Physical Geography Ch. 19
In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as ________ meters.
1,200
At its maximum extent, ice covered almost ________ of the Earth's land surface.
1/3
In some places, the crust of the Earth is rising as much as ________ per decade because of crustal adjustment after the Pleistocene ice melted.`
2 centimeters
The Pleistocene Epoch began at least ________.
2.5 million years ago
Today, more than ________ percent of Earth's surface is affected by periglacial conditions.
20
The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of ________.
30 meters
About ________ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.
4
The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is ________ meters.
4,000
In square kilometers, which of the following is CLOSEST to the amount of land surface covered by Pleistocene ice?
50 million
It is estimated that ________ percent of all contemporary erosion is accomplished by glaciers.
7
The Earth has been deglaciating for the last ________ years.
9,000
Antarctica's ice sheet encompasses about ________ percent of the world's total land ice.
90
________ tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.
Abrasion
Which region had the LEAST coverage (square kilometers) of glacial ice during the Pleistocene?
Africa
The Bering Glacier is in the United States. It is located in the state of ________.
Alaska
The largest contemporary U.S. glacier is in ________.
Alaska
________ is composed of stratified (layered) drift.
An esker
The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in ________.
Antarctica
Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?
Appalachian Mountains
________ was(were) NOT partially covered with substantial by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.
Australia
According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and ________.
Colorado
In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non-glaciated area referred to as the ________ Area.
Driftless
An esker is formed by stagnant meltwater in a glacial crevasse.
False
At least one contemporary glacier in Alaska is larger than some entire states.
False
During the Pleistocene, glaciers existed as far south as California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
False
Glacial erosion invariably produces smooth valley slopes.
False
Glaciation smooths out the landscape so that lakes are rare on the postglacial landscape.
False
Snow which is starting the transition to glacial ice has a density twice that of liquid water.
False
The end of the Pleistocene is set at 11,700 years ago.
False
The valley train is the same thing as an outwash plain.
False
Which of the following is FALSE?
Glacial debris is rarely larger than one meter across.
Which of the following has a contemporary ice sheet?
Greenland
The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the ________ epoch.
Holocene
________ are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation.
Lateral moraines
During the Pleistocene, the ________ ice was the most extensive continental ice sheet in the world.
Laurentide
In a roche moutonnee, the ________ side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.
Lee
Which of the following is NOT a major, recognized glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch?
Minnesotan
________ is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.
Ne´ve
________ is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.
Ne´ve´
According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest total of ice-covered land?
North America
The ________ is the world's largest ice shelf.
Ross Ice Shelf
Speculate on which of the following landscapes exists as the result of glaciation.
The Great Lakes
At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as ________.
The Ohio River
The ________ physically separates East Antarctica from West Antarctica.
Transantarctic Mountains
A glacier grows when the accumulation zone grows faster than the ablation zone.
True
A piedmont glacier is a type of mountain glacier.
True
Cirques are located at elevations high above sea level.
True
Drift" applies cumulatively to all of the materials carried by glaciers for deposition.
True
During the Pleistocene Epoch, Antarctica's ice sheets expanded to cover most of the Southern Hemisphere.
True
During the Pleistocene, glaciation extended across the North Sea to join Scandinavia and the British Isles.
True
Firn is another term for ne´ve´.
True
Glacial processes are still the most important erosional forces at work in the world today.
True
Hanging valleys occur where the mouths of tributary valleys are perched high along the sides of the major stream valleys.
True
Large parts of the bedrock surfaces under the ice sheets of Antarctica are below sea level.
True
Most transported sediment in glaciated regions consists of glacial flour.
True
Polished rock surfaces give evidence of the past process of glacial abrasion.
True
So long as a mountain glacier exists, its ice must always travel in the downhill direction.
True
Glaciers carve ________-shaped valleys.
U
The Finger Lakes Region of upstate New York is a prime example of ________
U-shaped troughs
After Alaska, ________ is the state with the greatest number of glaciers and greatest amount of surface area covered by glaciers.
Washington
The following area would appear as a series of islands if it were to lose its glacial ice.
West Antarctica
The Driftless Area is in ________.
Wisconsin
The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the ________.
Wisconsin
In Europe the Wisconsin ice advance is known as the "________".
