxygen to 1 part hydrogen.
E
An ion is (a) an atom having a particular number of protons in the nucleus. (b) two or more atoms stuck together. (c) an atom in an excited state. (d) a device used to process clothes. (e) an atom with an excess or deficiency of electrons.
C
At the microscopic level, electric currents in wires are due to (a) protons (and possibly other ions) traveling along the wire. (b) atoms jiggling back and forth within the wire. (c) electrons traveling along the wire. (d) electromagnetic radiation. (e) Santa Claus.
A
At the microscopic level, the difference between liquids and solids is that (a) the liquid's atoms move throughout the liquid, while the solid's atoms remain near their original locations. (b) there is much more distance [at least 10 times more] between neighboring atoms in a solid than between neighboring atoms in a liquid. (c) in a liquid, the individual atoms are larger. (d) both answers "a" and "b" are correct. (e) both answers "b" and "c" are correct.
C
B'Elanna is in a train moving north at 20 m/s. She throws a stone toward the rear of the train, at 5 m/s relative to herself. Tom, standing beside the tracks, sees the stone move (a) south at 15 m/s. (b) south at 25 m/s. (c) north at 15 m/s. (d) north at 25 m/s. (e) north at 20 m/s.
B
Balloons expand when they are heated because (a) of the additional molecules in them. (b) the molecules inside are moving faster. (c) the molecules inside expand when they are heated. (d) the molecules inside become more massive. (e) Nonsense--balloons don't expand when they are heated.
B
How does quantum uncertainty differ form the uncertainty involved in a coin flip? (a) With sufficient information, quantum uncertainties can be removed, but no amount of information can make a coin flip's outcome predictable. (b) With sufficient information, a coin flip's outcome can be predicted, but no amount of information can remove quantum uncertainties. (c) They don't differ in any essential way--with sufficient information, both types of uncertainty can be removed. (d) They don't differ in any essential way--no amount of information can remove either type of uncertainty.
C
How is the sun situated in the universe? (a) The sun is at the center of the universe. (b) Earth is at the center of the universe, and the sun orbits around the earth. (c) The sun is just one of a large number of stars, and is located on the fringes of the Milky Way galaxy, which itself is just one galaxy among many galaxies. (d) The sun is just one of many stars, and is located near the center of the rest of the stars in the universe. (e) The sun is an isolated star that is far outside of all the galaxies in the universe, and is thus not part of any galaxy.
A
Chemically, neon, Ne, is (a) an element (b) a compound. (c) an isotope. (d) a mixture. (e) a solid.
D
How does a permanent magnet work, i.e., what is the explanation of its magnetic effects? (a) Electric charge is permanently separated within the magnet, with positive static charge at one end and negative static charge at the other end of the magnet. (b) Subatomic particles known as "magnetic poles" are placed on each end of the magnet, with one type of pole placed on one end and the other type on the other end. (c) The material of the magnet is highly ionized, with one type of ion residing on one end of the magnet and the other type of ion residing on the other end. (d) Electrons in the magnet are all aligned together so that the microscopic currents and magnetic fields due to their spin and orbital motion add together to produce a large overall effect. (e) Magnets are a communist plot.
B
During each cycle of operation, the thermal energy input to a heat engine is 400 J and the exhaust is 300 J. This engine's efficiency is (find work first; then use energy efficiency equation) (a) 0%. (b) 25%. (c) 50%. (d) 75%. (e) 100%.
B
Elizabeth lifts a 10 N book from the floor to the table, a height of 2 m. How much work does Elizabeth do? (use work equation) (a) 5 joules (b) 20 joules (c) 5 watts (d) 20 watts (e) Elizabeth does zero work.
B
Faraday's law tells us that (a) a changing electric field creates nothing in particular. (b) a changing magnetic field creates an changing electric field. (c) magnetic fields create headaches. (d) charges create electric fields. (e) moving charges create magnetic fields.
E
How did Galileo know that the planets go around the sun rather than around Earth? (a) From the writings of Aristarchus, the ancient Greek astronomer. (b) From measurements of the tides raised by the moon as compared with the tides raised by the sun. (c) From telescopic measurements of the positions of the stars as Earth moved around the sun during the course of one year. (d) By noting that Venus always lies near the sun, as seen from Earth, from which he concluded that Venus must be orbiting the sun. (e) From telescopic observations of the phases of Venus as it moves around the sun.
A
How is your mass on earth related to your mass on the moon, where (g)moon = (1/6) (g)earth? (a) It is the same. (b) Your mass on earth is 1/6 of that on the moon. (c) Your mass on earth is 6 times that on the moon. (d) Your mass on the moon depends on the time of the year. (e) You have no mass on the moon.
