PHYSIO MIDTERM
which of the following best describes the clinical manifestations of an isosmotic contraction 1.low plasma 2.fluids loss is approx. similar to the osmolarity of the ECF 3. high plasma protein 4. increased hematocrit 5. hyperlipidemia
1-4
in humans, the keratinization process of skin takes approximately up to ____ days (select all)
14, 30
enzymes catalyzing chemical reactions within the blood work optimally when pH is approximately 2 4 7 9 11
7
which of the following cranial nerves are directly involved in the process of salivation
7, 9
____binding to myosin is required for the dissociation of the actin myosin complex ADP Ca ATP tropomyosin Na
ATP
a troponin complex typically consists of 3 subunits
TnI, TnC, TnT
which of the following is true about duchesses muscular dystrophy (select all) -involves mutated gene on X-chromosome -involves mutated gene on Y-chromosome -almost exclusively affects males -it almost exclusively affects females
X, males
____move a limb away from the midline of the body
abductor
which of the following defines the characteristic of contractibility -ability of muscle fiber to resume resting length -ability to be stretched or extended -ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated -ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated
____ is the transport of nutrients into the blood or lymph digestion absorption mastication deglutination defecation
absorption
in the presence of oxygen _____ is a common product of protein, carb, and lipid catabolism glucose glycerol acetyl CoA pyruvate glyceraldehyde
acetyl CoA
somatic motor neurons release the neurotransmitter______at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
in order for a muscle contraction to stop ____ has to be removed from neuromuscular junction resulting in reuptake of ____ within muscle fiber
ach, Ca
overcoming the activation energy required for a reaction can be achieved by which of the following (select all that apply) adding large amounts of salt adding large amounts of heat adding large amounts of reactants using an enzyme catalyst decreasing the amount of heat
adding large heat and enzyme catalyst
which of the following can produce a hey-osmotic volume contraction fluid imbalance SIADH high salt consumption diet adrenal gland dysfunction chronic diarrhea excessive sweating without rehydration
adrenal gland dysfunction
which of the following are correct for isotonic contractions (select all) -muscle tension remains same -muscle length remains same -in the eccentric isotonic contraction the tension within muscle remains same -in concentric isotonic contraction length of muscle is decreased -muscle fibers perform work
all but muscle length
which of the following can trigger unstimulated salivary production smell of food childhood memories from birthday cake visuals like a meal listening to conversation about food
all of the above
which of the following constitute Ficks law of diffusion lipid solubility molecular weight distance a substance magnitude surface area
all of the above
____ plays an important role in fat emulsification gastric protease bile salts intestinal protease salivary amylase maltase
bile salts
which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body blood clotting return of blood pressure to normal after a hemorrhage increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
blood clotting
which of the cells above was placed in a hypertonic solution compared to their intracellular environment? cell a cell b cell c cell d
cell a
which of the cells above was place in a hypotonic solution compared to their intracellular environment cell a cell b cell c cell d
cell c
facilitated diffusion
channel mediated
____ are organic molecules derived from water-soluble vitamins that transport hydrogen atoms and other small molecules between enzymes cofactors coenzymes zymogens
coenzymes
the power stroke is triggered when
contact is made between myosin and actin; ADP and inorganic phosphate is released
a student is walking then steps on a tack
contract relax relax contract
occurs when the driver ion and molecule move in opposite directions across the plasma membrane carrier mediated channel mediated primary active cotransport countertransport
countertransport
positions insertion site down
depressor
___is the catabolic breakdown of nutrients down into smaller units
digestion
which of the following is a precursor to the synthesis of melanin? -tryptophan -phenylalanine -serotonin -dopaquinone -homocysteine
dopaquinone
____Sweat glands are abundant on the palms and forhead -sebaceous -appocrine -eccrine(merocrine) -secrine
eccrine
____ is the ability of a muscle fiber to resume its resting length excitability contractibility extensibility elasticity varicosity
elasticity
which of the following would have the greatest amount of slow oxidative muscle fibers as a percent of their total muscle mass
endurance athlete
increases joint angle
extensor
even though the submandibular glands arent the largest silvery glands
false
muscle tone or bonus is directly proportional to physique
false
the salivary glands produce both salivary amylase and lingual lipase enzymes
false
true false abnormal H. pylori
false
true false apocrine sweat glands are abundant on palms soles and forehead
false
true false hypertonia may indicate a lower motor neuron CNS problem
false
true false in the salivary tests experiments we used sweet chewing gum in order to throughly stimulate
false
true false myotonia is a neuroendocrine condition
false
true false positive feedback supports homeostasis
false
true false water distribution in the human body is the same for men and women
false
true false during periods of excessive sweating water is a good source of rehydration
false
muscle dystrophy typically destroys axial muscles first
falso
which of the following salivary constituent concentration depends on the individuals consumption calcium glycoproteins fluoride glucose
fluoride
which of the following molecules will not permeate through a cell membrane benzene carbon dioxide glucose ions amino acids
glucose, ions, amino acids
which of the following molecules would readily diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer hydrophilic polar hydrophobic nonpolar inert gases
hydrophobic non polar inert gases
crenation of a cell would be observed if it was placed in which of the following solutions hypotonic hypertonic isotonic both hypo and hyper both iso and hypo
hypertonic
the ____ is composed mostly of connective tissue in form of adipose lymh and blood -epidermis -dermis -hypodermis stratum corneum -stratum basale
hypodermis
a blood sodium value of 133 is indicative hypernatremia polycythemia anemia hyponatremia hyperglycemia
hyponatremia
which of the following compartments contains the largest amount of body fluids extracellular intravascular intracellular intraperitoneal
