Physical Geography Ch. 19

In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as ________ meters.

1,200

At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface.

1/3

In some places, the crust of the Earth is rising as much as ________ per decade because of crustal adjustment after the Pleistocene ice melted.`

2 centimeters

The Pleistocene Epoch began at least ________.

2.5 million years ago

Today, more than ________ percent of Earth's surface is affected by periglacial conditions.

20

The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of ________.

30 meters

About ________ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.

4

The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is ________ meters.

4,000

In square kilometers, which of the following is CLOSEST to the amount of land surface covered by Pleistocene ice?

50 million

It is estimated that ________ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers.

7

The Earth has been deglaciating for the last ________ years.

9,000

Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about ________ percent of the world's total land ice.

90

________ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.

Abrasion

Which region had the LEAST coverage (square kilometers) of glacial ice during the Pleistocene?

Africa

The Bering Glacier is in the United States. It is located in the state of ________.

Alaska

The largest contemporary U.S. glacier is in ________.

Alaska

________ is composed of stratified (layered) drift.

An esker

The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in ________.

Antarctica

Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?

Appalachian Mountains

________ was(were) NOT partially covered with substantial by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.

Australia

According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________.

Colorado

In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non-glaciated area referred to as the ________ Area.

Driftless

An esker is formed by stagnant meltwater in a glacial crevasse.

False

At least one contemporary glacier in Alaska is larger than some entire states.

False

During the Pleistocene, glaciers existed as far south as California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

False

Glacial erosion invariably produces smooth valley slopes.

False

Glaciation smooths out the landscape so that lakes are rare on the postglacial landscape.

False

Snow which is starting the transition to glacial ice has a density twice that of liquid water.

False

The end of the Pleistocene is set at 11,700 years ago.

False

The valley train is the same thing as an outwash plain.

False

Which of the following is FALSE?

Glacial debris is rarely larger than one meter across.

Which of the following has a contemporary ice sheet?

Greenland

The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the ________ epoch.

Holocene

________ are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation.

Lateral moraines

During the Pleistocene, the ________ ice was the most extensive continental ice sheet in the world.

Laurentide

In a roche moutonnee, the ________ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.

Lee

Which of the following is NOT a major, recognized glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch?

Minnesotan

________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.

Ne´ve

________ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.

Ne´ve´

According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest total of ice-covered land?

North America

The ________ is the world's largest ice shelf.

Ross Ice Shelf

Speculate on which of the following landscapes exists as the result of glaciation.

The Great Lakes

At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ________.

The Ohio River

The ________ physically separates East Antarctica from West Antarctica.

Transantarctic Mountains

A glacier grows when the accumulation zone grows faster than the ablation zone.

True

A piedmont glacier is a type of mountain glacier.

True

Cirques are located at elevations high above sea level.

True

Drift" applies cumulatively to all of the materials carried by glaciers for deposition.

True

During the Pleistocene Epoch, Antarctica's ice sheets expanded to cover most of the Southern Hemisphere.

True

During the Pleistocene, glaciation extended across the North Sea to join Scandinavia and the British Isles.

True

Firn is another term for ne´ve´.

True

Glacial processes are still the most important erosional forces at work in the world today.

True

Hanging valleys occur where the mouths of tributary valleys are perched high along the sides of the major stream valleys.

True

Large parts of the bedrock surfaces under the ice sheets of Antarctica are below sea level.

True

Most transported sediment in glaciated regions consists of glacial flour.

True

Polished rock surfaces give evidence of the past process of glacial abrasion.

True

So long as a mountain glacier exists, its ice must always travel in the downhill direction.

True

Glaciers carve ________-shaped valleys.

U

The Finger Lakes Region of upstate New York is a prime example of ________

U-shaped troughs

After Alaska, ________ is the state with the greatest number of glaciers and greatest amount of surface area covered by glaciers.

Washington

The following area would appear as a series of islands if it were to lose its glacial ice.

West Antarctica

The Driftless Area is in ________.

Wisconsin

The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ________.

Wisconsin

In Europe the Wisconsin ice advance is known as the "________".

