Physio Exam 1

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a.) polysaccharides b.) nucleic acids c.) phosphorylated glucose d.) glycogen

nucleic acids

Identify three different ways that growth can occur in the human body.

1.) Increasing the number of existing cells 2.) Increasing the size of existing cells 3.) Increasing the amount of non-cellular material in the cell

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a.) muscle b.) nervous c.) embryonic d.) epithelial

Embryonic

Atrophy refers to ________. a.) loss of elasticity b.) loss of mass c.) loss of rigidity d.) loss of permeability

Loss of mass

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a.) endocytosis b.) passive transport c.) active transport d.) facilitated diffusion

active transport

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a.) dendrite b.) axon c.) microglia d.) collagen fiber

axon

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a.) Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b.) Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c.) Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d.) A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion.

covalent bonds are stronger than iconic bonds

AB→A+B is a general notation for a(n) ________ reaction. a.) anabolic b.) endergonic c.) decomposition d.) exchange

decomposition

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a.) beta chain b.) pleated sheet c.) alpha helix d.) double helix

double helix

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. a.) mesoderm b.) mesenchyme c.) ectoderm d.) endoderm

mesoderm

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a.) tendon b.) adipose tissue c.) reticular tissue d.) dense connective tissue

Adipose Tissue

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a.) microglia b.) neuroglia c.) oligodendrocytes d.) astrocytes

Astrocytes

________ reactions release energy. a.) Catabolic b.) Exergonic c.) Decomposition d.) Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

Catabolic, exergonic, and decomposition

On his midsummer trek through the desert, Josh ran out of water. Why is this particularly dangerous?

If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will not have adequate water to produce sweat to cool down. Blood pressure will drop and at risk for heat stroke.

What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a.) glucose b.) glycogen c.) galactose d.) glycerol

glucose

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells? a.) endothelial b.) epithelial c.) hematopoietic d.) mesenchymal

Hematopoietic

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of ________. a.) food b.) nitrogen c.) oxygen d.) water

Oxygen

Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is more selective because the specific ligands that are brought into the cell are meant to bind to the receptors. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis bring in whatever is close in their vicinity, with no real specificity. There is no receptor-ligand specificity in these processes.

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures? a.) Golgi apparatus b.) ribosomes c.) lysosomes d.) proteins

Ribosomes

Once dietary fats are digested and absorbed, why can they not be released directly into the bloodstream?

They cannot directly be absorbed because fats are hydrophobic/insoluble in water.

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________. a.) potential energy b.) kinetic energy c.) radiant energy d.) activation energy

potential energy

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a.) protein-lined membrane pores b.) a double cell membrane c.) the synthesis of ribosomes d.) the production of cellular energy

A double cell membrane

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a.) All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b.) Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c.) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d.) Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

Uracil ________. a.) contains nitrogen b.) is a pyrimidine c.) is found in RNA d.) all of the above

All of the above

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

Because the Aspirin inhibits the formation of blood clots, regular or prolonged usage may result in internal bleeding, particularly in the stomach. With the prolonged use of cortisol could result in a slower response to wound healing.

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It is able to fulfill the roll of integrating organs and organ systems in the body by surrounding them and aiding in the exchange of O2 and CO2, as well as delivering nutrients from throughout the body. In blood, there are RBC that carry oxygen and other nutrients to help supply the organs. There is also WBC that defend the organs against infection.

What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?

Blood vessels would contract, skin is confined, blood stay in medial part of body.

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________. a.) increasing the blood to her hands and feet b.) becoming lethargic to conserve heat c.) breaking down stored energy d.) significantly increasing blood oxygen levels

Breaking down stored energy

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? a.) cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers b.) cells, ground substance, and protein fibers c.) collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers d.) matrix, ground substance, and fluid

Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a.) columnar b.) stratified c.) squamous d.) transitional

Columnar

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a.) differentiation b.) reproduction c.) responsiveness d.) both reproduction and responsiveness

Differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________. a.) differentiation b.) maturation c.) modification d.) specialization

Differentiation

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. a.) endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium b.) ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c.) connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue d.) epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a.) redness b.) heat c.) fever d.) swelling

Fever

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________. a.) diet b.) exercise c.) genetic factors d.) stress

Genetic Factors

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a.) loose connective tissue b.) a tendon c.) bone d.) hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?

Kidneys

The pH of lemon juice is 2, and the pH of orange juice is 4. Which of these is more acidic, and by how much? What does this mean?

Lemon Juice is more acidic. It is more acidic by 2 pH (by a factor of 100). It is a measure of H+ molecules present.

When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? In other words, why is laundry detergent sold as a liquid or powder?

Liquid and powder soap is able to more freely move about the washing machine, helping to clean more effectively. Also the liquid and powder soaps have more enzymes in them that allow them to work better in hard water compared to a bar of soap.

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a.) nuclei b.) striations c.) golgi bodies d.) mitochondria

Mitochondria

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a.) mitochondria b.) peroxisomes c.) lysosomes d.) ER

Mitochondria

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a.) mesothelium b.) lamina propria c.) mesenteries d.) mucosa

Mucosa

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

Muscle Tissue: contracts to initiate movement Nervous Tissue: transmits and integrates information through the CNS and PNS Epithelial Tissue: creates protective barriers and is involved in diffusion of ions and molecules Connective Tissue: underlies and supports other tissue types

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. a.) myoblasts b.) endoderm c.) fibrocytes d.) chondrocytes

Myoblasts

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Neurons have adapted into three different parts, the cell, the dendrite, and the axon. The dendrites are short and able to receive impulses from other nerves, while the axon is a long tail-like extension that is able to carry the electrical signal away from the cell and to other neurons.