intracellular
in a _______ condition there is increased ECFV decreased plasma proteins and hematocrit but the ICFV and osmolarity are unchanged hyper osmotic volume contraction isosmotic volume expansion isosmotic volume contraction hyper osmotic volume expansion by-osmotic volume contraction
isosmotic volume expansion hyper osmotic volume expansion
elevates insertion site
levator
which of the following stimuli are detected by photoreceptors
light
an enzyme increases the rate of a chemical reaction by increasing the activation energy lowering the activation temperature maintaining an optimal pH during the reaction activating ATP syntehsis lowering the activation energy
lowering the activation enrgy
which of the following cells is responsible for melanin production
melanocytes
_____is defined as bolus displacement throughout the GI tract
motility
which of the following statements are true about skeletal muscle? (select all) skeletal muscle is multinucleated skeletal muscle is striated skeletal muscle is non striated skeletal muscle does not contain nuclei skeletal muscle contains gap junctions
multinucleated striated
shivering and sweating are examples are examples of which of the following positive negative sensory effector set points
negative & effector
in which of the following salivary ducts are the fluid products isotonic to plasma submandibular sublingual parotid both a and b none of the above
none of the above
throughout a day a normal person can produce an average amount of saliva that approximates to which of the volumetric illustrations below
none of the above
_____refers to the number of osmotically active particles of solute per liter in given solution. A. osmosis B. osmolality C. permeability D. dissolution E. osmolarity
osmolarity
non carrier mediated
osmosis
which of the following cutaneous receptors detect deep pressure -pacinian -merkels -ruffini -free nerve
pacinian
each radicle of a muscle is surrounded by the
perimysium
____is the one way movement through the GI tract
peristalsis
the crossed extensor reflex is an example of a ___reflex model -monosynaptic -sarcometric -polysynaptic -nonsynaptic
polysynaptic
occurs when the response made by the effector amplifies changes in the controlled variable caused by stimulus negative feedback positive feedback feed forward allostasis
positive feedback
eating a bag of salted potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state positive sodium balance negative sodium balance stable sodium balance negative glucose balance
positive sodium balance
is driven by the direct use of ATP to transport a molecule against its concentration simple diffusion carrier mediated channel mediated primary active transport secondary active transport
primary active transport
movement of a substance into a cell against its concentration gradient is caused by simple diffusion channel mediated osmosis primary active transport carrier mediated
primary active transport
which of the following are suitable functions of saliva (select all that apply) protection of oral cavity prevents halitosis amplifies sensory perception production of white blood cells immunologic
protection of oral prevents halitosis immunologic
which of the following can best describe a hematocrit ratio of the volume of RBCs to the total volume of blood ratio of the number of RBCs to the total volume of blood ratio of the hemoglobin of RBCs to the total volume of blood
ratio of the volume of RBCs to the total volume of blood
the functional unit of skeletal muscle is the myofibril sarcomere myofilament muscle fiber
sarcomere
utilizes a concentration gradient established by molecule A to facilitate transport of molecule B primary active passive secondary active simple diffusion facilitated
secondary active
which of the following stimuli are detected by theroreceptors -chemical -light -positional info -sense of being cold -photosensitivity
sense of being cold
in the picture above temperature is an example of which of the following?
set point
passive transport
simple diffusion
which of the following are considered unassisted membrane transport mechanisms simple diffusion carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion channel mediated facilitated diffusion primary active transport secondary active transport
simple diffusion
squamous cell carcinoma is caused by over-proliferation of cells from the stratum____
spinosum
amylase is an enzyme for the digestion of lipid glucose starch protein nucleic acid
starch
protein digestion begins in the ____ with the enzyme____
stomach, pepsin
which of the following are detected by mechanoreceptors? select all -drop of HCL -beam of light reflected on skin -stretching of skin with forceps -warm probe on skin -intramuscular injection
stretching, intramuscular injection.
which of the following statements are true of a cell placed in a 500mOsm salt solution the cell is hypertonic to the solution the cell is hypotonic to the solution the cell is isotonic to the solution the solution exerts a higher osmotic potential than the cell the cell exerts a higher osmotic potential than the solution
the cell is hypo the solution exerts a higher osmotic potential
when an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction the enzyme binds to the substrates active site the enzymes active site binds the product amino acids in the substrate allow for interaction with the product the substrate is converted into a product faster
the substrate is converted into a product faster
which of the following is true of merkel cells -thin -thick -tactile -integumentary to immune
thick, tactile receptors
when calcium levels are low tropomyosin moves from the myosin binding site the myosin head is bound to troponin rigor mortis beings to set in tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site
tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site
activation energy is defined as the initial amount of energy required to start a reaction
true
both duchennes and backers muscular
true
during a concentric isotonic concentration the muscle contracts and shortens
true
enzymes have active sites which are specific to their respective substrates
true
hypertonia and hypotonia are associated symptoms of cerebral palsy
true
phasic receptors alert us of changes in the environemnt
true
the hand dynamometer was used to demonstrate how stretching the sarcomere affects the alignment of muscle proteins and the force of muscle contraction
true
the specific function of the parotid gland requires that its intercalated ducts be the longest among all the other glands
true
the synthesis of larger complex portions from smaller subunits of amino acids is a typical example of anabolism
true
true false sudden sharp pain is transmitted by myelinated neurons
true
a 19 year old man comes to the office
tyrosinase enzyme