Wurm

Which of the following glacial landforms is composed of bedrock?

a nunatak

Drift is ________.

a term which is a misnomer out of biblical literature

The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________.

ablation

The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.

abrasion

During the Pleistocene, ________ was a time of ice retreat.

an interglacial

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

arete

How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?

as many as 18 or 19

The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as ________.

basal slip

The Holocene is NOT ________.

before the Pleistocene in Earth history

Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?

between the accumulation and ablation zones

Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the ________.

bottom

The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day.

centimeters

Which of the following is the causal mechanism for the Pleistocene climate changes?

changes in a combination of mechanisms

The first feature carved by a mountain glacier is a(n) ________.

cirque

The shape of a(n) ________ can be likened to an amphitheater.

cirque

Today, Antarctic ice shelves are ________.

collapsing

A glacier will start to move of its own weight when it reaches a thickness of a few ________.

dozen meters

Which of the following features is NOT composed of stratified drift?

drumlins

A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________.

erratic

The flow of glaciers is best described as ________.

erratic

Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________.

eskers

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

eskers

The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is ________.

glacial flour

Which of the following terms is synonymous for "ablation"?

glacier ablation

A(n) ________ is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak.

horn

Which of the following is NOT a main glacial characteristic that any satisfactory theory of ice age causes must account for?

how snow transforms into glacial ice

A nunatak is a rocky pinnacle poking through a(n) ________.

ice field

Where is the Antarctic ice generally deepest?

in West Antarctica

Glacial runoff primarily occurs ________.

in the daytime

The blunt edge of a drumlin faces ________.

in the direction opposite to the flow of ice

Which of the following is NOT one of the pluvial developments of the Pleistocene Epoch?

increased mass of glacial ice

The long profile of a glaciated valley floor is ________.

irregular

Morainal surfaces containing a number of mounds and depressions are called ________ topography.

kame-and-kettle

Which of the following is NOT a periglacial landform?

kettle

The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of ________.

kettle holes

Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of ________.

lack of adequate precipitation

A pluvial consequence of the Pleistocene glaciation has been the formation of ________.

lakes

The most prominent pluvial development of the Pleistocene was the appearance of many ________.

lakes

Antarctica does NOT have ________.

large amounts of non-glaciated land

The Pleistocene Epoch ________.

may not yet have ended

A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n) ________.

medial moraine

Where several valley glaciers have joined together, one result is ________.

medial moraines

Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ________.

meltwater

The centers of spread for Pleistocene ice sheets were in ________ latitudes.

middle

Comparing two locations on a mountain glacier, it is likely they are ________.

moving at different rates

During the last Ice Age, sea level was ________.

much lower than today's sea level

Which of the below correctly describes the ice in a mountain glacier?

never stops moving downhill

Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called ________.

outlet glaciers

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

outlet glaciers

Which of the following is NOT found BEHIND a terminal moraine?

outwash plains

The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.

periglacial

The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the ________.

periglacial conditions

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

periglacial processes

The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by ________.

plucking

The creation of many glacial lakes during the Pleistocene is labeled a(n) ________ development.

pluvial

Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice.

pressure and weathering

Materials deposited during a lengthy pause in glacial retreat form ________.

recessional moraines

If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would ________.

rise significantly

Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called ________.

roche moutonnees

The presence of multiple medial moraines indicates ________.

several glaciers have joined

In Alaska, glaciers are ________.

shrinking significantly

In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the ________ portion of the state.

southern

Continental ice sheets smooth and round the terrain while mountain glaciations tend to ________.

steepen slopes and increase local relief

After they are glaciated, mountain valleys tend to be ________ than before they were glaciated.

straighter

Glaciers often polish rock to form grooves and smaller, similar features called ________.

striations

Which of the following is NOT a major effect of mountain glaciation upon mountain topography?

subdue

A deglaciated cirque often contains a basin in which a(n) ________ can be found.

tarn

The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a ________.

terminal moraine

By the nature of its deposition, which of the following has the largest spatial extent (covers the most area)?

till

Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ________.

till

A(n) ________ is an irregularly undulating surface of broad, low rises and shallow depressions. It is composed of unsorted materials deposited by an ice sheet.

till plain

How many continental ice sheets are in existence?

two

If you were to dig into a drumlin, you would find ________.

unsorted glacial till

Mountain streams running from a tributary valley to a main valley that has been glaciated frequently create ________.

waterfalls

The textbook concludes that ________.

we are too close to the Ice Age to say any of the above definitively