Physics Ch 18
dipole
An uneven distribution of the positive and negative charges within a polar molecule produces a ________________
surface, surfaces
Any excess charge resides entirely on the ___________or _________ of a conductor
insulator
Any material that hold electrons securely within their atomic orbits is considered an _________________
polarizing
Both positive and negative objects attract a neutral object by ______________its molecules
Q, q
Both the magnitude and direction of the Coulomb force field depend on _______ and the test charge _______.
Circumference of a circle with radius r or diameter d
C = 2πr =πd is the formula to determine the __________________
Coulomb charge, q
C = is the abbreviation for _____________ , containing units and is ( A*s) used for determining ______________
capacitance; Coulomb
C, is a common abbreviation used for _________________ or _________________.
1. electric charge 2. there are only two types of charge, positive and negative 3. The force between charges decreases with distance
Characteristics of static electricity (3)
-1.00 C
6.25 x 10e18 electrons have a combined charge of _________ (*hint* electrons are negatively charged)
dipole moment
A _______________ is defined as the magnitude of a dipole
Field
A _____________________ is a way of conceptualizing and mapping the force that surrounds any object and acts on another object at a distance without any apparent physical connection
Faraday cage
A ____________________acts like a shield around an object, preventing electrical charge from penetrating inside
point charge
A charged particle, designated Q, generating an electric field is designated a ____________________
free
A conductor allows ____________ charges to move about within it.
grounded
A conductor connected to the Earth, allowing charge to freely flow to and from Earth's unlimited reservoir, considered ______________
ampere (current unit); area
A is a common symbol used as a meaning for _____________ (*HINT: two meanings*)
ampere current, I
A is the abbreviation for _______________ used in ______________
N/C (Newton/Coulomb) (kg * m/s^2)/(A/s)
Electric field E, has units of:
Q, r
Electric field is seen to depend only on the charge_________, and the distance __________. It is completely independent of the test charge q. (* HINT: the abbreviation*)
field lines
Electric field strength is exactly proportional to the number of ___________________per unit area
Capacitancne
F = C/V (farad) is the SI derived unit of
farad (unit of capacitance, a coulomb per volt); force; magnitude of a force
F, is a common abbreviation used to represent _________________, ___________________, and _______________
F = k(q1q2)/r^2 F = magnitude of force F between two point charges, q1 and q2, separated by a distance r. k, a constant, is equal to 8.988x10e9 (N*m^2)/C^2
Numeric formula for Coulomb's law
power; pressure;
P, is the abbreviation for _____________ or ________________.
potential energy
PE is the abbreviation for _________________
heat; positive charge/negative charge
Q, is a common abbreviation used for ______________ and/or ____________________.
resistance
R, is the abbreviation for ____________
resistor and capacitor circuit
RC is the abbreviation for _____________
N/C
SI unit for Electric field _______
E = k(|Q| /r^2)
The magnitude of the electric field E created by a point charge Q . r is the distance from Q. E is a vector and fields due to multiple charges add like vectors (*HINT: formula*)
Laser printer
This device uses the xerographic process to make high-quality images on paper, employing a laser to produce an image on a photo-conducting drum.
True
True/False Neutral objects can be attracted to any charged object?
Electrostatic force
_____________ is defined as the existence of two types of charge, where its observed that like charges repel, unlike charges attract, force decreases with distance.
electrical storms
______________ _____________result when the electrical field of Earth's surface in certain locations become more strongly charged, due to changes in the insulating effect of the air.
electrostatic equilibrium
________________ is observed when field charges respond due to excess charge placed on a conductor or the conductor is put into a static electric field.
Van de Graaff generators
_____________________ are devices used to demonstrate high voltage due to static electricity.
Electric field lines
______________________ are drawn around charged objects used to visualize field strength and direction.
superconductors
__________________________ allow the movement of charge without any loss of energy
electrostatic repulsion
_____________________________ is the phenomenon of two objects with like charges repelling each other
Conductor
_____________________allow for free charges to move about within it.
xenography
a dry copying process based on electrostatics
Van de Graaff generator
a machine that produces a large amount of excess charge, and is used for experiments with high voltage
polar
a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative charge is defined as a ______________ molecule
test charge
a particle (designated, q) with either a positive or negative charge set down within an electric field generated by a point charge is defined as a ______________________
point charge
a particle having a charge (Q) acting on a test charge q is defined as a ________________
proton
a particle in the nucleus of an atom and carrying a positive charge equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the amount of charge carried by an electron
vector
a quantity with both magnitude and direction
polarized
a state in which the positive and negative charges within an object have collected in separate locations
insulators
a substance that does not allow charges to move through them is defined as a __________________________
acceleration
a, is the abbreviation for _____________
g
acceleration due to gravity
Faraday cage
acts like a shield around an object, preventing electric charge from penetrating inside.