Wurm
Which of the following glacial landforms is composed of bedrock?
a nunatak
Drift is ________.
a term which is a misnomer out of biblical literature
The lower part of a glacier where there is a net annual loss of ice from melting and sublimation is the zone of ________.
ablation
The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.
abrasion
During the Pleistocene, ________ was a time of ice retreat.
an interglacial
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
arete
How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?
as many as 18 or 19
The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as ________.
basal slip
The Holocene is NOT ________.
before the Pleistocene in Earth history
Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?
between the accumulation and ablation zones
Most of the material carried by a glacier is moved at the ________.
bottom
The movement of a glacier is normally measured in ________ per day.
centimeters
Which of the following is the causal mechanism for the Pleistocene climate changes?
changes in a combination of mechanisms
The first feature carved by a mountain glacier is a(n) ________.
cirque
The shape of a(n) ________ can be likened to an amphitheater.
cirque
Today, Antarctic ice shelves are ________.
collapsing
A glacier will start to move of its own weight when it reaches a thickness of a few ________.
dozen meters
Which of the following features is NOT composed of stratified drift?
drumlins
A huge boulder resting on a completely different type of bedrock in glacial zones is a(n) ________.
erratic
The flow of glaciers is best described as ________.
erratic
Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed ________.
eskers
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
eskers
The main sediment type carried by streams in glacial regions is ________.
glacial flour
Which of the following terms is synonymous for "ablation"?
glacier ablation
A(n) ________ is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak.
horn
Which of the following is NOT a main glacial characteristic that any satisfactory theory of ice age causes must account for?
how snow transforms into glacial ice
A nunatak is a rocky pinnacle poking through a(n) ________.
ice field
Where is the Antarctic ice generally deepest?
in West Antarctica
Glacial runoff primarily occurs ________.
in the daytime
The blunt edge of a drumlin faces ________.
in the direction opposite to the flow of ice
Which of the following is NOT one of the pluvial developments of the Pleistocene Epoch?
increased mass of glacial ice
The long profile of a glaciated valley floor is ________.
irregular
Morainal surfaces containing a number of mounds and depressions are called ________ topography.
kame-and-kettle
Which of the following is NOT a periglacial landform?
kettle
The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of ________.
kettle holes
Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of ________.
lack of adequate precipitation
A pluvial consequence of the Pleistocene glaciation has been the formation of ________.
lakes
The most prominent pluvial development of the Pleistocene was the appearance of many ________.
lakes
Antarctica does NOT have ________.
large amounts of non-glaciated land
The Pleistocene Epoch ________.
may not yet have ended
A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n) ________.
medial moraine
Where several valley glaciers have joined together, one result is ________.
medial moraines
Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by ________.
meltwater
The centers of spread for Pleistocene ice sheets were in ________ latitudes.
middle
Comparing two locations on a mountain glacier, it is likely they are ________.
moving at different rates
During the last Ice Age, sea level was ________.
much lower than today's sea level
Which of the below correctly describes the ice in a mountain glacier?
never stops moving downhill
Long tongues of ice which surround the margin of continental ice sheets are called ________.
outlet glaciers
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
outlet glaciers
Which of the following is NOT found BEHIND a terminal moraine?
outwash plains
The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the ________ zone.
periglacial
The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the ________.
periglacial conditions
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
periglacial processes
The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by ________.
plucking
The creation of many glacial lakes during the Pleistocene is labeled a(n) ________ development.
pluvial
Snow is changed by ________ into glacial ice.
pressure and weathering
Materials deposited during a lengthy pause in glacial retreat form ________.
recessional moraines
If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would ________.
rise significantly
Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called ________.
roche moutonnees
The presence of multiple medial moraines indicates ________.
several glaciers have joined
In Alaska, glaciers are ________.
shrinking significantly
In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the ________ portion of the state.
southern
Continental ice sheets smooth and round the terrain while mountain glaciations tend to ________.
steepen slopes and increase local relief
After they are glaciated, mountain valleys tend to be ________ than before they were glaciated.
straighter
Glaciers often polish rock to form grooves and smaller, similar features called ________.
striations
Which of the following is NOT a major effect of mountain glaciation upon mountain topography?
subdue
A deglaciated cirque often contains a basin in which a(n) ________ can be found.
tarn
The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a ________.
terminal moraine
By the nature of its deposition, which of the following has the largest spatial extent (covers the most area)?
till
Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as ________.
till
A(n) ________ is an irregularly undulating surface of broad, low rises and shallow depressions. It is composed of unsorted materials deposited by an ice sheet.
till plain
How many continental ice sheets are in existence?
two
If you were to dig into a drumlin, you would find ________.
unsorted glacial till
Mountain streams running from a tributary valley to a main valley that has been glaciated frequently create ________.
waterfalls
The textbook concludes that ________.
we are too close to the Ice Age to say any of the above definitively