B
If two electrons are at rest a short distance apart, the forces they exert on each other will be (a) zero. (b) electric but not magnetic. (c) magnetic but not electric. (d) both electric and magnetic
B
If you are in a space with no windows, no experiment can tell you how fast you are moving, or for that matter, if you are moving. (As long as you are not accelerating.) This is one way of stating (a) Galileo's theory of relativity. (b) the principle of relativity (c) the relativity of time. (d) the principle of the constancy of light-speed. (e) the relativity of space.
C
In Copernicus's theory, retrograde planetary motion is explained as (a) the backward part of the planet's loop-the-loop orbits around Earth. (b) due to the back-and-forth or "oscillatory" motion that planets make as they move along their circular orbits around Earth. (c) a result of Earth's motion: as Earth passes another planet, that planet appears to move backward as seen against the background stars. (d) due to the natural wandering of the celestial sphere of background stars. (e) actually he didn't have an explanation for this.
A
In the atomic model, each orbit has a maximum number of electrons that it can hold because of the: (a) Pauli exclusion principle (b) Bohr exclusion principle (c) Rutherford exclusion principle (d) Einstein's atomic theory (e) None of the above
B
In the figure, the moon is moving clockwise in a circular orbit around Earth. Imagine that gravity was suddenly shut off, throughout the solar system, at the instant when the moon is in the position shown in the figure. How would the moon move, after gravity was shut off? (a) In the direction of arrow A, in a straight line. (b) In the direction of arrow B, in a straight line. (c) In the direction of arrow C, in a straight line. (d) It would continue moving in the same circular path.
E
In what kind of path would the planets move if no force acted on them? (a) They would continue in their present orbits, since they already have no force on them. (b) Larger elliptical orbits. (c) Parabolas, like a thrown rock. (d) Straight line with an acceleration of 10 m/s^2 . (e) Straight line with no acceleration.
B
Is it possible for an object to accelerate without changing its speed? (a) Yes, for example when a car is halfway up a straight hill and moving at an unchanging speed. (b) Yes, for example when a car turns a corner while maintaining an unchanging speed. (c) Both (a) and (b). (d) No, because the word "acceleration" means "speeding up." (e) No, because the word "acceleration" means "a change in speed."
D
Jack rides a bicycle northward at 12 mph. Jill rides southward on the same road at 12 mph. As they pass each other (a) Their speeds are identical and their velocities are identical. (b) Their speeds are different and their velocities are different. (c) Their speeds are different but their velocities are identical. (d) Their speeds are identical but their velocities are different. (e) Theoretical physics predicts, surprisingly enough, that they will turn into giant frogs.
B
Light waves are (a) traveling disturbances in the air. (b) traveling disturbances in an electromagnetic field. (c) traveling disturbances in the ether. (d) beams of moving electrons and other charged particles. (e) beams of moving atoms.
D
Marcia places a lead block and an iron block on the table, and hits both of them with the same force. The lead block is twice as massive as the iron block. The acceleration of the lead block is (use acceleration equation) (a) four times that of the iron block. (b) two times that of the iron block. (c) equal to that of the iron block. (d) half that of the iron block. (e) a quarter of that of the iron block.
A
NASA satellites stay up because (a) they are moving so fast that they are able to "fall" around Earth. (b) they are away from Earth's gravity and thus do not get pulled down toward Earth. (c) their rocket engines hold them above Earth's surface. (d) there is no air resistance in outer space and thus no downward force on an orbiting satellite. (e) centrifugal force pulls outward on them.
E
On Vulcan, a rock dropped from rest falls a distance of 7 m in 1 s. How far will it fall in 3 seconds (neglect air resistance)? (Use distance equation) (a) 21 m (b) 28 m (c) 36 m (d) 54 m (e) 63 m
C
One ancient Greek scientist, Aristarchus, had a theory about the layout of the universe that was quite different from the other Greek theories. According to Aristarchus's theory, (a) Earth is at the center and other objects move around Earth in simple circles. (b) There is no fixed center anywhere in the universe. (c) the sun is at the center and other objects, including Earth, move around the sun in simple circles. (d) Earth is at the center, and the planets move around Earth in orbits that could be described as "circles-within-circles" or "loop-the-loops." (e) the Earth is held up by Hercules, who stands on a turtle, who stands on an elephant, who stands on Zeus, who is beginning to think that the whole thing isn't worth the effort.
B
One piece of evidence that Democritus found for his idea that everything is made of atoms was (a) Brownian motion. (b) the smell of bread and of other substances. (c) the fact that chemicals combine in definite proportions. (d) the twinkling of stars, due to our atmosphere. (e) the random, chaotic motions often found in liquids.
E
One situation in which the law of conservation of energy is violated is (a) for atomic-sized objects. (b) for very fast-moving objects. (c) near black holes. (d) All of the above. (e) nonsense--no violations of this law have ever been observed.