(atomic mass unit) 1.6605 x 10e-27 kg
amu is the abbreviation for
free charge
an electrical charge either (positive or negative) which can move about separately from its base molecule is defined as ________________.
free electron
an electron that is free to move away from its atomic orbit
surface
any excess charge will collect along the _____________ of the conductor
atmosphere
atm is the abbreviation for _______________
electromagnetic force
atomic and molecular interactions, such as the forces of friction, cohesion, and adhesion, are now known to be manifestations of
speed of light
c, is the abbreviation symbol for _____________
VB−VA
change in potential
sharp, points
conductors with __________corners or _____________ will collect more charge at those points
F; N/C
electric field E * small positive test charge q: Eq ____________, and has units of __________
the ration of the Coulomb force to the test charge E-electric field F-Coulomb force (electrostatic force) q- test charge E=F/q
electric field formula , E= F/q, is defined as the ________________ (*Hint: identify all parts, E, F, q)
electromotive force
emf, is the abbreviation for ____________________
Van de Graaff generators, photocopiers, laser printers, ink-jet printers, and electrostatic air filters
equipment used for practical applications of electrostatics (*HINT: devices, machines - #5*)
Induced negative charge
ex. using a ground connection: a positively charged rod is brought near a neutral metal sphere, polarizing it. the sphere is grounded, allowing electrons to be attracted from the earth's supply. The ground connection is broken. The positive rod is removed, leaving the sphere with an induced ___________________ charge (negative/positive)
water molecules are polarized, giving them slightly positive and slightly negative sides. Therefore, water is susceptible to a charged rod's attraction. As the water flows downward, due to the force of gravity, the charged conductor exerts a net attraction to the opposite charges in the stream of water, pulling it closer.
explain the attraction of water to a charged rod
coulomb force constant
k, is the abbreviation for ____________ with a numerical value of 8.99×10e9 N⋅m^2/C^2
the mass of an electron, e
m(subscript e)
mass
m, is the abbreviation for _______________
Δm= E /c^2
mass, Δm, can be created from energy in the amount E/c^2, c = speed of light constant.
vector sum
mathematical combination of two or more vectors, including their magnitudes, directions and positions
ε0
permittivity of free space abbreviation
induction
process by which an electrically charged object brought near a neutral object creates a charge in that object
conductors
pure water and dry table salt are examples of (conductors/insulators)
charge of a proton
q(subscript-p) is an abbreviation for
electron charge; test charge
q, is an abbreviation/symbol for _____________
radian Angle
rad is the abbreviation for ________________ and represents an ___________________
rad
radian
r
radius of a curvature; radius of a nucleus; resistivity
electrical storms
results when the electrical field of Earth's surfaces in certain locations becomes more strongly charged, due to changes in the insulating effect of the air.
root mean square
rms, is the abbreviation for ________________
second, a Time abbreviation
s, is the abbreviation for
polarization
slight shifting of positive and negative charges to opposite sides of an atom or molecule
law of conservation of charge
states whenever a charge is created, an equal amount of charge with the opposite sign is created simultaneously
screening
the dilution or blocking of an electrostatic force on a charged object by the presence of other charges nearby
Coulomb force
unlike gravitational force, _______ can cancel, since it can either be attractive or repulsive
coulomb force
unlike gravitational force, it can cancel, since it can be either attractive or repulsive
y
vertical axis
w
weight
Induction
when a charge is created in a nearby object without direct contact is an example of ______________________
W
work; watt
plus or minus
± is the symbol for _________
permeability of free space 8.85418782 × 10-12 m-3 kg-1 s4 A2
µ0 abbreviation for_________________--
_change in gravitational potential energy
ΔPEg is the symbol for ______________
potential difference
ΔV is the symbol for ________________
magnetic flux
Φ is the symbol for __________
ohm Resistance, R
Ω = is the abbreviation for ___________ with units (V/A), and is used when determining ______________.
