Physio Ch 21

Which of the following is NOT associated with a positive energy balance? a) Consuming energy at a greater rate than is expended as heat or work b) Net breakdown of macromolecules c) Increase in body weight d) Net synthesis of macromolecules

b) Net breakdown of macromolecules

What organ requires a steady supply of glucose, which is why blood glucose concentration must be maintained between meals? kidneys brain liver heart skeletal muscles

brain

In the post-absorptive state, most tissues utilize __________ as an energy source. glucose amino acids glycogen fatty acids

fatty acids

Which of the following is promoted by glucagon? triglyceride synthesis gluconeogenesis glycogenesis protein synthesis

gluconeogenesis

Which metabolic pathway would be utilized for sprinting? glycolysis lipolysis Krebs cycle formation of acetyl CoA electron transport chain

glycolysis

Which organ is the primary source of glucose for the central nervous system? muscle adipocytes liver brain

liver

Catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can be used to generate ATP. Catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can be used to generate ATP. True False

true

Which bone cell does growth hormone stimulate? osteoclasts osteoblasts chondrocytes osteocytes

chondrocytes

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? aldosterone cortisol ADH (vasopressin) epinephrine

epinephrine

The process of making glucose from sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and pyruvate is called __________. gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis glucagon lipolysis

gluconeogenesis

In the absorptive state, cells of the body utilize __________ as their primary fuel source. amino acids glycogen fatty acids glucose

glucose

During the absorptive state, the primary energy source for most of the body cells is fatty acids supplied from triglycerides. fatty acids recently absorbed into the bloodstream. amino acids supplied from proteins. glucose supplied from glycogen. glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream.

glucose recently absorbed into the bloodstream.

Which of the following best illustrates the form in which carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, respectively, are transported in the bloodstream? glucose, dipeptides, and fatty acids disaccharides, amino acids, and lipoproteins glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins glycogen, tripeptides, and fatty acids glycogen, amino acids, and triglycerides

glucose, amino acids, and lipoproteins

During the absorptive state, the liver converts __________ to __________. fatty acids; glycogen glucose; glycogen glucose; amino acids glycogen; glucose

glucose; glycogen

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? low blood glucose slow heart rate cool, dry skin heart palpitations

heart palpitations

The enzyme located on capillary endothelial cells that breaks down triglycerides is called The enzyme located on capillary endothelial cells that breaks down triglycerides is called amylase. lipoprotein lipase. pepsin. pancreatic lipase. gastric lipase.

lipoprotein lipase.

Which cell type stores the majority of the body's glycogen? skeletal muscle nervous tissue liver kidney adipocyte

skeletal muscle

The energy-requiring processes of cells fall into three categories: mechanical work, chemical work, and transport work. The energy-requiring processes of cells fall into three categories: mechanical work, chemical work, and transport work. True False

true

What is meant by energy mobilization? a) what comes into the body and what is produced by the body equal the sum of what is used by the body and what is eliminated by the body b) anabolism of ingested molecules into nutrient molecules released into the bloodstream c) catabolism of stored macromolecules into small nutrient molecules that are released into the bloodstream d) anabolism of stored macromolecules into small nutrient molecules that are released into the bloodstream

c) catabolism of stored macromolecules into small nutrient molecules that are released into the bloodstream

Carbohydrates and proteins can be converted to lipids. Carbohydrates and proteins can be converted to lipids. True False

true

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone cortisol angiotensin II

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following best describes acetyl CoA? Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it directly provides electrons to the electron transport chain. Acetyl CoA provides electrons to the electron transport chain and is a substrate for fatty acid synthesis. Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and is produced in the cytosol by glycolysis. Acetyl CoA is a breakdown product of lipid catabolism and a substrate for carbohydrate synthesis. Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it is a substrate for the Krebs cycle and for lipid synthesis.

Acetyl CoA is produced from catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and it is a substrate for the Krebs cycle and for lipid synthesis.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." Addison's disease Cushing's disease pheochromocytoma

Cushing's disease

Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis and reduces the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby increasing plasma glucose concentration? Acetylcholine Cortisol Insulin Thyroid hormones

Cortisol

What happens to glucose during the postabsorptive state? Glucose is converted to fat for storage. Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is the primary energy source for all body cells. Glucose is stored as glycogen and spared for use by the nervous system. Glucose is stored as glycogen and is the primary energy source for all body cells. Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is spared for use by the nervous system.

Glucose is synthesized by gluconeogenesis and glycolysis and is spared for use by the nervous system.

What is the fate of any excess glucose in the liver that is not required for energy and not stored as glycogen? It is attached to very-low-density lipoprotein in its native form. It accumulates within the cell until released. It is converted into amino acids. It is converted into fatty acids. It is immediately released back into the bloodstream.

It is converted into fatty acids.

Which of the following is NOT "triggered" by stress? Secretion of cortisol Sympathetic nervous system activation Parasympathetic nervous system activation Secretion of epinephrine

Parasympathetic nervous system activation

________ provide an energy storage that is used primarily in times of starvation and are not metabolized by nervous tissue. Carbohydrates Ketones Nucleic acid Proteins Fats

Proteins

What is the predominant form in which fat is present in the diet? a) Triglycerides b) Amino acids c) Proteins d) Monoglycerides

a) Triglycerides

During which of the following times is an individual operating in a negative energy balance? a) exercise b) during a meal c) absorptive state d) anabolic phase

a) exercise

During the absorptive state, excess glucose is stored in the form of __________. ketones adipose amino acids proteins

adipose

When amino acids are used for energy, they must be deaminated. In the process, ________ is produced, and eventually eliminated from the body in the form of ________. carbonic acid : carbon dioxide and water nitrogen : nitrous oxide and water ammonia : urea ammonia : nitrous oxide nitrogen : bilirubin

ammonia : urea

Which of the following is NOT an action of thyroid hormones? a) Alters protein synthesis in cells b) Increased energy utilization and mobilization c) Decrease in heat production d) Raises metabolic rate

c) Decrease in heat production

In order to lose weight, a person must be a) produce more heat to increase energy consumption. b) consume more calories than are expended. c) in a state of negative energy balance. d) in a state of positive energy balance. e) less active.

c) in a state of negative energy balance.

In order to maintain a positive energy balance, the body must limit caloric intake. expend more energy than it consumes. reduce the amount of heat produced by the body. consume more energy than it expends. increase activity.

consume more energy than it expends.

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased cardiac output decreased insulin secretion decreased sweating decreased or difficulty breathing

decreased insulin secretion

When carbohydrates are consumed, they can be used to produce __________ or converted to __________ for storage. energy : fat carbon dioxide : fat energy : glycogen energy: cellulose carbon dioxide : glycogen

energy : glycogen

Most of the body's energy is stored as glycogen. Most of the body's energy is stored as glycogen. True False

false

Which statement besst describes what type of exercise one would use if they want to burn a lot of fat? light-to-moderate exercise over a long duration intense weight training over a long period intense exercising until completely fatigued intense cardiovascular exercise over a short period light weight training over a short period

light-to-moderate exercise over a long duration

Under which of the following conditions is the basal metabolic rate measured? lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 12 hours lying down, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours standing, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours lying down, sleeping, and having fasted for 24 hours sitting, awake, and having fasted for 24 hours

lying down, awake, and having fasted for 12 hours