D
Suppose that a certain atom has just the 4 different energy levels shown above. Which of the following quantum jumps produces radiation with the shortest wavelength? (a) nonsense-quantum jumps don't produce radiation. (b) from state 4 to 3. (c) from state 2 to 1. (d) from state 4 to 1. (e) impossible to tell without further information. ________________________4 ________________________3 ________________________2 _________________________1
C
The distance to the sun is about 150 million km. Expressed in powers of ten, this is (a) 1.5 x 10 6 km. (b) 1.5 x 10-6 km. (c) 1.5 x 10 8 km. (d) 1.5 x 10-8 km. (e) none of the above.
C
The figure shows the moon orbiting around Earth. Suppose that the direction of the moon's motion is counter-clockwise. Is any net force exerted on the moon? (a) Yes, in the direction of arrow A. (b) Yes, in the direction of arrow B. (c) Yes, in the direction of arrow C. (d) No, because no net force is needed to keep an object moving. (e) No, because the individual forces acting on the moon all balance out to yield a net force of zero.
B
The mass of an object inside a space ship, traveling at 90% of the speed of light, is 4kg. What mass would an observer on earth measure? (use mass equation) (a) 5 kg (b) 9 kg (c) 13 kg (d) 17 kg (e) 21 kg
A
The second law of thermodynamics implies that (a) thermal energy cannot be entirely converted into non-thermal forms of energy. (b) in every physical process, the total amount of energy must remain unchanged. (c) non-thermal forms of energy cannot be entirely converted into thermal forms of energy. (d) in physical process in which heat is produced, the total amount of energy is reduced by an amount equal to amount of heat produced. (e) from the microscopic point of view, thermal energy is just kinetic energy of individual atoms and molecules.
E
The speed of light is (1 km= 1/1000m) (a) 3 km/s. (b) 300 km/s. (c) 3,000 km/s. (d) 3 million km/s. (e) none of the above.
D
The very earliest Greek theory of the structure of the universe pictured Earth at the center with the planets revolving around it at an unchanging rate in simple circles. The Greeks later revised this theory because (a) they didn't believe the theory was sufficiently beautiful to represent the eternal gods. (b) they came to believe that the sun should be at the center of things. (c) certain observations led them to the conclusion that Earth has a spherical shape. (d) they observed that the planetary motions are irregular and include such things as retrograde motion. (e) actually, the Greeks never did abandon this theory-the theory was not altered until the time of Copernicus.
C
The wavelength of a wave on a rope is (a) the distance between a crest and a valley. (b) the distance from the center of a wave to the crest of a wave. (c) the distance between two successive crests. (d) none of the above.
C
Two sources of waves, call them A and B, send out waves across the surface of a lake. The waves from A have crests 1 cm high as measured from the normal undisturbed surface of the water. The waves from B are identical to those from A. How far is the water displaced at a point where a crest from A crosses a trough (valley) from B? (a) 2 cm above. (b) 1 cm above. (c) zero. (d) 1 cm below. (e) 2 cm below.
D
Tycho Brahe (a) was the first to propose the theory that the planets move in ellipses around the sun. (b) made measurements that contradicted Ptolemy's theory and supported Copernicus's theory. (c) made measurements that supported both Ptolemy's theory and Copernicus's theory. (d) made measurements that contradicted both Ptolemy's theory and Copernicus's theory. (e) invented the telescope.
B
We know that light is quantized because, in the double slit experiment with light, (a) an interference pattern shows up on the screen. (b) when dim light is used, the light hits the screen at tiny separated impact points. (c) when the experiment is done in strong light, no interference pattern shows up on the screen. (d) when one slit is closed, no interference pattern shows up on the screen. (e) when one slit is closed, the light hits the screen at tiny separated impact points.
B
What are the units for acceleration? (a) m/s (b) m/s^2 (c) m (d) s/m (e) none of the above.
A
What force is required to compress or stretch a spring of spring constant 100 N/m 0.05 m? (use force of a spring equation) (a) 5 N (b) 50N (c) 500 N (d) 5000 N (e) There is no way of knowing unless we know of what material the spring is composed.
E
What form(s) of energy does the falling rubber ball have when it is halfway down? (a) Elastic only (b) Kinetic and gravitational and elastic (c) Kinetic only (d) Gravitational only (e) Kinetic and gravitational
B
What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron (m = 9 x 10^-31 kg) moving at a speed of 5 x 10^6 m/s? (use wavelength equation; h= planks constant) (a) 0.7 x 10^-10 m (b) 1.4 x 10^-10 m (c) 7.3 x 10^-10 m (d) 1.4 x 10^-11 m (e) None of the above
C
What is the tension (force) on the rope in the above figure (mass = 5 kg)? (use weight equation; tension= weight) ((g) always = 10m/s^2) (a) 20N (b) 30 N (c) 50 N (d) 70 N (e) 100 N
E
What is the work done by a 100 kg person who runs up a 10 m high flight of stairs in 10 s? (use work equation) (a) 10 J (b) 100 J (c) 1000 J (d) 5000 J (e) 10000 J
E
What physical quantity is measured in "joules"? (a) force (b) power (c) voltage (d) electric current (e) energy
D
When we speak of the "spectrum" of a radiation source, we are referring to (a) the set of velocities that its particles actually have. (b) the overall range of velocities that its particles could possibly have. (c) the various types of atoms and molecules of which the source is composed. (d) the set of frequencies that the source can emit. (e) the various speeds at which its particles collide with each other.