ohm
Ω is the symbol for __________
emf (voltage) or Hall electromotive force
ε, is a common symbol representing ________________________ or ______________________
permittivity of free space
ε0 is the symbol for ________________
wavelength
λ is the symbol used for _______________
density
ρ is the abbreviation for ______________-
"proportional to"
∝ is the symbol for
1.60 x 10e-19
∣ qe ∣ , the magnitued of basic charge of an electron (numerical value)
perpendicular to
⊥ is the symbol for
Ground wire
instrument that supplies a conducting path to the ground
Coulomb force
is extraordinarily strong compared with the gravitational force (*HINT: type of force.*)
energy stored in a capacitor
Ecap, is the abbreviation for _______________
Coulomb's law
Mathematical formula for electrostatic force (name)
Force (in Newtons)
N , is the abbreviation for ________________-
F, force (newton)
N is the abbreviation for _______________ with the units kg*m/s^2; and is used to represent the _________________
avogadro's number
N(subscript-A) is the abbreviation representing _______________
Newton-meter
N*m is an abbreviation for ____________________, a work-energy unit.
N*m
Newton time meter (SI unit of torque)
F = k(qQ)/r^2, for a point charge Q, acting on a test charge q, at a distance r
.Using Coulomb's law, F=k(q1q2)/r^2, its magnitude is given by the equation
parallel to
// is the symbol for _______________
6.25x10e18 The number of protons needed to make a charge of +1.00 C
1.00 C x (1 proton/1.60 x 10e-19 C) =
dipole
two centers of equal and opposite charges are defined as a ______________
Field
A map of the amount and direction of a force acting on other objects, extending out into space is defined as a ____________________
electron
A particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom and carrying the smallest unit of negative charge
Area of a sphere with radius r
A=4πr^2 is the formula for _________________
Area of a circle with radius r or diameter d
A=πr^2 =πd^2/4 is the formula for ______________________.
alternating current
AC is the abbreviation for _______________
F = k(q1q2)/r^2
Coulomb's law, where q1 and q1 are two point charges separated by a distance r, and k≈ 8.99 x 10e9 N*m /C^2, is the formula for determining force (*HINT: equation)
total capacitance in parallel
Cp is the abbreviation representing ____________________
total capacitance in series
Cs, is the abbreviation for ____________________
direct current
DC, is the abbreviation for _____________
conductor
Definition of a _______________________ is any substance that has free electrons and allows charge to move relatively freely through it
Ink-jet printer.
Device commonly used to print computer-generated text and graphics, also employs electrostatics
Faraday Cage
Device using a magnetic shield which prevents electric charge from penetrating its surface
Electric field E, where F is the Coulomb or electrostatic force on a small positive test charge q.
E = F/q formula parts are identified as: E __________ F___________ q __________
Coulomb
E = F/q, F ==>> F = Eq; F is the ____________ force or electrostatic force exerted on a small positive test charge q.
F=qE, E= F/q q=F/E F=k(qQ)/r^2 E = k(qQ)/qr^2 q cancel; E = k(Q)/r&2
E = F/q, F= k(qQ)/r^2 manipulate to determine the magnitude of the electric field, E for a point charge
electric field strength
E, is a common abbreviation for ____________________
cross
Field lines can never _______________
Positive; negative
Field lines must begin on ____________ and terminate on _____________, or at infinity in the hypothetical case of the charge.
positive, negative
Field lines must begin on _____________charges and terminate on _____________charges
net force
Fnet is an abbreviation for ______________
Fg = G (mM)/r^2
Formula for Newton's law of gravitation
Gravitational constant
G is the abbreviation for _________________ (*HINT: 6.67 x 10e-11 N*m^2/kg^2 numerical value*)
cancel
Gravitational force on a large scale dominate interactions between large objects because it is always attractive, while Coulomb forces tend to _________
electric current; moment of inertia (rotational inertia)
I, is the abbreviation used for _________________
point charges; distance, r; k ≈ 8.99 x 10e9 N*m / C^2
In Coulomb's law, q1 and q2 are _________ __________ , separated by a __________ ___, and _________________
zero
Inside a conductor, the electric field is_____
electroscope
Instrument in physics demonstrations that is made with foil leaves hung from a conducting metal stem
joule
J, is an abbreviation for _______________
Joule E, energy
J, is the abbreviation for ______________ with units kg*m^2/s^2.
