Physiological Psych Exam 2

Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____.​

analyzing the meaning of sounds

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.​

are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____.

awakens a sleeping individual

What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?​

bar in a particular orientation

According to the frequency theory, the ____.​

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency

The proteins PER and TIM, originally discovered in insect but now found in mammals also, influence circadian rhythms by ____.​

building up during the day and declining during sleep

The scala vestibuli makes up part of the ____.​

cochlea

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.​

continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically ____.​

cycles back through stages 3 and 2

Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in ____.

difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds

The ____ of a sound is the number of compressions per second.​

frequency

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?​

ganglion cells

The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells do not is that hypercomplex cells ____.​

have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?​

horizontal cells

A sound shadow refers to __

how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound

During sleep, what happens in the brain?

increased firing by GABA neurons

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.​

long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?​

loudness

What sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?​

loudness and timing

In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to ____.​

mechanical displacement

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. ​

melatonin

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

occur during NREM sleep

Where are the auditory receptor cells located?​

on the basilar membrane

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?​

opponent-process theory

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.​

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the ____. ​

oval window

Humans localize low frequencies by ____ differences and high frequencies by ____ differences. ​

phase; loudness

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?​

receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.​

sensitive to detail

The eardrum vibrates at ____.​

the same frequency as the sound waves that hit it

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?​

​sleep

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.​

​the periphery; the fovea

Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?​

keeping the room light when you need to stay awake

The ____ of any neuron in the visual system is the area of the visual field that excites or inhibits it.​

​receptive field

Why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear?​

More force is needed to create waves in fluid.

What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?

Pitch gets higher.

The pinna helps us identify the location of a sound.​

True

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.​

V1

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?​

a high level of brain activity

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____.​

just over 24 hours

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?​

narcolepsy

What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or the hair cells?​

nerve

The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?​

place theory only

Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?​

relaxed wakefulness

The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____.​

respond directly to light, but respond very slowly

Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____.​

retinal disparity

When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the ____.​

speed and direction of movement

A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person ____.​

spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?​

stage 2

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.​

staying awake

After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body ____.​

still has rhythms, but they are less consistent

Damage to the ventral stream may interfere with ____.

the ability to describe the shape or size of an object

Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?​

the contralateral side

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?​

the fovea

Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?​

the left half

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?​

to the lateral geniculate nucleus

An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called ____.​

visual agnosia

The current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on ____.​

where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly

Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.​

zeitgebers

Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?​

​parvocellular