E
When you touch a hot pot on the stove, (a) work flows from your hand to the pot. (b) work flows from the pot to your hand. (c) electric energy flows from the pot to your hand. (d) thermal energy flows from your hand to the pot. (e) thermal energy flows from the pot to your hand.
E
Which has the largest uncertainty in its position and velocity? (a) water molecule (b) helium atom (c) dust grain (d) proton (e) electron
A
Which is heaviest? (a) water molecule (b) oxygen atom (c) hydrogen atom (d) electron (e) proton.
C
Which of the following colors has the most energy per photon? (a) red. (b) yellow. (c) violet (d) all the same. (e) The answer depends on the intensity of the light.
E
Which of the following does not travel at light speed? (a) X-rays (b) light (c) radio waves (d) infrared waves (e) actually all of these travel at light speed
D
Which of the following planets in the solar system has an orbit that is the most eggshaped or the most elliptical: (a) Neptune (b) Earth (c) Jupiter (d) Mercury (e) Venus
B
Which of the following provides evidence that light is made of waves? (a) The individual dots seen on a photographic plate when a photo is taken at extremely short exposure times (b) Interference effects seen when light passes through a narrow opening (c) Both of the above (d) Experiments that spread light out into a spectrum of colors (e) All of the above
E
Which of the following scientists made highly accurate measurements that first disproved the theories of Ptolemy and Copernicus? (a) Nonsense--nobody has disproved Copernicus's theory. (b) Nonsense--you cannot disprove a general scientific theory. (c) Kepler (d) Galileo (e) Brahe
A
Which of the following waves has the highest frequency? (a) ultraviolet (b) infrared (c) radio (d) visible
D
Which one (or ones) of the following is a possible final state for a star that has come to the end of its "lifetime" by running out of fuel and then gravitationally collapsing? (a) White dwarf (b) Neutron star (c) Black hole (d) All of these (e) None of these
C
Which one has the longest wavelength, assuming that they all have the same speed: (a) helium atom. (b) water molecule. (c) electron. (d) baseball. (e) none of these objects have wavelengths of any kind.
B
Which statement best describes the status of the Copernican and Ptolemaic theories of the solar system shortly after Copernicus invented his theory and before Tycho Brahe made his observations? (a) Copernicus had proved that Ptolemy's theory was incorrect. (b) Both theories agreed with the experimental facts. (c) Ptolemy had proved that Copernicus's theory was incorrect. (d) although Copernicus couldn't disprove Ptolemy's theory, the Copernican theory agreed much better with the experimental facts than did the Ptolemaic theory. (e) both theories were known to be wrong.
E
Who discovered the nucleus by bombarding a thin foil with alpha particles: (a) Albert Einstein (b) J.J. Thomson (c) Isaac Newton (d) Neils Bohr (e) Ernest Rutherford
C
Who originated the idea that planets go in ellipses around the sun? (a) Ptolemy. (b) Copernicus. (c) Kepler. (d) Galileo. (e) Brahe.
D
You are inside a jet plane moving at a constant velocity. You toss a rock straight up in the air, and then you keep your hand at the point of release. The rock comes down in your hand. This example illustrates (a) the principle of the constancy of the speed of light. (b) that light is a wave. (c) that moving clocks go slow. (d) the principle of relativity. (e) None of the above
C
You run a 5000 watt clothes-dryer for 2 hours. How many kilowatt-hours of energy did you consume? (1 kW= 1000 W) (use kw equation) (a) 0.4 kW•hr (b) 2.5 kW•hr (c) 10 kW•hr (d) 2500 kW•hr (e) Cannot be determined from the given information
B
Your radio is tuned to 98 on the FM dial. What electromagnetic wave frequency is your radio receiving, and how fast is this wave traveling? (FM frequencies are in Mega= 1 million; electromagnetic waves travel at c) (a) 98 x 10^6 Hz, at the speed of sound (roughly 300 m/s). (b) 98 x 10^6 Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s. (c) 98,000 Hz, at the speed of sound (roughly 300 m/s). (d) 98,000 Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s. (e) 98 Hz, at a speed of 300,000 km/s.