perpendicular
Just outside a conductor, the electric field lines are __________________ to its surface, ending or beginning on charges on the surface (*Hint: direction in relation to...*)
kinetic energy
KE is the abbreviation for ____________________
mechanical energy
KE+PE abbreviations represent a value for ____________________
total charge is constant in any process. No charge is actually created or destroyed when charges are separated. Rather, existing charges are moved about.
Law of conservation of charge says ...
temperature; tesla
T- is the abbreviation for ___________ or ____________
True
T/F The electrostatic force between two subatomic particles is far greater than the gravitational force between the same two particles
True. The field is unique at any point. If they crossed, the field would have two directions at that location (an impossibility if the field is unique)
T/F Field lines can never cross... If true or false, explain why.
tesla Magnetic field, B
T= is the abbreviation for ________________ with units N/(A*s), and is used to determine _______________________
coulomb (C)
The SI unit of charge is the
strength
The _____________ of the field is proportional to the closeness of the field lines
electrostatic force field
The _______________ __________ _________ surrounding a charged object extends out into space in all directions
electrostatic force
The amount and direction of attraction or repulsion between two charged objects is defined as _____________________.
static electricity
The buildup of electric charge on the surface of an object is characterized as ________________
τ
The common abbreviation used for : characteristic time constant for a resistance and inductance (RL) or resistance and capacitance (RC) circuit; characteristic time for a resistor and capacitor (RC) circuit; torque is...
tangent
The direction of the electric field is ___________ to the field line at any point in space
away, toward
The electric field lines for a positive test charge q+ point _____________from a positive charge and ______________a negative charge
Decreases
The force between charges ____________ (increases/decreases) with distance
distance
The force between charges decreases with _________
Protons
The nucleus of an atom is positive due to the presence of positively charged____________ (protons/neutrons/electrons)
electrostatic repulsion
The phenomenon observed when two objects with like charges repell each other is defined as ________________________.
Polarization
The separation of charges in an object that remains neutral is defined as ___________________
polarization
The slight shifting of positive and negative charges to opposite sides of an atom is called___________________
proportional; perpendicular
The strength of the field is _______________ to the number of lines per unit area _______________ to the lines
charge, electron (or proton)
The symbol q is commonly used for_________, and the subscript e, indicates the charge of a single________
negative positively positive and negative induced polarization (induction)
Two uncharged or neutral metal spheres are in contact with each other but insulated from the rest of the world. A positively charged glass rod is brought near the sphere on the left, attracting _____________charge and leaving the other sphere _____________charged. The spheres are separated before the rod is removed, thus separating ___________ and _____________ charge. the spheres retain net charges after the inducing rod is removed---without ever having been touched by a charged object. This is an example of________________-
Volume of a sphere with radius r
V =(4/3)/ (πr^3 ) is the formula for _________________
Volt (volt)
V is the abbreviation for ____________, with SI units J/C. Also used to describe electrical potential.
electric potential; volt
V, is the abbreviation for ________________
Power/work J/s (Joule/s)
W, is the abbreviation for _____________ with the SI units__________
positively, negative
When glass is rubbed with silk, the glass becomes ____________ (positively/negatively) charged and the silk becomes____________(positively/negatively) charged.
electrostatic force
__________ ___________ exerted by a point charge on a test charge q at a distance depends on the charge of both charges ( q1 and q2), as well as the distance r between the two (*HINT: type of force)
Electrostatic repulsion
___________ in the leaves of the charged electroscope separates them (the leaves)
Coulomb's law
gives the magnitude of the force between point charges. (*HINT: Formula*)
change in vertical position; planks constant; height of an object; maximum height of an object
h, is a common abbreviation used for______________ (*HINT: at least four values/uses *)
static equilibrium
the electrical forces around a conductor will cause free charges to move around inside the conductor until _____________ ____________ is reached.
Electrostatics
the study of electric fields in static equilibrium is the definition of ____________________
electrostatics
the study of electric forces that are static or slow-moving is defined as _______________