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body's mass. These include ________. a.) calcium, magnesium, iron, and carbon b.) oxygen, calcium, iron, and nitrogen c.) sodium, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen d.) oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways? a.) transitional b.) stratified columnar c.) pseudostratified ciliated columnar d.) stratified squamous

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus? a.) chromatin b.) histones c.) ribosomes d.) nucleosomes

Ribosomes

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a.) acid b.) base c.) salt d.) buffer

Salt

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a.) skeletal muscle only b.) cardiac muscle only c.) smooth muscle only d.) skeletal and cardiac muscles

Skeletal muscle only

What materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why?

Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer.

The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a.) selectivity b.) specificity c.) subjectivity d.) specialty

Specificity

Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great.

Stimulus: Sensor: Control Center: Effector: Stimulus is too great, sensor would alert the control center, which would then cause the effector to be decreased.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a.) is the result of catabolism b.) release energy in uncontrolled bursts c.) stores energy for use by body cells d.) All of the above

Stores energy for use by body cells

In a hurry one day, you merely rinse your lunch dishes with water. As you are drying your salad bowl, you notice that it still has an oily film. Why was the water alone not effective in cleaning the bowl?

The oil that remains is nonpolar, while water is polar. Because water cannot dissolve the oil, dishsoap is needed to breakdown the oil.

Explain why the structure of the ER, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus assist their respective functions.

The structure of the Golgi apparatus assists its functions as it is a stacked pile of discs. As substances are modified and packaged, they move down the discs. The top is the receiving face and the bottom is the sending face. Both the structures of the ER and mitochondria are specialized so there is increased surface area. In the mitochondria the inner membrane is folded which helps to increase the production of ATP. The ER wound throughout the cell, increasing the surface area so it is able to do protein synthesis faster.

What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charge all have in common? In what way do they differ?

They all focus on the movement of molecules on a specific gradient. Osmosis is water moving down a concentration gradient. Diffusion is substances moving down a concentration gradient. Filtration is moving particles down a pressure gradient. Movement of ions is on a electrical gradient.

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a.) They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b.) They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c.) They are all polymers of protein subunits. d.) They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

They are all polymers of protein subunits

Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean? a.) Ty's blood is slightly acidic. b.) Ty's blood is slightly alkaline. c.) Ty's blood is highly acidic. d.) Ty's blood is within the normal range

Ty's blood is slightly alkaline

What happens when water encounters a glycosidic bond in a disaccharide?

Water is hydrolyzed and breaks the bond, makes into two monosaccharides.

Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.

When you are sitting outside at the campfire, your senses adjust to the smell of the smoke, this external stimuli and a message is sent to the brain not to panic. If there was a sudden increase in the smoke, then your body would begin to panic.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

Zygotes divide into multiple cells and as they become specialized they lose the ability to differentiate into all the tissues in the body. After they develop the three primary germ layers, they become more restricted in what they can form/do. Eventually some of these cells are restricted further and differentiate into nerve cells.

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to ________. a.) a control center b.) a set point c.) effectors d.) sensors

a control center

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a.) phosphate b.) adenine c.) amino d.) ribose

amino

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes a.) an ion b.) an anion c.) nonpolar d.) all of the above

an anion

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an ________. a.) electron b.) atom c.) elemental particle d.) isotope

atom

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a.) blood pressure regulation b.) childbirth c.) regulation of fluid balance d.) temperature regulation

childbirth

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a.) up; electrical b.) up; electrochemical c.) down; pressure d.) down; concentration

down; concentration

A phospholipid ________. a.) has both polar and nonpolar regions b.) is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c.) is a building block of ATP d.) can donate both cations and anions in solution

has both polar and nonpolar regions

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a.) polymer of carbohydrate b.) pentose monosaccharide c.) hexose monosaccharide d.) all of the above

hexose monosaccharide

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a.) collagen b.) histamine c.) hyaluronic acid d.) meylin

histamine

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? a.) hydrogen and hydrogen b.) hydrogen and helium c.) helium and helium d.) neon and helium

hydrogen and hydrogen

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with ________. a.) ionic bonds b.) nonpolar covalent bonds c.) polar covalent bonds d.) hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________. a.) receptor proteins b.) integral proteins c.) peripheral proteins d.) glycoproteins

integral proteins

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________. a.) neurons b.) oligodendrocytes c.) astrocytes d.) microglia

neurons

CH4 is methane. This compound is ________. a.) inorganic b.) organic c.) reactive d.) a crystal

organic

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a.) filtration; phagocytosis b.) osmosis; pinocytosis c.) solutes; fluid d.) gradient; chemical energy

osmosis; pinocytosis

Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? a.) production of proteins b.) detoxification of certain substances c.) synthesis of steroid hormones d.) regulation of intracellular calcium concentration

production of proteins

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of ________. a.) protons b.) neutrons c.) electrons d.) atoms

protons

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a.) the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b.) chewing stores potential energy c.) chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d.) saliva contains enzymes

saliva contains enzymes

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________. a.) noble gas b.) salt c.) electrolyte d.) dipole

salts

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a.) columnar b.) pseudostratified c.) simple squamous d.) transitional

simpel squamous

Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? a.) sodium ions and chloride ions b.) NaCl molecules c.) salt crystals d.) red blood cells

sodium ions and chloride ions

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a ________. a.) solvent b.) solute c.) solution d.) suspension

solution

Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes ________. a.) blood vessels in the skin to constrict b.) breathing to become slow and shallow c.) sweat glands to increase their output d.) All of the above

sweat glands to increase their output

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a.) catabolic b.) synthesis c.) decomposition d.) exchange

synthesis

Choose the term that best completes the following analogy: Cytoplasm is to cytosol as a swimming pool containing chlorine and flotation toys is to ________. a.) the walls of the pool b.) the chlorine c.) the flotation toys d.) the water

the water